Iowa

Edit links
Coordinates: 42°N 94°W / 42°N 94°W / 42; -94 (State of Iowa)
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
This article is about the U.S. state. For the river, see Iowa River. For the indigenous people, see Iowa people. For other uses, see Iowa (disambiguation).

Iowa
Ayúȟwa (Lakota)
State
State of Iowa
Flag of Iowa
Flag
Official seal of Iowa
Seal
Nickname: 
Hawkeye State[1]
Motto(s): 
Our liberties we prize and our rights we will maintain[2]
Anthem: "The Song of Iowa"
Location of Iowa within the United States
Location of Iowa within the United States
CountryUnited States
Admitted to the UnionDecember 28, 1846 (29th)
Capital
(and largest city)		Des Moines
Largest county or equivalentPolk
Largest metro and urban areas
  • Des Moines: 846,068 (CSA)
  • Davenport (Quad Cities): 474,019 (CSA)
  • Cedar Rapids: 276,520 (MSA)
  • Waterloo-Cedar Falls: 163,706 (MSA)
  • Iowa City: 152,854 (MSA)
  • Sioux City: 149,940 (MSA)
  • Dubuque: 99,266 (MSA)
  • Omaha (Nebraska)/Council Bluffs: 967,604
Government
 • 
CDT)
USPS abbreviation
IA
ISO 3166 codeUS-IA
Websiteiowa.gov
State symbols of Iowa
Bur Oak
RockGeode
State route marker
Route marker
State quarter
Iowa quarter dollar coin
Released in 2004
Lists of United States state symbols

Iowa (/ˈaɪ.əwə/ ⓘ EYE-ə-wə)[7][8][9] is a state in the upper Midwestern region of the United States. It borders the Mississippi River to the east and the Missouri River and Big Sioux River to the west; Wisconsin to the northeast, Illinois to the east and southeast, Missouri to the south, Nebraska to the west, South Dakota to the northwest, and Minnesota to the north.

Iowa is the

metropolitan area fully located within the state is Des Moines. A portion of the larger Omaha, Nebraska, metropolitan area extends into three counties of southwest Iowa.[11] Other metropolitan statistical areas in Iowa include Iowa City, Cedar Rapids, Waterloo-Cedar Falls, Ames, Dubuque, Sioux City, and the Iowa portion of the Quad Cities. Iowa is home to 940 small towns, though its population is increasingly urbanized as small communities and rural areas decline in population.[12][13]

During the 18th and early 19th centuries, Iowa was a part of French Louisiana and Spanish Louisiana; its state flag is patterned after the flag of France. After the Louisiana Purchase, pioneers laid the foundation for an agriculture-based economy in the heart of the Corn Belt.[14] In the latter half of the 20th century, Iowa's agricultural economy began to transition to a diversified economy of advanced manufacturing, processing, financial services, information technology, biotechnology, and green energy production.[15][16]

Politically, Iowa is notable for the Iowa Caucuses, an influential event in national politics, as well as its high levels of voter turnout and foundational leadership in civil rights including early adoption or support of black suffrage, women's rights, and same-sex marriage.[17][18][19][20] Iowa's standard of living is ranked among the best states and it performs highly on metrics such as governance, education, infrastructure, and safety.[21][22]

Etymology

Like

Ioway people
. The Ioway are a
Midwest states. The Ioway were one of the many Native American nations whose territory comprised the future state of Iowa before the time of European colonization.[23]

History

Main article: History of Iowa
See also:
American Indians of Iowa

Prehistory

Main articles:
American Indians of Iowa
Excavation of the 3,800-year-old Edgewater Park Site

When

Archaic period (10,500 to 2,800 years ago), Native Americans adapted to local environments and ecosystems, slowly becoming more sedentary as populations increased.[24]

More than 3,000 years ago, during the

Late Archaic period, Native Americans in Iowa began utilizing domesticated plants. The subsequent Woodland period saw an increased reliance on agriculture and social complexity, with increased use of mounds, ceramics, and specialized subsistence. During the Late Prehistoric period (beginning about AD 900) increased use of maize and social changes led to social flourishing and nucleated settlements.[24]

The arrival of European trade goods and diseases in the Protohistoric period led to dramatic population shifts and economic and social upheaval, with the arrival of new tribes and early European explorers and traders. There were numerous native American tribes living in Iowa at the time of early European exploration. Tribes which were probably descendants of the prehistoric

Omaha, and Sauk.[24]

Early colonization and trade, 1673–1808

Main articles: New France, Louisiana (New France), French and Indian War, Treaty of Paris (1763), New Spain, Louisiana (New Spain), Treaty of Aranjuez (1801), Louisiana Purchase, District of Louisiana, and Louisiana Territory
Iowa in 1718 with the modern state area highlighted

The first known European explorers to document Iowa were Jacques Marquette and Louis Jolliet who traveled the Mississippi River in 1673 documenting several Indigenous villages on the Iowa side.[25][26] The area of Iowa was claimed for France and remained a French territory until 1763. The French, before their impending defeat in the French and Indian War, transferred ownership to their ally, Spain.[27] Spain practiced very loose control over the Iowa region, granting trading licenses to French and British traders, who established trading posts along the Mississippi and Des Moines Rivers.[25]

Iowa was part of a territory known as

Napoleon Bonaparte took control of Louisiana from Spain in a treaty.[29]

After the 1803 Louisiana Purchase, Congress divided the Louisiana Purchase into two parts—the Territory of Orleans and the District of Louisiana, with present-day Iowa falling in the latter. The Indiana Territory, created in 1800, exercised jurisdiction over this portion of the District; William Henry Harrison was its first governor. Much of Iowa was mapped by Zebulon Pike in 1805,[30] but it was not until the construction of Fort Madison in 1808 that the U.S. established tenuous military control over the region.[31]

War of 1812 and unstable U.S. control

Main article: Missouri Territory

Black Hawk took part in the siege of Fort Madison.[33][34] Another small military outpost was established along the Mississippi River in present-day Bellevue. This poorly situated stockade was similarly attacked by hundreds of Indigenous people in 1813, but was successfully defended and later abandoned until settlers returned to the area in the mid-1830s.[35]

After the war, the U.S. re-established control of the region through the construction of

Fort Armstrong, Fort Snelling in Minnesota, and Fort Atkinson in Nebraska.[36]

Indian removal, 1814–1832

See also: Indian removal

The United States encouraged settlement of the east side of the Mississippi and removal of Indians to the west.[37] A disputed 1804 treaty between Quashquame and William Henry Harrison (then governor of the Indiana Territory) that surrendered much of Illinois to the U.S. enraged many Sauk and led to the 1832 Black Hawk War.[38]

The

Council Bluffs was used as an Indian Reservation for members of the Council of Three Fires.[44]

U.S. settlement and statehood, 1832–1860

Main articles: Michigan Territory, Wisconsin Territory, Organic act § List of organic acts, Iowa Territory, Admission to the Union, and List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union
Iowa Territorial Seal
Bellevue along the Mississippi, 1848

The first American settlers officially moved to Iowa in June 1833.

Territory of Iowa. President Martin Van Buren appointed Robert Lucas governor of the territory, which at the time had 22 counties and a population of 23,242.[48]

Almost immediately after achieving territorial status, a clamor arose for statehood. On December 28, 1846, Iowa became the 29th state in the Union when President James K. Polk signed Iowa's admission bill into law. Once admitted to the Union, the state's boundary issues resolved, and most of its land purchased from Natives, Iowa set its direction to development and organized campaigns for settlers and investors, boasting the young frontier state's rich farmlands, fine citizens, free and open society, and good government.[49]

Iowa has a long tradition of state and county fairs. The first and second

World's Fair being held in nearby Omaha, Nebraska; from 1942 to 1945, due to World War II, as the fairgrounds were being used as an army supply depot; and in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States.[50][51]

Civil War, 1861–1865

Main article: Iowa in the American Civil War

Iowa supported the Union during the

Copperhead" movement in the state, caused partially by a drop in crop prices caused by the war.[52] There were no battles in the state, although the Battle of Athens, Missouri, 1861, was fought just across the Des Moines River from Croton, Iowa, and shots from the battle landed in Iowa. Iowa sent large supplies of food to the armies and the eastern cities.[53]

Much of Iowa's support for the Union can be attributed to

Appomattox.[53]

Most fought in the great campaigns in the

Iowans have been awarded the Medal of Honor, the highest military decoration awarded by the United States government, which was first awarded in the Civil War.[55]

Iowa had several brigadier generals and four major generals—

Samuel R. Curtis, Francis J. Herron, and Frederick Steele—and saw many of its generals go on to state and national prominence following the war.[53]

Agricultural expansion, 1865–1930

Following the Civil War, Iowa's population continued to grow dramatically, from 674,913 people in 1860[56] to 1,624,615 in 1880.[57] The American Civil War briefly brought higher profits.[58]

In 1917, the United States entered World War I and farmers as well as all Iowans experienced a wartime economy. For farmers, the change was significant. Since the beginning of the war in 1914, Iowa farmers had experienced economic prosperity, which lasted until the end of the war.[58] In the economic sector, Iowa also has undergone considerable change. Beginning with the first industries developed in the 1830s,[59] which were mainly for processing materials grown in the area,[60] Iowa has experienced a gradual increase in the number of business and manufacturing operations.

Depression, World War II and manufacturing, 1930–1985

The transition from an agricultural economy to a mixed economy happened slowly. The Great Depression and World War II accelerated the shift away from smallholder farming to larger farms, and began a trend of urbanization. The period after World War II witnessed a particular increase in manufacturing operations.[61]

In 1975, Governor Robert D. Ray petitioned President Ford to allow Iowa to accept and resettle

Tai Dam refugees fleeing the Indochina War.[62] An exception was required for this resettlement as State Dept policy at the time forbid resettlement of large groups of refugees in concentrated communities; an exception was ultimately granted and 1200 Tai Dam were resettled in Iowa. Since then Iowa has accepted thousands of refugees from Laos, Cambodia, Thailand, Bhutan, and Burma.[63]

The

farm crisis of the 1980s caused a major recession in Iowa, causing poverty not seen since the Depression.[64] The crisis spurred a major, decade-long population decline.[65]

Reemergence as a mixed economy, 1985–present

After bottoming out in the 1980s, Iowa's economy began to reduce its dependence on agriculture. By the early 21st century, it was characterized by a mix of manufacturing, biotechnology, finance and insurance services, and government services.

1900 census,[67] though Iowa now has a predominantly urban population.[68] The Iowa Economic Development Authority, created in 2011 has replaced the Iowa Department of Economic Development and its annual reports are a source of economic information.[69]

Geography

Main article: Geography of Iowa

Boundaries

See also: List of counties in Iowa
Topography of Iowa, with counties and major streams

Iowa is bordered by the

Missouri v. Iowa (1849) after a standoff between Missouri and Iowa known as the Honey War.[71][72]

Iowa is the only state whose east and west borders are formed almost entirely by rivers.[73] Carter Lake, Iowa, is the only city in the state located west of the Missouri River.[74]

Iowa has 99

Des Moines, is in Polk County.[75]

Geology and terrain

DeSoto Lake at DeSoto National Wildlife Refuge
Iowa terrain

Iowa's bedrock geology generally decreases in age from east to west. In northwest Iowa, Cretaceous bedrock can be 74 million years old; in eastern Iowa Cambrian bedrock dates to c. 500 million years ago.[76] The oldest radiometrically dated bedrock in the state is the 2.9 billion year old Otter Creek Layered Mafic Complex. Precambrian rock is exposed only in the northwest of the state.[77]

Iowa can be divided into eight

glaciation, soils, topography, and river drainage.[78] Loess hills lie along the western border of the state, some of which are several hundred feet thick.[79] Northeast Iowa along the Upper Mississippi River is part of the Driftless Area, consisting of steep hills and valleys which appear as mountainous.[80]

Several natural lakes exist, most notably

Spirit Lake, West Okoboji Lake, and East Okoboji Lake in northwest Iowa (see Iowa Great Lakes). To the east lies Clear Lake. Man-made lakes include Lake Odessa,[81] Saylorville Lake, Lake Red Rock, Coralville Lake, Lake MacBride, and Rathbun Lake. Before European settlement, 4 to 6 million acres of the state was covered with wetlands, about 95% of these wetlands have been drained.[82]

Ecology and environment

Main article: Environment of Iowa
Landforms of Iowa

Iowa's natural vegetation is tallgrass prairie and savanna in upland areas, with dense forest and wetlands in flood plains and protected river valleys, and pothole wetlands in northern prairie areas.[78] Most of Iowa is used for agriculture; crops cover 60% of the state, grasslands (mostly pasture and hay with some prairie and wetland) cover 30%, and forests cover 7%; urban areas and water cover another 1% each.[83]

The southern part of Iowa is categorized as the

Central forest-grasslands transition ecoregion.[84] The Northern, drier part of Iowa is categorized as part of the Central tall grasslands.[85]

There is a dearth of natural areas in Iowa; less than 1% of the

northern wild monkshood.[89]

The explosion in the number of high-density livestock facilities in Iowa has led to increased rural water contamination and a decline in air quality.[90]

Other factors negatively affecting Iowa's environment include the extensive use of older

Jordan Aquifer.[93]

The 2020–2023 North American drought has affected Iowa particularly: As of January 2024, Iowa was in its 187th consecutive week of at least moderate drought, the longest stretch since the 1950s. 96% of areas are affected by drought.[94]

Climate

Further information: Climate change in Iowa
Köppen climate types of Iowa, using 1991–2020 climate normals
Iowa annual rainfall, in inches; as of 2009

Iowa has a

Des Moines getting about 26 days of snowfall a year, and other places, such as Shenandoah getting about 11 days of snowfall in a year.[96]

Spring ushers in the beginning of the

1968 and also the second most tornadoes in a year with 105, matching the total from 2001.[99]

Iowa summers are known for heat and humidity, with daytime temperatures sometimes near 90 °F (32 °C) and occasionally exceeding 100 °F (38 °C). Average winters in the state have been known to drop well below freezing, even dropping below −18 °F (−28 °C). As of 2018, Iowa's all-time hottest temperature of 118 °F (48 °C) was recorded at Keokuk on July 20, 1934, during a nationwide heat wave;

Washta on January 12, 1912.[101]

Monthly normal high and low temperatures for various Iowa cities (°F)[102]
City Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Davenport[103] 30/13 36/19 48/29 61/41 72/52 81/63 85/68 83/66 76/57 65/45 48/32 35/20
Des Moines[104] 31/14 36/19 49/30 62/41 72/52 82/62 86/67 84/65 76/55 63/43 48/31 34/18
Keokuk[105] 34/17 39/21 50/30 63/42 73/52 83/62 87/67 85/65 78/56 66/44 51/33 33/21
Mason City[106] 24/6 29/12 41/23 57/35 69/46 79/57 82/61 80/58 73/49 60/37 43/25 28/11
Sioux City[107] 31/10 35/15 47/26 62/37 73/49 82/59 86/63 83/63 76/51 63/38 46/25 32/13

Precipitation

Iowa has had a relatively smooth gradient of varying

precipitation across the state; from 1961 to 1990, areas in the southeast of the state received an average of over 38 inches (97 cm) of rain annually, and the northwest of the state receiving less than 28 inches (71 cm).[108] The pattern of precipitation across Iowa is seasonal with more rain falling in the summer months. Virtually statewide, the driest month is January or February, and the wettest month is June owing to frequent showers and thunderstorms some of which produce hail, damaging winds or tornadoes. In Des Moines, roughly in the center of the state, over two-thirds of the 34.72 inches (88.2 cm) of rain falls from April through September, and about half the average annual precipitation falls from May through August peaking in June.[109]

Settlements

Percent population changes by counties in Iowa, 2000–2009; dark green counties have gains of more than 5%[110]
See also:
List of largest Iowa cities by population

Iowa's population is more urban than rural, with 61 percent living in urban areas in 2000, a trend that began in the early 20th century.[68] Urban counties in Iowa grew 8.5% from 2000 to 2008, while rural counties declined by 4.2%.[111] The shift from rural to urban has caused population increases in more urbanized counties such as Dallas, Johnson, Linn, Polk, and Scott, at the expense of more rural counties.[13]

Iowa, in common with other Midwestern states (especially Kansas, Nebraska, North Dakota, and South Dakota), is feeling the brunt of rural flight, although Iowa has been gaining population since approximately 1990. Some smaller communities, such as Denison and Storm Lake, have mitigated this population loss through gains in immigrant laborers.[112]

Another demographic problem for Iowa is the

brain drain, in which educated young adults leave the state in search of better prospects in higher education or employment. During the 1990s, Iowa had the second highest exodus rate for single, educated young adults, second only to North Dakota.[113]

Iowa's largest cities and their surrounding areas
Recorded by the United States Census Bureau
Rank City 2020 city population[114]
2010 city population[115]
 Change
Metropolitan Statistical Area
 2020 metro population[116] 2010 metro population 2020 metro change
1 Des Moines 214,133 203,433 +5.26%
Des Moines–West Des Moines
 707,915 606,475 +16.73%
2 Cedar Rapids 137,710 126,326 +9.01%
Cedar Rapids
 273,885 257,940 +6.18%
3 Davenport 101,724 99,685 +2.05%
Quad Cities
 382,268 379,690 +0.68%
4 Sioux City 85,797 82,684 +3.76% Sioux City 144,996 143,577 +0.99%
5 Iowa City 74,828 67,862 +10.26% Iowa City 175,732 152,586 +15.17%
6 West Des Moines 68,723 56,609 +21.40% Des Moines–West Des Moines
7 Ankeny 67,887 45,582 +48.93% Des Moines–West Des Moines
8 Waterloo 67,314 68,406 −1.60% Waterloo–Cedar Falls 168,314 167,819 +0.29%
9 Ames 66,427 58,965 +12.65%
Ames
 124,514 115,848 +7.48%
10 Council Bluffs 62,799 62,230 +0.91%
Omaha–Council Bluffs
 954,270 865,350 +10.28%
11 Dubuque 59,667 57,637 +3.52%
Dubuque
 97,590 93,653 +4.20%
12 Urbandale 45,580 39,463 +15.50% Des Moines–West Des Moines
13 Marion 41,535 34,768 +19.46% Cedar Rapids
14 Cedar Falls 40,713 39,260 +3.70% Waterloo–Cedar Falls
15 Bettendorf 39,102 33,217 +17.72% Quad Cities

Demographics

Population

Historical population
CensusPop.Note%±
184043,112—
1850192,214345.8%
1860674,913251.1%
18701,194,02076.9%
18801,624,61536.1%
18901,912,29717.7%
19002,231,85316.7%
19102,224,771−0.3%
19202,404,0218.1%
19302,470,9392.8%
19402,538,2682.7%
19502,621,0733.3%
19602,757,5375.2%
19702,824,3762.4%
19802,913,8083.2%
19902,776,755−4.7%
20002,926,3245.4%
20103,046,3554.1%
20203,190,3694.7%
2024 (est.)3,241,4881.6%
Source: 1910–2020[67]
Ethnic origins in Iowa

The

2010 United States census.[117][118]

Of the residents of Iowa, 70.8% were born in Iowa, 23.6% were born in a different U.S. state, 0.6% were born in Puerto Rico, U.S. Island areas, or born abroad to American parent(s), and 5% were foreign born.[119]

2010 census, the center of population of Iowa is in Marshall County, near Melbourne.[122] The top countries of origin for Iowa's immigrants in 2018 were Mexico, India, Vietnam, China and Thailand.[123]

Germans are the largest ethnic group in Iowa. Other major ethnic groups in Iowa include Irish and English. There are also Dutch communities in state. The Dutch can be found in Pella, in the centre of the state, and in Orange City, in the northwest. There is a Norwegian community in Decorah in northeast Iowa; and there is Czech and Slovak communities in both Cedar Rapids and Iowa City. Smaller numbers of Greeks and Italians are scattered in Iowa's metropolitan areas. The majority of Hispanics in Iowa are Mexican. African Americans, who constitute around 2% of Iowa's population, didn't live in the state in any appreciable numbers until the early 20th century. Many blacks worked in the coal-mining industry of southern Iowa. Others blacks migrated to Waterloo, Davenport, and Des Moines, where the black population remained substantial in the early 21st century.[124] The African-American population in Des Moines experienced a significant increase with the establishment of the Colored Officers Training Camp at Fort Des Moines in 1917. Following the conclusion of World War I in 1918, numerous African-American families made the decision to remain in Des Moines. This marked the inception of a thriving community that eventually became a residence for numerous African-American leaders.[125] There is one federally recognized tribe in Iowa, the Sac and Fox Tribe of the Mississippi in Iowa, and in 2020, 14,486 identified as being Native American alone, and 41,472 did in combination with one or more other races.[126]

As of the 2010 census, the population of Iowa was 3,046,355. The gender makeup of the state was 49.5% male and 50.5% female. 23.9% of the population were under the age of 18; 61.2% were between the ages of 18 and 64; and 14.9% were 65 years of age or older.[127]

According to HUD's 2022 Annual Homeless Assessment Report, there were an estimated 2,419 homeless people in Iowa.[128][129]

Ethnic composition as of the 2020 census
Race and Ethnicity[130] Alone Total
White (non-Hispanic)
 82.7% 82.7
 
 85.9% 85.9
 
Hispanic or Latino[c] — 6.8% 6.8
 
African American (non-Hispanic) 4.1% 4.1
 
 5.2% 5.2
 
Asian 2.4% 2.4
 
 3.0% 3
 
Native American 0.3% 0.3
 
 1.4% 1.4
 
Pacific Islander 0.2% 0.2
 
 0.3% 0.3
 
Other 0.3% 0.3
 
 1.0% 1
 
Map of counties in Iowa by racial plurality, per the 2020 U.S. census
Non-Hispanic White
Iowa historical racial composition
Racial composition 1990[131] 2000[132] 2010[133] 2020[134]
White
 96.6% 93.9% 91.3% 84.5%
Black or African American
 1.7% 2.1% 2.9% 4.1%
Native American 0.3% 0.3% 0.4% 0.5%
Asian
 0.9% 1.3% 1.7% 2.4%
Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander
 — — 0.1% 0.2%
Other race
 0.5% 1.3% 1.8% 2.8%
Two or more races
 — 1.1% 1.8% 5.6%
Iowa 2020 Population Density map

According to the 2016

Norwegian (5.0%).[136]

Birth data

Population age comparison between rural Pocahontas County and urban Polk County, illustrating the flight of young adults (red) to urban centers in Iowa[d]

Note: Births in table don't add up, because Hispanics are counted both by their ethnicity and by their race, giving a higher overall number.

Live births by single race/ethnicity of mother
Race
 2013[137] 2014[138] 2015[139] 2016[140] 2017[141] 2018[142] 2019[143] 2020[144] 2021[145] 2022[146]
Non-Hispanic White 32,302 (82.6%) 32,423 (81.7%) 32,028 (81.1%) 31,376 (79.6%) 30,010 (78.1%) 29,327 (77.6%) 29,050 (77.2%) 27,542 (76.3%) 28,167 (76.5%) 27,527 (75.4%)
Black 2,232 (5.7%) 2,467 (6.2%) 2,597 (6.6%) 2,467 (6.3%) 2,657 (6.9%) 2,615 (6.9%) 2,827 (7.5%) 2,685 (7.4%) 2,567 (7.0%) 2,562 (7.0%)
Asian 1,353 (3.5%) 1,408 (3.5%) 1,364 (3.4%) 1,270 (3.2%) 1,321 (3.4%) 1,176 (3.1%) 1,106 (2.9%) 1,067 (2.9%) 1,055 (2.9%) 1,032 (2.8%)
Native American 269 (0.7%) 284 (0.7%) 242 (0.6%) 147 (0.4%) 311 (0.8%) 152 (0.4%) 308 (0.8%) 143 (0.4%) 129 (0.3%) 459 (1.3%)
Hispanic (of any race) 3,175 (8.1%) 3,315 (8.3%) 3,418 (8.6%) 3,473 (8.8%) 3,527 (9.2%) 3,694 (9.8%) 3,695 (9.8%) 3,725 (10.3%) 3,903 (10.6%) 4,172 (11.4%)
Total Iowa 39,094 (100%) 39,687 (100%) 39,482 (100%) 39,403 (100%) 38,430 (100%) 37,785 (100%) 37,649 (100%) 36,114 (100%) 36,835 (100%) 36,506 (100%)
  • Since 2016, data for births of White Hispanic origin are not collected, but included in one Hispanic group; persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race.

Religion

Pietists
A Christian cross on a hill in Iowa
‹ The template Pie chart is being considered for merging. ›

Religious self-identification, per Public Religion Research Institute's 2022 American Values Survey[147]

  Protestantism (48%)
  Catholicism (20%)
  Unitarian/Universalist (1%)
  Unaffiliated (29%)
  Other (2%)

A 2014 survey by

Calvinist denominations. The Presbyterian Church (USA) had almost 290 congregations and 51,380 members followed by the Reformed Church in America with 80 churches and 40,000 members, and the United Church of Christ had 180 churches and 39,000 members.[150] According to the 2020 Public Religion Research Institute's study, 26% of the population were irreligious.[151]

The study Religious Congregations & Membership: 2000

Cedar Rapids is located), the Catholic Church was the largest; and in ten counties, including three in the northern tier, the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America was the largest. The study also found rapid growth in Evangelical Christian denominations. Dubuque is home to the Archdiocese of Dubuque, which serves as the ecclesiastical province
for all three other dioceses in the state and for all the Catholics in the entire state of Iowa.

Historically, religious sects and orders who desired to live apart from the rest of society established themselves in Iowa, such as the

Order of Cistercians of the Strict Observance monks and nuns at the New Melleray and Our Lady of the Mississippi Abbeys near Dubuque
.

By 1878, approximately 1000 Jewish people lived in Iowa, many of whom were immigrants from Poland and Germany.[154][155] As of 2016 about 6,000 Jews live in Iowa, with about 3,000 of them in Des Moines.[156]

Language

English is the most common language in Iowa, being the sole language spoken by 91.1% of the population. Less common languages include sign language and indigenous languages. About 2.5% of the general population use sign language as of 2017, while indigenous languages are spoken by about 0.5% of the population.

Great Lakes Region.[160]

After English, Spanish is the second-most-common language spoken in Iowa, with 120,000 people in Iowa of Hispanic or Latino origin and 47,000 people born in Latin America.

Pella Dutch dialect
.

Attractions

Central Iowa

The Christina Reiman Butterfly Wing at Iowa State University, Ames

Ames is the home of Iowa State University, the Iowa State Center, and Reiman Gardens.

Des Moines is the largest city and metropolitan area

Prairie Meadows Racetrack Casino in Altoona, Living History Farms in Urbandale, Trainland USA in Colfax, and the Iowa Speedway and Valle Drive-In in Newton
.

Skyline of Des Moines, Iowa's capital and largest city

Farm Progress Show and is home to the Mamie Doud Eisenhower museum, the Boone and Scenic Valley Railroad, and Ledges State Park
.

The

Pow-wow
.

Madison County is known for its covered bridges. Also in Madison County is the John Wayne Birthplace Museum is in Winterset.

Other communities with vibrant historic downtown areas include Newton, Indianola, Pella, Knoxville, Marshalltown, Perry, and Story City.

Eastern Iowa

Iowa City
Inside the Davenport Skybridge

Iowa City is home to the University of Iowa, which includes the Iowa Writers' Workshop, and the Old Capitol building. Because of the extraordinary history in the teaching and sponsoring of creative writing that emanated from the Iowa Writers' Workshop and related programs, Iowa City was the first American city designated by the United Nations as a "City of Literature" in the UNESCO Creative Cities Network.[162]

The Herbert Hoover National Historic Site and Herbert Hoover Presidential Library and Museum are in West Branch.

The

Pietists comprising seven villages listed as National Historic Landmarks
.

The Cedar Rapids Museum of Art has collections of paintings by Grant Wood and Marvin Cone. Cedar Rapids is also home to the National Czech & Slovak Museum & Library and Iowa's only National Trust for Historic Preservation Site, Brucemore mansion.

Brucemore, in Cedar Rapids, Iowa

Davenport boasts the Figge Art Museum, River Music Experience, Putnam Museum, Davenport Skybridge, Quad City Symphony Orchestra, Ballet Quad Cities, and plays host to the annual Bix Beiderbecke Memorial Jazz Festival, and the Quad City Air Show, which is the largest airshow in the state.

Other communities with vibrant historic downtown areas include West Liberty, Fairfield, Burlington, Mount Pleasant, Fort Madison, LeClaire, Mount Vernon, Ottumwa, Washington, and Wilton.

Along Interstate 80 near Walcott lies the world's largest truck stop, Iowa 80.

Western Iowa

Some of the most dramatic scenery in Iowa is found in the unique Loess Hills which are found along Iowa's western border.

Historic Fourth Street, Sioux City
Loess Hills east of Mondamin

Orpheum Theater, and more. The historic downtown area is also filled with multiple restaurants, bars, and other entertainment venues. Sioux City is home to two higher education institutions, Morningside College and Briar Cliff University. Le Mars is in the northeastern part of the Sioux City Metropolitan Area and is the self-proclaimed "Ice Cream Capital of the World". Le Mars is home to Wells Enterprises, one of the largest ice cream manufacturers in the world. Attractions in Le Mars include the Wells Visitor Center and Ice Cream Parlor, Archie's Wayside (steak house), Bob's Drive Inn, Tonsfeldt Round Barn, Plymouth County Fairgrounds, Plymouth County Museum, and Plymouth County Courthouse
. Le Mars hosts multiple ice cream-themed community events each year.

Lewis and Clark Monument, with clear views of the Downtown Omaha
skyline found throughout the city.

The Iowa Great Lakes located primarily in Dickinson County, in the northwestern section of Iowa near the Minnesota border

The

Okoboji. Multiple resorts and other tourist attractions are found in and around these towns surrounding the popular lakes. Arnolds Park, one of the oldest amusement parks in the country, is located on Lake Okoboji in Arnolds Park
.

View of Grotto of the Redemption's Lower Arcade: Small Stations of the Cross, West Bend

The Sanford Museum and Planetarium in Cherokee, the Grotto of the Redemption in West Bend, the Museum of Danish America in Elk Horn, and the Fort Museum and Frontier Village in Fort Dodge are other regional destinations.

Every year in early May, the city of Orange City holds the annual Tulip Festival, a celebration of the strong Dutch heritage in the region.[163]

Northwest Iowa is home to some of the largest concentrations of wind turbine farms in the world. Other western communities with vibrant historic downtown areas include Storm Lake, Spencer, Glenwood, Carroll, Harlan, Atlantic, Red Oak, Denison, Creston, Mount Ayr, Sac City, and Walnut.

Northeast and Northern Iowa

"Northern Iowa" redirects here. For the University of Northern Iowa, see University of Northern Iowa.
Ruins of historic Fort Atkinson
Wood-heated floating sauna on the farm pond

The Driftless Area of northeast Iowa has many steep hills and deep valleys, checkered with forest and terraced fields. Effigy Mounds National Monument in Allamakee and Clayton Counties has the largest assemblage of animal-shaped prehistoric mounds in the world.

Waterloo is home of the Grout Museum and Lost Island Theme Park and is headquarters of the Silos & Smokestacks National Heritage Area. Cedar Falls is home of the University of Northern Iowa.

National Mississippi River Museum and Aquarium and the Port of Dubuque
.

Dyersville is home to the famed Field of Dreams baseball diamond. Maquoketa Caves State Park, near Maquoketa, contains more caves than any other state park.

Fort Atkinson State Preserve in Fort Atkinson has the remains of an original 1840s Dragoon fortification.

Fort Dodge
is home of The Fort historical museum and the Blanden Art Museum, and host Frontiers Days which celebrate the town history.

Other communities with vibrant historic downtown areas include Decorah, McGregor, Mason City, Elkader, Bellevue, Guttenberg, Algona, Spillville, Charles City, and Independence.

Statewide

Iowa hosts RAGBRAI, the Register's Annual Great Bicycle Ride Across Iowa, which is a bike across the state river-to-river that attracts thousands of bicyclists and support personnel. It has crossed the state on various routes each year since 1973. Iowa is home to more than 70 wineries,[164] and hosts five regional wine tasting trails.[165] Many Iowa communities hold farmers' markets during warmer months; these are typically weekly events, but larger cities can host multiple markets.[166]

Economy

See also:
Iowa locations by per capita income
gross state products by industry, 2009[167]
  • In 2016,[168] the total employment of the state's population was 1,354,487, and the total number of employer establishments was 81,563.

CNBC's list of "Top States for Business in 2010" has recognized Iowa as the sixth best state in the nation. Scored in 10 individual categories, Iowa was ranked first when it came to the "Cost of Doing Business"; this includes all taxes, utility costs, and other costs associated with doing business. Iowa was also ranked 10th in "Economy", 12th in "Business Friendliness", 16th in "Education", 17th in both "Cost of Living" and "Quality of Life", 20th in "Workforce", 29th in "Technology and Innovation", 32nd in "Transportation" and the lowest ranking was 36th in "Access to Capital".[169]

While Iowa is often viewed as a farming state, agriculture is a relatively small portion of the state's diversified economy, with manufacturing, biotechnology, finance and insurance services, and government services contributing substantially to Iowa's economy.

late 2000s recession better than most states, with unemployment substantially lower than the rest of the nation.[170][171]

If the economy is measured by gross domestic product, in 2005 Iowa's GDP was about $124 billion.

Standard & Poor's rated Iowa's credit as AAA (the highest of its credit ratings, held by only 11 U.S. state governments).[174]

As of September 2021, the state's unemployment rate is 4.0%.[175]

Manufacturing

Quaker Oats. Meatpacker Tyson Foods has 11 locations, second only to its headquarter state Arkansas.[176]

Major non-food manufacturing firms with production facilities in Iowa include

Vermeer Company,[187] and Winnebago Industries.[188]

Agriculture

Harvesting corn in Jones County
Farm in rural Northwest Iowa
Central Iowa cornfield and dairy in June

Industrial-scale, commodity agriculture predominates in much of the state. Iowa's main conventional agricultural commodities are hogs, with about 22.6 million hogs in 8,000 facilities large enough to require manure management plans in March 2018, outnumbering Iowans by more than 7 to 1,[189] corn, soybeans, oats, cattle, eggs, and dairy products. Iowa is the nation's largest producer of ethanol and corn and some years is the largest grower of soybeans. In 2008, the 92,600 farms in Iowa produced 19% of the nation's corn, 17% of the soybeans, 30% of the hogs, and 14% of the eggs.[190] As of 2009 major Iowa agricultural product processors included

Quaker Oats.[191]

During the 21st century Iowa has seen growth in the organic farming sector. Iowa ranks fifth in the nation in total number of organic farms. In 2016, there were about 732 organic farms in the state, an increase of about 5% from the previous year, and 103,136 organic acres, an increase of 9,429 from the previous year.[192][193] Iowa has also seen an increase in demand for local, sustainably-grown food. Northeast Iowa, part of the Driftless Area, has led the state in development of its regional food system and grows and consumes more local food than any other region in Iowa.[194][195]

Iowa's Driftless Region is also home to the nationally recognized Seed Savers Exchange, a non-profit seed bank housed at an 890-acre heritage farm near Decorah, in the northeast corner of the state.[196][197] The largest nongovernmental seed bank of its kind in the United States, Seed Savers Exchange safeguards more than 20,000 varieties of rare, heirloom seeds.[198]

Mural in Mt. Ayr Post Office, "The Corn Parade" by Orr C. Fischer, which was commissioned as part of the New Deal[199]

As of 2007, the direct production and sale of conventional agricultural commodities contributed only about 3.5% of Iowa's gross state product.[200] In 2002 the impact of the indirect role of agriculture in Iowa's economy, including agriculture-affiliated business, was calculated at 16.4% in terms of value added and 24.3% in terms of total output. This was lower than the economic impact of non-farm manufacturing, which accounted for 22.4% of total value added and 26.5% of total output.[201]

Health insurance

As of 2014, there were 16 organizations offering health insurance products in Iowa, per the State of Iowa Insurance Division.[202] Iowa was fourth out of ten states with the biggest drop in competition levels of health insurance between 2010 and 2011, per the 2013 annual report on the level of competition in the health insurance industry by the

consumer-driven health care plans.[204]
According to the AMA annual report from 2007 Wellmark Blue Cross Blue Shield had provided 71% of the state's health insurance.[205]

The Iowa Insurance Division "Annual report to the Iowa Governor and the Iowa Legislature" from November 2014 looked at the 95% of health insurers by premium, which are 10 companies. It found Wellmark Inc. to dominate the three health insurance markets it examined (individual, small group and large group) at 52–67%.[206]: 2  Wellmark HealthPlan of Iowa and Wellmark Inc had the highest risk-based capital percentages of all 10 providers at 1158% and 1132%, respectively.[206]: 31  Rising RBC is an indication of profits.[206]: 31 

Other sectors

Ethanol plant under construction in Butler County
Wind turbines near Williams, Iowa

Iowa has a strong financial and insurance sector, with approximately 6,100 firms,

Principal Capital Management, Wells Fargo
, and Greenstate Credit Union (formerly University of Iowa Community Credit Union).

Iowa is host to at least two business incubators, Iowa State University Research Park and the BioVentures Center at the

animal health division of Boehringer Ingelheim, Vetmedica.[207]

Ethanol production consumes about a third of Iowa's corn production, and renewable fuels account for eight percent of the state's gross domestic product. A total of 39 ethanol plants produced 3.1 billion US gallons (12,000,000 m3) of fuel in 2009.[208]

Iowa electricity production by type

Renewable energy has become a major economic force in northern and western Iowa, with

Fort Madison
.

In 2016, Iowa was the headquarters for three of the top 2,000 companies for revenue.

Pioneer Hi-Bred, and Fareway.[214][215][216][217][218][219][220]

Gambling in the state is a major section of the Iowa tourism industry.[221]

Taxation

Tax is collected by the

Iowa Department of Revenue.[222]

Iowa imposes taxes on net state income of individuals, estates, and trusts. There are nine

federal income taxes from their state income taxes.[226]

Education

Primary and secondary schools

See also: List of school districts in Iowa

Iowa was one of the leading states in the high school movement, and continues to be among the top educational performers today.[227]

The four-year graduation rate for high schoolers was 91.3% in 2017.[228] Iowa's schools are credited with the highest graduation rate in the nation as of 2019.[229] Iowa has 333 school districts,[228] 1,329 school buildings and has the 14th lowest student-to-teacher ratio of 14.2.[230] Teacher pay is ranked 22nd, with the average salary being $55,647.[230]

As of 2015 transportation spending is a significant part of the budgets of rural school districts as many are geographically large and must transport students across vast distances. This reduces the amount of money spent on other aspects of the districts.[231]

The state's oldest functioning school building is located in Bellevue in the historic Jackson County Courthouse which has been in continuous use as a school since 1848.[232]

Colleges and universities

See also: List of colleges and universities in Iowa
Palmer Chiropractic College in Davenport
is the first school of chiropractic in the world.

The

Iowa Board of Regents is composed of nine citizen volunteers appointed by the governor to provide policymaking, coordination, and oversight of the state's three public universities, two special K–12 schools, and affiliated centers.[233]

The special K–12 schools include the

The University of Iowa are research universities[234] with The University of Iowa also being a member of the prestigious Association of American Universities.[235]
In addition to the three state universities, Iowa has multiple private colleges and universities.

Transportation

Iowa's major interstates, larger cities, and counties

Interstate highways

Iowa has four primary

interstate highways. Interstate 29 (I-29) travels along the state's western edge through Council Bluffs and Sioux City. I-35 travels from the Missouri state line to the Minnesota state line through the state's center, including Des Moines. I-74 begins at I-80 just northeast of Davenport. I-80 travels from the Nebraska state line to the Illinois state line through the center of the state, including Council Bluffs, Des Moines, Iowa City, and the Quad Cities. I-380 is an auxiliary Interstate Highway, which travels from I-80 near Iowa City through Cedar Rapids ending in Waterloo and is part of the Avenue of the Saints highway. Iowa is among the few jurisdictions where municipalities install speed cameras on interstate highways providing a substantial revenue source from out of state drivers.[236]

Airports with scheduled flights

See also: List of airports in Iowa

Iowa is served by several regional airports including the

Quad City International Airport, in Moline, Illinois, and Eppley Airfield, in Omaha, Nebraska. Smaller airports in the state include the Council Bluffs Municipal Airport, Davenport Municipal Airport (Iowa), Dubuque Regional Airport, Fort Dodge Regional Airport, Mason City Municipal Airport, Sioux Gateway Airport, Southeast Iowa Regional Airport, and Waterloo Regional Airport.[237]

Railroads

See also: List of Iowa railroads

Amtrak's California Zephyr serves southern Iowa with stops in Burlington, Mount Pleasant, Ottumwa, Osceola, and Creston along its route between Chicago and Emeryville, California.[238] Fort Madison is served by Amtrak's Southwest Chief, running between Chicago and Los Angeles.[239] Both provide daily service through the state.

Public Transit

Iowa is served by a number of local transit providers including

Cyride, Davenport Citibus, Des Moines Area Regional Transit, Iowa City Transit, The Jule, Mason City Transit, MET Transit, Omaha Metro Transit, Ottumwa Transit Authority, Quad Cities MetroLINK and Sioux City Transit
.

Intercity bus service in the state is provided by Burlington Trailways, Greyhound Lines, and Jefferson Lines.

Law and government

State

The Iowa State Capitol in Des Moines, completed in 1886, is the only state capitol in the United States to feature five domes, a central golden dome surrounded by four smaller ones. It houses the Iowa General Assembly, comprising the Iowa House of Representatives and Iowa Senate.
The Iowa Supreme Court, across from the capitol, is the state's highest court.

As of 2022, the 43rd and current

Governor of Iowa is Kim Reynolds
(R). Other statewide elected officials are:

The

statutory laws
. It is periodically updated by the Iowa Legislative Service Bureau, with a new edition published in odd-numbered years and a supplement published in even-numbered years.

Iowa is an alcohol monopoly or alcoholic beverage control state.

National

Further information:
List of United States Representatives from Iowa

The two U.S. Senators:

The four U.S. Representatives:

After the

2014 elections. King represented the old fifth congressional district
.

Political parties

Main article: Political party strength in Iowa
Samuel J. Kirkwood, founder of the Iowa Republican Party, abolitionist, and Iowa's Civil War Governor

In Iowa, the term "political party" refers to political organizations which have received two percent or more of the votes cast for president or governor in the "last preceding general election". Iowa recognizes three political parties—the

Green Party, the Pirate Party, and the Socialist Workers Party.[243][244]

See also: United States presidential elections in Iowa

As a result of the 2010 elections, each party controlled one house of the Iowa General Assembly: the House had a Republican majority, while the Senate had a Democratic majority. As a result of the 2016 elections, Republicans gained control of the Senate. Incumbent Democratic governor Chet Culver was defeated in 2010 by Republican Terry Branstad, who had served as governor from 1983 to 1999. On December 14, 2015, Branstad became the longest serving governor in U.S. history, serving (at that time) 20 years, 11 months, and 3 days; eclipsing George Clinton, who served 21 years until 1804.[245] Lieutenant Governor Kim Reynolds succeeded him on May 24, 2017, following Branstad's appointment as U.S. Ambassador to China.

In previous eras, Democratic and Republican parties had a balance in state politics and federal representation. By 2024, the two became dominated by the Republican Party. Factors include younger people leaving for more urbanized, more Democratic-leaning states, as well as homogenization of rural voters in the Midwest and in other regions.[246]

Party registration as of January 2, 2025[247]
Party Total voters Percentage
Republican
 812,155 35.43%
No affiliation 802,280 35.00%
Democratic 655,745 28.61%
Other 22,080 0.96%
Total 2,292,260 100.00%

Presidential caucus

Main article: Iowa caucuses

The state gets considerable attention every four years because the

presidential primary election.[248]
Along with the
New Hampshire primary the following week, Iowa's caucuses have become the starting points for choosing the two major-party candidates for president.[249] The national and international media give Iowa and New Hampshire extensive attention, which gives Iowa voters leverage.[250] In 2007 presidential campaign spending was the seventh highest in the country.[251]

Civil rights

In a 2020 study, Iowa was ranked as the 24th easiest state for citizens to vote in.[252]

Racial equality

The Union Block building in Mount Pleasant, scene of early civil rights and women's rights activities

In the 19th century Iowa was among the earliest states to enact prohibitions against race discrimination, especially in education, but was slow to achieve full integration in the 20th century. In the first decision of the Iowa Supreme Court—In Re the Matter of Ralph,[253] decided July 1839—the Court rejected slavery in a decision that found a slave named Ralph became free when he stepped on Iowa soil, 26 years before the end of the Civil War.[254] The state did away with racial barriers to marriage in 1851, more than 100 years before the U.S. Supreme Court would ban miscegenation statutes nationwide.[255]

The Iowa Supreme Court decided Clark v. The board of directors[256] in 1868, ruling that racially segregated "separate but equal" schools had no place in Iowa, 85 years before Brown v. Board of Education.[254] By 1875, a number of additional court rulings effectively ended segregation in Iowa schools.[257] Social and housing discrimination continued against Blacks at state universities until the 1950s.[258] The Court heard Coger v. The North Western Union Packet Co.[259] in 1873, ruling against racial discrimination in public accommodations 91 years before the U.S. Supreme Court reached the same decision.[254]

In 1884, the Iowa Civil Rights Act apparently outlawed discrimination by businesses, reading: "All persons within this state shall be entitled to the full and equal enjoyment of the accommodations, advantages, facilities, and privileges of inns, restaurants, chophouses, eating houses, lunch counters, and all other places where refreshments are served, public conveyances, barber shops, bathhouses, theaters, and all other places of amusement." However, the courts chose to narrowly apply this act, allowing de facto discrimination to continue.

State of Iowa v. Katz that businesses had to serve customers regardless of race; the case began when Edna Griffin was denied service at a Des Moines drugstore.[261] Full racial civil rights were codified under the Iowa Civil Rights Act of 1965.[262]

Women's rights

As with racial equality, Iowa was a vanguard in women's rights in the mid-19th century, but did not allow women the right to vote until the

Arabella A. Mansfield to the practice of law.[254] Several attempts to grant full voting rights to Iowa women were defeated between 1870 and 1919. In 1894 women were given "partial suffrage", which allowed them to vote on issues, but not for candidates. It was not until the ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment that women had full suffrage in Iowa.[265] Although Iowa supported the Federal Equal Rights Amendment, in 1980 and 1992 Iowa voters rejected an Equal Rights Amendment to the state constitution.[266] Iowa added the word "women" to the Iowa Constitution in 1998. After the amendment, it reads: "All men and women are, by nature, free and equal, and have certain inalienable rights—among which are those of enjoying and defending life and liberty, acquiring, possessing and protecting property, and pursuing and obtaining safety and happiness."[267]

In May 2018 Iowa signed into law one of the country's most restrictive abortion bans: the requirement that a doctor cannot perform an abortion if they can detect a fetal heartbeat, which in many cases would restrict abortions pregnancies less than six weeks old.[268] It was struck down in January 2019, when an Iowa state judge ruled that the "fetal heartbeat" law was unconstitutional.[269]

LGBT rights

Main article:
LGBT rights in Iowa

The state's law criminalizing same-sex sexual activity was repealed in June 1976, 27 years before Lawrence v. Texas. In 2007, the Iowa Legislature added "sexual orientation" and "gender identity" to the protected classes listed in the Iowa Civil Rights Act.[270]

On April 3, 2009, the Iowa Supreme Court decided

unconstitutional. This made Iowa the third state in the U.S. and first in the Midwest to permit same-sex marriage.[273][274]

Culture

Arts

Schaeffer Hall (University of Iowa, Iowa City)
Riverside's "favorite son"

The

West Des Moines.[276]

Des Moines is home to members of the heavy metal band Slipknot. The state is mentioned in the band's songs, and the album Iowa is named after the state.[277]

Sports

See also: Sports teams from Iowa

The state has four major college teams playing in

Football Championship Subdivision (FCS). Although Iowa has no professional major league sports teams, Iowa has minor league sports teams in baseball, basketball, hockey, and other sports. This variety helped bolster the Iowa sports betting industry, which has recorded over $10 billion in sports wagers, generating over $50 million for the state as of November 2024.[278]

The following table shows the Iowa sports teams with average attendance over 8,000. All the following teams are NCAA Division I football, basketball, or wrestling teams:[279][280][281][282]

South End Zone of Iowa State University's Jack Trice Stadium in Ames, Iowa
Iowa sports teams (attendance > 8,000)
Team Location Avg. attendance
Iowa Hawkeyes football Iowa City 68,043
Iowa State Cyclones football Ames 56,010
Iowa State Cyclones men's basketball Ames 13,375[283]
Iowa Hawkeyes men's basketball Iowa City 12,371[283]
Iowa Hawkeyes wrestling Iowa City 12,568
Iowa Hawkeyes women's basketball Iowa City 11,143[284]
Iowa State Cyclones women's basketball Ames 10,323[284]
Northern Iowa Panthers football Cedar Falls 9,337

College sports

The state has four NCAA Division I college teams. Two have football teams that play in the top level of college football, the

Cy-Hawk Trophy as part of the Iowa Corn Cy-Hawk Series.[287]

In wrestling, the Iowa Hawkeyes and Iowa State Cyclones have won a combined total of over 30 team NCAA Division I titles.[288][289] The Northern Iowa and Cornell College wrestling teams have also each won one NCAA Division I wrestling team title.[290][291]

Two other Division I schools play football in the second level of college football, the Football Championship Subdivision. The University of Northern Iowa Panthers play at the Missouri Valley Conference[292] and Missouri Valley Football Conference[293] (despite the similar names, the conferences are administratively separate), whereas the Drake University Bulldogs play in the Missouri Valley Conference[294] in most sports and Pioneer League for football.[295]

A large brick stadium with many round windows on the bottom and many rectangle windows in groups of four line the top of the stadium. The words Modern Woodmen Park are displayed above the door
Modern Woodmen Park is home to the Quad Cities baseball team

Baseball

Des Moines is home to the Iowa Cubs, a Triple-A Minor League Baseball team of the International League and affiliate of the Chicago Cubs.[296][297] Iowa has two High-A minor league teams in the Midwest League: the Cedar Rapids Kernels (Minnesota Twins) and the Quad Cities River Bandits (Kansas City Royals).[298] The Sioux City Explorers are part of the American Association of Professional Baseball.[299]

Ice hockey

Des Moines is home to the Iowa Wild, who are affiliated with the Minnesota Wild and are members of the American Hockey League.[300] Coralville has an ECHL team called the Iowa Heartlanders that started playing in the 2021–22 season. The Heartlanders are also an affiliate of the Minnesota Wild.[301]

The

Mason City Toros of the North American 3 Hockey League (NA3HL) both play in Mason City.[303][304]

Soccer

Other sports

Iowa has two professional basketball teams. The Iowa Wolves, an NBA G League team that plays in Des Moines, is owned and affiliated with the Minnesota Timberwolves of the NBA. The Sioux City Hornets play in the American Basketball Association.

Iowa has three professional football teams. The

U.S. Cellular Center
.

The

NASCAR Truck Series since 2006. Also, the Knoxville Raceway dirt track hosts the Knoxville Nationals, one of the classic sprint car racing
events.

The

Champions Tour event since 2001. The Des Moines Golf and Country Club hosted the 1999 U.S. Senior Open and the 2017 Solheim Cup
.

Sister jurisdictions

Iowa has ten official partner jurisdictions:[305]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ a b Elevation adjusted to North American Vertical Datum of 1988.
  2. ^ The Missouri and Mississippi river boundaries are as they were mapped in the 19th century, which can vary from their modern courses.
  3. ^ Persons of Hispanic or Latino origin are not distinguished between total and partial ancestry.
  4. ^ Based on 2000 U.S. Census Data.
  5. ^ However, a portion of the larger Omaha–Council Bluffs metropolitan area does extend into the state.

References

  1. ^ "Iowa Profile - Quick Facts about Iowa". Iowa Official Register. Vol. 1999–2000. Iowa Secretary of State. 2000. Archived from the original on November 14, 2024.
  2. ^ Secretary of State, Iowa (2000). "Iowa Official Register". Iowa Publications Online. State Library of Iowa.
  3. ^ "State Area Measurements and Internal Point Coordinates". Census.gov.
  4. ^ a b "Elevations and Distances in the United States". United States Geological Survey. 2001. Archived from the original on November 2, 2011. Retrieved October 21, 2011.
  5. ^ "United States Census Quick Facts Iowa". Retrieved January 9, 2025.
  6. ^ "Household Income in States and Metropolitan Areas: 2023" (PDF). Retrieved January 12, 2025.
  7. ^ "Iowa". Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary. Merriam-Webster. Retrieved May 14, 2017.
  8. ^ "Iowa". The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (5th ed.). HarperCollins. Retrieved May 14, 2017.
  9. ^ "Iowa". Lexico UK English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on March 22, 2020.
  10. ^ "Resident Population for the 50 States, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico: 2020 Census" (PDF). Census.gov. April 27, 2021. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 26, 2021. Retrieved April 27, 2021.
  11. ^ United States Census Bureau. "Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Areas Population Totals: 2010–2018". Archived from the original on June 2, 2019. Retrieved June 7, 2019.
  12. ^ Barton, Tom (August 20, 2023). "Rural Iowa continues to lose population. How some small towns are working to 'shrink smart'". Cedar Rapids Gazette. Retrieved November 5, 2024.
  13. ^ a b U.S. Census Bureau State and County Quick Facts, Census.gov Archived May 27, 2010, at the Wayback Machine
  14. ^ Merry, Carl A. (1996). "The Historic Period". Office of the State Archeologist at the University of Iowa. Archived from the original on June 4, 2009. Retrieved June 29, 2009.
  15. ^ "Major Industries in Iowa" (PDF). Iowa Department of Economic Development. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 20, 2005. Retrieved June 29, 2009.
  16. ^ a b "Wind Energy in Iowa". Iowa Energy Center. Archived from the original on June 21, 2009. Retrieved August 8, 2009.
  17. ^ "Laws and African-American Iowans | Iowa PBS". www.iowapbs.org. Retrieved November 5, 2024.
  18. ^ "Iowa and the 19th Amendment (U.S. National Park Service)". www.nps.gov. Retrieved November 5, 2024.
  19. ^ "Iowa Joins States Legalizing Same-Sex Marriage | BU Today". Boston University. April 29, 2009. Retrieved November 5, 2024.
  20. ^ "Iowa: Leader in Civil Rights and Equality | State Historical Society of Iowa". history.iowa.gov. Retrieved November 5, 2024.
  21. ^ "N.H. Receives Lowest Crime Ranking; Nevada Ranks as Worst State". Insurance Journal. Wells Publishing. March 25, 2009. Archived from the original on March 15, 2012. Retrieved August 8, 2009.
  22. ^ "Best States: Overview of Iowa". US News & World Report. Retrieved November 5, 2024.
  23. ^ Alex, Lynn M. (2000). Iowa's Archaeological Past. University of Iowa Press, Iowa City.
  24. ^ a b c Alex, Lynn M. (2000) Iowa's Archaeological Past. University of Iowa Press, Iowa City.
  25. ^
    ISBN 978-1-58729-831-8. Archived
    from the original on August 17, 2016. Retrieved May 31, 2014.
  26. ^ History of Iowa, Iowa Official Register, Publications.iowa.gov Archived September 3, 2009, at the Wayback Machine
  27. ^ Herbermann, Charles. The Catholic Encyclopedia: An International Work of Reference on the Constitution, Doctrine, Discipline, and History of the Catholic Church. Encyclopedia Press, 1913, p. 380 (Original from Harvard University).
  28. ISBN 978-1-58729-831-8. Archived
    from the original on August 17, 2016. Retrieved May 31, 2014.
  29. ^ "Treaty of San Ildefonso 1800". Napoleon-series.org. Archived from the original on November 6, 2020. Retrieved April 14, 2020.
  30. ^ Pike (1965): The expeditions of Zebulon Montgomery Pike to headwaters of the Mississippi River, through Louisiana Territory, and in New Spain, during the years June 7, 1805, Ross & Haines
  31. ^
    ISBN 978-1-58729-831-8. Archived
    from the original on August 17, 2016. Retrieved May 31, 2014.
  32. ^ Prucha, Francis P. (1969) The Sword of the Republic: The United States Army on the Frontier 1783–1846. Macmillan, New York.
  33. ^ Jackson, Donald (1960), A Critic's View of Old Fort Madison, Iowa Journal of History and Politics 58(1) pp.31–36
  34. ^ Black Hawk (1882) Autobiography of Ma-Ka-Tai-Me-She-Kia-Kiak or Black Hawk. Continental Printing, St. Louis. (Originally published 1833)
  35. ^ The History of Jackson County, Iowa, Containing a History of the County, Its Cities, Towns, &c., Biographical Sketches of Citizens. Chicago: Western Historical Co. 1879. p. 531.
  36. ISBN 978-1-58729-831-8. Archived
    from the original on August 17, 2016. Retrieved May 31, 2014.
  37. ^ Drexler, Ken. "Research Guides: Indian Removal Act: Primary Documents in American History: Introduction". guides.loc.gov. Archived from the original on April 5, 2020. Retrieved April 14, 2020.
  38. ^
    OCLC 70718369
    .
  39. ^ "INDIAN AFFAIRS: LAWS AND TREATIES Vol. II, Treaties". Archived from the original on September 22, 2017. Retrieved April 14, 2020.
  40. ^ "University Libraries | The University of Iowa".
  41. ^ "History | Meskwaki Nation". Archived from the original on April 12, 2020. Retrieved April 14, 2020.
  42. ^ Reicher, Matt (March 15, 2019). "Ho-Chunk and Long Prairie, 1846–1855". Mnopedia. Archived from the original on June 11, 2020. Retrieved April 14, 2020.
  43. ^ "Minnesota Treaties | The U.S.-Dakota War of 1862". Usdakotawar.org. August 14, 2012. Archived from the original on August 25, 2019. Retrieved April 14, 2020.
  44. ^ Clifton, James A.; Cornell, George L.; McClurken, James M. (1986), People of the Three Fires (PDF), p. 37, archived (PDF) from the original on May 18, 2017, retrieved April 14, 2020
  45. ^ a b Schwieder, Dorothy. "History of Iowa". Iowa State University. Archived from the original on September 3, 2009. Retrieved June 6, 2009.
  46. ^ "Jackson County, Iowa History Information". Jackson County, Iowa. Archived from the original on November 4, 2019. Retrieved November 3, 2019.
  47. ^ "History | Dubuque, IA - Official Website". www.cityofdubuque.org. Retrieved September 26, 2024.
  48. ^ Iowa Official Register, Volume Number 60, page 314
  49. ^ "Official Encouragement of Immigration to Iowa", Marcus L. Hansen, IJHP, 19 (April 1921):159–95
  50. ^ "Iowa State Fair". Trivia. Archived from the original on November 30, 2010. Retrieved December 12, 2010.
  51. ^ "Safety". Iowa State Fair. Archived from the original on October 16, 2020. Retrieved October 13, 2020.
  52. ISSN 0003-4827. Archived from the original
    on May 10, 2022 – via Iowa Research Online.
  53. ^ a b c Iowa Official Register, Volume No. 60, page 315
  54. ^ "Civil War". Iowanationalguard.com. Archived from the original on May 29, 2010. Retrieved July 26, 2010.
  55. ^ Iowa Official Register, Volume No. 60, pages 315–316
  56. ^ "1860 Census: Population of the United States" Archived January 21, 2021, at the Wayback Machine. United States Census Bureau. Retrieved October 7, 2019.
  57. ^ "1880 Census: Volume 1. Statistics of the Population". The United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on June 11, 2020. Retrieved April 14, 2020.
  58. ^ a b "The Economics of Agriculture". Iowa PBS. July 25, 2016. Archived from the original on May 21, 2020. Retrieved April 15, 2020.
  59. ^ "Types of Business and Industry". Iowa PBS. July 25, 2016. Archived from the original on June 11, 2020. Retrieved April 15, 2020.
  60. ^ "Early Industry". Iowa PBS. July 25, 2016. Archived from the original on June 11, 2020. Retrieved April 15, 2020.
  61. ^ Schwieder, Dorothy. "History of Iowa". publications.iowa.gov. Archived from the original on September 3, 2009. Retrieved April 20, 2020.
  62. ^ Walsh, Matthew. The Good Governor: Robert Ray and the Indochinese Refugees of Iowa (McFarland & Co, 2017)
  63. ^ Office of Asian and Pacific Islander Affairs, Iowa Department of Human Rights. State of Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders in Iowa, 2015
  64. ^ The Midwest Farm Crisis of the 1980s, Tripod.com Archived July 6, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
  65. ^ Population Trends: The Changing Face of Iowa, State.ia.us Archived October 6, 2006, at the Wayback Machine
  66. ^ a b c d Iowa Industries, Iowa Workforce Development. Iowalifechanging.com Archived May 20, 2005, at the Wayback Machine
  67. ^ a b "Historical Population Change Data (1910–2020)". Census.gov. United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on April 29, 2021. Retrieved May 1, 2021.
  68. ^ a b Iowa Data Center, 2000 Census: Iowadatacenter.org Archived December 3, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
  69. ^ "Iowa Economic Development Authority". iowaeconomicdevelopment.com. Archived from the original on August 12, 2014. Retrieved July 26, 2014.
  70. ^ Preamble to the 1857 Constitution of the State of Iowa. Archived from the original on August 2, 2009. Retrieved August 9, 2009.
  71. ^ 48 U.S. (7 How.) 660 (1849).
  72. ^ Morrison, Jeff (January 13, 2005). "Forty-Thirty-five or fight? Sullivan's Line, the Honey War, and latitudinal estimations". Archived from the original on January 1, 2007. Retrieved August 9, 2009.
  73. ^ "Iowa Fast Facts and Trivia". 50states.com. Archived from the original on January 28, 2013. Retrieved February 24, 2013.
  74. ^ "About Carter Lake". Archived from the original on October 9, 2020. Retrieved October 7, 2020.
  75. ^ "National Association of Counties". County Seats. Archived from the original on December 22, 2010. Retrieved December 24, 2010.
  76. ^ Prior, Jean Cutler. Geology of Iowa: Iowa's Earth History Shaped by Ice, Wind, Rivers, and Ancient Seas. Adapted from Iowa Geology 2007, Iowa Department of Natural Resources. Iowa Department of Natural Resources Geological Survey. Archived from the original on April 16, 2009. Retrieved August 9, 2009.
  77. ^ Anderson, Wayne I. (1998). Iowa's Geological Past: Three Billion Years of Change. Iowa City: University of Iowa Press. p. 21.
  78. ^ a b Prior, Jean C. (1991). Landforms of Iowa. University of Iowa Press, Iowa City. Archived from the original on March 2, 2009.
  79. ^ "Geology of the Loess Hills, Iowa". United States Geological Survey. July 1999. Archived from the original on March 28, 2008. Retrieved March 26, 2008.
  80. ^ "Landforms of Iowa" (PDF). Uni.edu. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 31, 2012. Retrieved April 7, 2020.
  81. ^ "Odessa". Iowa Department of Natural Resources. Archived from the original on September 21, 2008. Retrieved June 6, 2009.
  82. ^ "Wetlands". Iowadnr.gov. Archived from the original on April 7, 2020. Retrieved April 7, 2020.
  83. ^ Iowa DNR: Iowa's Statewide Land Cover Inventory, Uiowa.edu Archived May 2, 2009, at the Wayback Machine
  84. OCLC 40856986
    .
  85. ^ "Central tall grasslands | Ecoregions | WWF". World Wildlife Fund. Archived from the original on August 10, 2020. Retrieved April 7, 2020.
  86. ^ Iowa's Threatened and Endangered Species Program, Iowadnr.gov Archived September 24, 2015, at the Wayback Machine
  87. ^ "Des Moines Register", June 1, 2019, Iowa Must Step Up Investment in Public Lands Archived July 22, 2011, at the Wayback Machine Nicholasjohnson.org
  88. ^ Federally Listed Animals in Iowa, Agriculture.state.ia.us Archived September 30, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
  89. ^ Federally Listed Plants in Iowa, Agriculture.state.ia.us Archived September 30, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
  90. ^ "Living with Hogs in Rural Iowa". Iowa Ag Review. Iowa State University. 2003. Retrieved November 25, 2009.
  91. ^ Heldt, Diane (November 24, 2009). "Report: Many Iowa coal plants among nation's oldest". Cedar Rapids Gazette. Archived from the original on December 8, 2012. Retrieved November 25, 2009.
  92. ^ "Iowa Works to Reduce Run-off Polluting the Gulf of Mexico". The Iowa Journal. Iowa Public Television. September 17, 2009. Archived from the original on November 6, 2009. Retrieved November 25, 2009.
  93. ^ Love, Orlan (December 6, 2009). "Heavy use draining aquifer". Cedar Rapids Gazette. Archived from the original on December 9, 2009. Retrieved December 20, 2009.
  94. ^ Charmayne Hefley (January 29, 2024). "Iowa faces longest stretch of drought since the 1950s". Retrieved March 1, 2024.
  95. ^ "Climate Iowa: Temperature, climate graph, Climate table for Iowa - Climate-Data.org". en.climate-data.org. Archived from the original on April 24, 2019. Retrieved April 6, 2020.
  96. ^ "Average Annual Snowfall Totals in Iowa – Current Results". Currentresults.com. Archived from the original on February 21, 2020. Retrieved April 6, 2020.
  97. ^ US Thunderstorm distribution. src.noaa.gov. Retrieved February 13, 2008. Archived October 15, 2006, at the Wayback Machine
  98. ^ "Des Moines, IA". noaa.gov. Archived from the original on August 21, 2014. Retrieved February 18, 2015.
  99. ^ "2008 Iowa tornadoes deadliest since 1968". USA Today. January 2, 2009. Archived from the original on October 11, 2013. Retrieved January 2, 2009.
  100. ^ Keokuk Comprehensive Plan 2018 (PDF) (Report). June 2018. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 20, 2021. Retrieved April 6, 2020.
  101. ^ Munson, Kyle. "Site of Iowa's coldest temp shivers with rest of state". USA TODAY. Archived from the original on February 28, 2020. Retrieved April 6, 2020.
  102. ^ "Iowa Weather-Iowa Weather Forecast-Iowa Climate". ustravelweather.com. Archived from the original on January 31, 2011. Retrieved February 17, 2011.
  103. ^ "Monthly Averages for Davenport, Iowa". Weather.com. Archived from the original on October 8, 2008. Retrieved November 1, 2008.
  104. ^ "Average Weather for Des Moines, IA—Temperature and Precipitation". Weather.com. Archived from the original on October 24, 2012. Retrieved February 18, 2012.
  105. ^ "Daily Averages for Keokuk, IA". weather.com. Archived from the original on October 24, 2012. Retrieved February 18, 2012.
  106. ^ "Average Weather for Mason City, IA—Temperature and Precipitation". Weather.com. Archived from the original on October 24, 2012. Retrieved February 18, 2012.
  107. ^ "Average Weather for Sioux City, IA—Temperature and Precipitation". Weather.com. Archived from the original on October 24, 2012. Retrieved February 18, 2012.
  108. ^ Average Annual Precipitation Iowa, 1961–1990 (GIF File) Archived February 13, 2010, at the Wayback Machine—Christopher Daly, Jenny Weisburg
  109. ^ "Average Weather for Des Moines, IA—Temperature and Precipitation, Weather.com, Retrieved Jan. 7, 2009". Weather.com. Archived from the original on December 3, 2010. Retrieved July 31, 2010.
  110. ^ Data from U.S. Census Bureau, Population Division. Modeled after Iowa Data Center Map, Iowadatacenter.org Archived January 17, 2013, at the Wayback Machine
  111. ^ Iowans still flocking to cities, census stats show. Cedar Rapids Gazette, June 30, 2009, Gazetteonline.com Archived March 30, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
  112. ^ Grimes, William (September 14, 2005). "In This Small Town in Iowa the Future Speaks Spanish". The New York Times. Archived from the original on February 9, 2014. Retrieved February 19, 2017.
  113. ^ Iowa Brain Drain, Iowa Civic Analysis Network, University of Iowa, Uiowa.edu Archived April 12, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
  114. ^ "Annual Estimates of the Resident Population: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2020". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on December 27, 1996. Retrieved June 8, 2021.
  115. ^ "Population 2010—Iowa Cities". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on December 27, 1996. Retrieved August 4, 2011.
  116. ^ "Estimates of Resident Population Change and Rankings: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2020—United States—Metropolitan Statistical Area; and for Puerto Rico". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on December 27, 1996. Retrieved June 8, 2021.
  117. ^ "Numeric and Percent Change in Resident Population" (PDF). 2020 Census Apportionment Results. United States Census Bureau, Population Division. April 26, 2021. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 26, 2021. Retrieved April 27, 2021.
  118. ^ "Quickfacts: Iowa". The United States Census Bureau. Retrieved August 14, 2023.
  119. ^ "U.S. Census website". Archived from the original on December 27, 1996. Retrieved January 18, 2020.
  120. ^ "U.S. Census quickfacts". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on May 27, 2010. Retrieved April 2, 2015.
  121. ISBN 9780143112334
    .
  122. ^ "Centers of Population for the 2010 Census". The United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on June 11, 2020. Retrieved April 27, 2020.
  123. ^ "Immigrants in Iowa" (PDF). American Immigration Council.
  124. ^ "Settlers, Immigrants, Agriculture". Encyclopedia Britannica. July 26, 1999.
  125. ^ "African-American Communities | Iowa PBS". www.iowapbs.org.
  126. ^ "Race and Ethnicity in the United States: 2010 Census and 2020 Census". Census.gov. United States Census Bureau.
  127. ^ "2010 Demographic Profile Data". U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 13, 2020. Retrieved August 23, 2017.
  128. ^ "2007-2022 PIT Counts by State".
  129. ^ "The 2022 Annual Homelessness Assessment Report (AHAR) to Congress" (PDF).
  130. ^ "Race and Ethnicity in the United States: 2010 Census and 2020 Census". census.gov. United States Census Bureau. August 12, 2021. Archived from the original on August 15, 2021. Retrieved September 26, 2021.
  131. ^ "Historical Census Statistics on Population Totals By Race, 1790 to 1990, and By Hispanic Origin, 1970 to 1990, For The United States, Regions, Divisions, and States". Census.gov. Archived from the original on July 25, 2008. Retrieved July 26, 2014.
  132. ^ "Population of Iowa: Census 2010 and 2000 Interactive Map, Demographics, Statistics, Quick Facts". Censusviewer.com. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved July 26, 2014.
  133. ^ 2010 Census Data. "2010 Census Data". Census.gov. Archived from the original on May 22, 2017. Retrieved July 26, 2014.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  134. ^ "Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2020 Demographic Profile Data (DP-1): Iowa". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved April 2, 2024.
  135. ^ "2016 American Community Survey—Demographic and Housing Estimates". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 13, 2020. Retrieved November 21, 2018.
  136. ^ "2016 American Community Survey—Selected Social Characteristics". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 13, 2020. Retrieved November 21, 2018.
  137. ^ Martin JA, Hamilton BE, Osterman MJ, Curtin SC, Mathews TJ (January 15, 2015). National Vital Statistics Reports—Births: Final Data for 2013 (PDF) (Report). Vol. 64. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. pp. 35–6. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 11, 2017. Retrieved February 3, 2019.
  138. ^ Hamilton BE, Martin JA, Osterman MJ, Curtin SC, Mathews TJ (December 23, 2015). National Vital Statistics Reports—Births: Final Data for 2014 (PDF) (Report). Vol. 64. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. pp. 35–6. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 14, 2017. Retrieved February 3, 2019.
  139. ^ Martin JA, Hamilton BE, Osterman MJ, Driscoll AK (January 5, 2017). National Vital Statistics Reports—Births: Final Data for 2015 (PDF) (Report). Vol. 66. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. pp. 38, 40. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 31, 2017. Retrieved February 3, 2019.
  140. ^ Martin JA, Hamilton BE, Osterman MJ, Driscoll AK, Drake P (January 31, 2018). National Vital Statistics Reports—Births: Final Data 2016 (PDF) (Report). Vol. 67. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. p. 26. Archived (PDF) from the original on June 3, 2018. Retrieved February 3, 2019.
  141. ^ Martin JA, Hamilton BE, Osterman MJ, Driscoll AK, Drake P (November 7, 2018). National Vital Statistics Reports—Births, by race and origin of mother: United States, each state and territory, 2017 (PDF) (Report). Vol. 67. p. 20. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 1, 2019. Retrieved February 18, 2019.
  142. ^ Martin, Joyce A.; Hamilton, Brady E.; Osterman, Michelle J.K.; Driscoll, Anne K. (November 27, 2019). Births: Final Data for 2018 (PDF) (Report). Archived (PDF) from the original on November 28, 2019. Retrieved February 26, 2020.
  143. ^ "Data" (PDF). Cdc.gov. Archived (PDF) from the original on June 23, 2021. Retrieved March 29, 2021.
  144. ^ "Data" (PDF). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 10, 2022. Retrieved February 21, 2022.
  145. ^ "Data" (PDF). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved February 2, 2022.
  146. ^ "Data" (PDF). www.cdc.gov. Retrieved April 5, 2024.
  147. ^ Staff (February 24, 2023). "American Values Atlas: Religious Tradition in Iowa". Public Religion Research Institute. Retrieved April 14, 2023.
  148. ^ "Religious composition of adults in Iowa". Pew Research Center. Archived from the original on August 1, 2017. Retrieved August 18, 2019.
  149. ^ "American Religious Identification Survey 2001" (PDF). The Graduate Center of the City University of New York. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 16, 2012. Retrieved January 4, 2012.
  150. ^ "The Association of Religion Data Archives | State Membership Report". thearda.com. Archived from the original on November 12, 2013. Retrieved November 12, 2013.
  151. ^ "PRRI – American Values Atlas". ava.prri.org. Retrieved January 17, 2023.
  152. ^ "Religious Congregations & Membership: 2000". Glenmary Research Center. Archived from the original (jpg) on December 14, 2006. Retrieved April 24, 2009.
  153. ^ Elmer Schwieder and Dorothy Schwieder (2009) A Peculiar People: Iowa's Old Order Amish University of Iowa Press
  154. ^ "Iowa Jewish History". www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org. Retrieved November 13, 2023.
  155. ^ "Jewish Settlers in Iowa | Iowa PBS". www.iowapbs.org. Retrieved November 13, 2023.
  156. ^ Tapper, Josh (February 3, 2016). "Postville, Iowa's Jewish Community Bounces Back After Immigration Raid". Haaretz. Archived from the original on October 24, 2017. Retrieved October 24, 2017.
  157. ^ "Explore Census Data". data.census.gov. Archived from the original on May 3, 2021. Retrieved May 3, 2021.
  158. ^ Labov, W., S. Ash, and C. Boberg, Atlas of North American English. Berlin, Germany: Mouton de Gruyter, 2006. Mouton-online.com Archived December 26, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
  159. ^ "Atlas of North American English". The University of Pennsylvania. Archived from the original on January 17, 2008. Retrieved January 5, 2008.
  160. ^ Labov, W., Ash, S., & Boberg, C. (2006). The atlas of North American English: Phonetics, phonology, and sound change: a multimedia reference tool. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
  161. ^ 2000 U.S. Census: Census.gov Archived December 27, 1996, at the Wayback Machine
  162. ^ Macdonald, Moira (October 31, 2017). "UNESCO declares Seattle a City of Literature". The Seattle Times. Archived from the original on May 18, 2020. Retrieved April 27, 2020.
  163. ^ "History Of Tulip Festival". Orange City Tulip Festival. Archived from the original on January 3, 2019. Retrieved April 6, 2020.
  164. ^ ISU Extension Midwest Grape and Wine Industry Institute, Iastate.edu Archived January 25, 2009, at the Wayback Machine
  165. ^ Iowa Wine Growers Association, Iowawinegrowers.org Archived November 23, 2010, at the Wayback Machine
  166. ^ Iowa Farmers Market Association, Iafarmersmarkets.org Archived June 12, 2009, at the Wayback Machine
  167. ^ "Iowa gross state products by industry – calendar year 2009 ($110.4 billion)" (PDF). Iowa General Assembly. 2009. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 19, 2021. Retrieved April 8, 2022.
  168. ^ "QuickFacts: Iowa". Census.gov. U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on November 10, 2019. Retrieved January 1, 2020.
  169. ^ "America's Top States for Business in 2010". CNBC. Archived from the original on December 26, 2011. Retrieved May 9, 2011.
  170. ^ Iowa's initial jobless claims grow. Des Moines Register April 2, 2009, Desmoinesregister.com[dead link‍]
  171. ^ City has lowest unemployment in nation, Iowa City Press-Citizen May 5., 2009, Press-citizen.com[dead link‍]
  172. ^ Iowa State University. Gross domestic product by sector and state. Regional Capacity Analysis Program. Retrieved on: April 26, 2008. Archived October 9, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
  173. ^ a b "Iowa Quick Facts—State Data Center". Statelibraryofiowa.org. June 28, 2010. Archived from the original on November 4, 2010. Retrieved July 31, 2010.
  174. ^ Iowa officials tout credit rating, argue it shows state's finances are strong, Associated Press July 3, 2009, Timesrepublican.com Archived September 7, 2010, at the Wayback Machine
  175. ^ "Iowa's Unemployment Rate Falls To 4.0 Percent In September". October 22, 2021. Archived from the original on November 8, 2021. Retrieved November 8, 2021.
  176. ^ "Our story-locations". Tysonfoods.com. Archived from the original on July 4, 2014. Retrieved July 16, 2014.
  177. ^ "3M Plant Locations – United States". 3m.com. Archived from the original on April 18, 2020. Retrieved April 20, 2020.
  178. ^ DeWitt, Jennifer (March 15, 2016). "Alcoa Davenport Works to become Arconic". The Quad-City Times. Archived from the original on June 11, 2020. Retrieved April 20, 2020.
  179. ^ Friestad, Thomas. "Whirlpool Amana plant remaining closed after more positive coronavirus tests". The Gazette. Archived from the original on April 2, 2020. Retrieved April 20, 2020.
  180. ^ "Fisher | Emerson US". Emerson.com. Archived from the original on April 5, 2020. Retrieved April 20, 2020.
  181. ^ "Muscatine – HON Headquarters". HON Office Furniture. October 11, 2016. Archived from the original on June 11, 2020. Retrieved April 20, 2020.
  182. ^ "SSAB Americas". SSAB. Archived from the original on May 13, 2020. Retrieved April 20, 2020.
  183. ^ "John Deere Factory Tours | John Deere US". Deere.com. Archived from the original on April 17, 2020. Retrieved April 20, 2020.
  184. ^ "ABOUT LENNOX". Lennox. Archived from the original on March 31, 2020. Retrieved April 20, 2020.
  185. ^ "IOWA ICON: Pete Kuyper's idea changed the future of his hometown". whotv.com. February 15, 2012. Retrieved April 20, 2020.
  186. ^ "P&G Iowa City Plant | P&G News | Events, Multimedia, Public Relations". news.pg.com. Archived from the original on May 20, 2020. Retrieved April 20, 2020.
  187. ^ "Our Locations". Vermeer.com. Archived from the original on June 11, 2020. Retrieved April 20, 2020.
  188. ^ Gazette, RAE YOST For The Globe (March 26, 2015). "Winnebago will open new plant outside of Forest City". Globe Gazette | Mason City, Iowa | globegazette.com. Archived from the original on June 11, 2020. Retrieved April 20, 2020.
  189. ^ Erin Jordan (May 6, 2018). "Large-scale pork production may push farther into Eastern Iowa". The Gazette. Retrieved March 1, 2024.
  190. ^ USDA. "Iowa State Fact Sheets". Archived from the original on February 22, 2015. Retrieved February 21, 2015.
  191. ^ Ford, George (November 28, 2009). "Impact of grain-processing industry runs deep, but people don't see it". Cedar Rapids Gazette. pp. 1A. Archived from the original on December 9, 2012. Retrieved November 29, 2009.
  192. ^ Eller, Donnelle (November 3, 2017). "Looking for greater profits, more Iowa farmers move to organic corn, soybeans". The Des Moines Register. Retrieved January 21, 2019.
  193. ^ "Iowa Organic Association". Archived from the original on April 16, 2019. Retrieved April 16, 2019.
  194. ^ Northeast Iowa Local Foods Expansion Plan (PDF), Northeast Iowa Resource Conservation and Development, archived (PDF) from the original on January 21, 2019, retrieved January 21, 2019
  195. ^ Grow The Local Food System, Northeast Iowa Resource Conservation and Development, archived from the original on January 22, 2019, retrieved January 21, 2019
  196. ^ Saving Seeds, National Geographic, September 27, 2011, archived from the original on April 16, 2019, retrieved April 16, 2019
  197. ^ Episode 202: Best of Season One—Inspiring PLACES, Growing a Greener World, July 9, 2011, archived from the original on April 16, 2019, retrieved April 16, 2019
  198. ^ About Us: Today, Seed Saver Exchange, archived from the original on April 16, 2019, retrieved April 16, 2019
  199. ^ Orr C. Fischer (1941). "The Corn Parade". Archived from the original on June 10, 2010. Retrieved July 3, 2010.
  200. ^ 2007 Iowa Factbook p. 59, Des Moines:Iowa Legislative Services Agency.
  201. ^ Swenson, David A; Eathington, Liesl (December 1, 2002). "Multiple Measures of the Role of Agriculture in Iowa's Economy". Iowa State University, Department of Economics. Staff General Research Papers, number 10180. Archived from the original on July 15, 2014. Retrieved July 26, 2014.
  202. ^ Iowa Insurance Division (n.d.). "Find an Insurance Company". State of Iowa. Archived from the original on December 21, 2014. Retrieved December 21, 2014.
  203. ISBN 978-1-60359-944-3
    .
  204. ^ "AMA Analysis Lists States Where One Private Health Insurer Rules" (press release). AMA.org. November 7, 2013. Archived from the original on June 28, 2014. Retrieved June 24, 2014.
  205. ^ Competition in Health Insurance: 2007 update, Ama-assn.org Archived July 25, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
  206. ^ a b c Iowa Insurance Division (November 2014). "Annual report to the Iowa Governor and the Iowa Legislature". State of Iowa. Archived from the original on December 21, 2014. Retrieved December 21, 2014.
  207. ^
    Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology News. Vol. 34, no. 12. pp. 7–8. Archived
    from the original on November 1, 2016. Retrieved July 17, 2016.
  208. ^ "Ethanol mandate wouldn't help prices". Cedar Rapids Gazette. February 26, 2010. Archived from the original on December 8, 2012. Retrieved April 4, 2010.
  209. ^ a b "Electric Power Monthly". U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration. Archived from the original on February 6, 2018. Retrieved June 2, 2020.
  210. ^ "The World's Biggest Public Companies". Forbes. Archived from the original on October 2, 2019. Retrieved October 5, 2016.
  211. ^ "The World's Biggest Public Companies #380". Forbes.com. Archived from the original on September 28, 2016. Retrieved October 5, 2016.
  212. ^ "The World's Biggest Public Companies #380". Forbes.com. Archived from the original on October 7, 2016. Retrieved October 5, 2016.
  213. ^ "The World's Biggest Public Companies #380". Forbes.com. Archived from the original on November 13, 2016. Retrieved October 5, 2016.
  214. ^ "Company Overview of Hy-Vee, Inc". Bloomberg.com. Archived from the original on October 6, 2016. Retrieved October 5, 2016.
  215. ^ "Company Overview of Pella Corporation". Bloomberg.com. Archived from the original on October 6, 2016. Retrieved October 5, 2016.
  216. ^ "Company Overview of Vermeer Corporation". Bloomberg.com. Archived from the original on August 26, 2016. Retrieved October 5, 2016.
  217. ^ "Company Overview of Kum & Go, L.C". Bloomberg.com. Archived from the original on October 6, 2016. Retrieved October 5, 2016.
  218. ^ Company Overview of Von Maur, Inc, Bloomberg.com, archived from the original on October 6, 2016, retrieved October 5, 2016
  219. ^ "Company Overview of Pioneer Hi-Bred International, Inc". Bloomberg.com. Archived from the original on October 6, 2016. Retrieved October 5, 2016.
  220. ^ "Company Overview of Fareway Stores, Inc". Bloomberg.com. Archived from the original on October 6, 2016. Retrieved October 5, 2016.
  221. ^ "The State of Gambling in Iowa and How It Is Influencing the Economy". The Daily Iowan. June 14, 2021. Retrieved October 3, 2023.
  222. ^ "State of Iowa Taxes | Iowa Department of Revenue". tax.iowa.gov. Archived from the original on December 27, 2019. Retrieved April 6, 2020.
  223. ^ "State Corporate Income Tax Rates and Brackets for 2016—Tax Foundation". February 1, 2016. Archived from the original on February 16, 2017. Retrieved February 24, 2017.
  224. ^ Iowa Department of Revenue, Iowa Tax / Fee Descriptions and Rates, Iowa.gov Archived May 6, 2009, at the Wayback Machine
  225. ^ Iowa Department of Revenue, Iowa Local Option Tax Information, Ioawa.gov Archived April 25, 2009, at the Wayback Machine
  226. ^ Beaumont, Thomas (May 30, 2009). "No tax increases planned for next year, Culver says". The Des Moines Register. Retrieved May 31, 2009.[dead link‍]
  227. ^ Claudia Goldin, Lawrence F. Katz. Why the United States Led in Education: Lessons from Secondary School Expansion, 1910 to 1940 Archived February 11, 2021, at the Wayback Machine. In: Eltis D, Lewis F, Sokoloff K Human Capital and Institutions. Cambridge University Press; 2009.
  228. ^ a b "About the Iowa Education System". Iowa Department of Education. Archived from the original on November 3, 2019. Retrieved November 3, 2019.
  229. ^ "Public High School Graduation Rates" (PDF). National Center for Education Statistics. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 24, 2019. Retrieved November 3, 2019.
  230. ^ a b "Rankings And Estimates Report 2018" (PDF). National Education Association. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 12, 2019. Retrieved November 3, 2019.
  231. ^ Boden, Sarah (February 3, 2015). "Lawmakers Scrounge Up Bus Money for Rural School Districts". Iowa Public Radio. Archived from the original on June 17, 2018. Retrieved June 18, 2018.
  232. ^ "Bellevue school board sets referendum for $16 million bond issuance". Telegraph Herald. Archived from the original on November 3, 2019. Retrieved November 3, 2019.
  233. ^ a b "What is the Board of Regents?". Iowaregents.edu. June 22, 2016. Archived from the original on June 11, 2020. Retrieved April 15, 2020.
  234. ^ "Carnegie Classifications | Standard Listings". carnegieclassifications.iu.edu. Archived from the original on June 11, 2020. Retrieved April 21, 2020.
  235. ^ "Our Members | Association of American Universities (AAU)". Aau.edu. Archived from the original on November 11, 2021. Retrieved April 21, 2020.
  236. ^ Belz, Adam (May 13, 2015). "How one city in Iowa caught 160,000 speeders in less than two years". Star Tribune. Retrieved April 6, 2020.[permanent dead link‍]
  237. ^ "Iowa Airport Information | Iowa DOT". Iowadot.gov. Archived from the original on December 23, 2019. Retrieved April 21, 2020.
  238. ^ "Amtrak California Zephyr - ShareMap.org". sharemap.org. Archived from the original on June 11, 2020. Retrieved April 7, 2020.
  239. ^ "Passenger trains in America". traveler.sharemap.org. Archived from the original on April 16, 2020. Retrieved April 7, 2020.
  240. ^ Pfannenstiel, Brianne; Gruber-Miller, Stephen (December 16, 2024). "Gov. Kim Reynolds names state Sen. Chris Cournoyer as next lieutenant governor of Iowa". The Des Moines Register. Retrieved December 17, 2024.
  241. ^ "Forming a Political Party in Iowa". sos.iowa.gov. Iowa Secretary of State Paul D. Pate. Archived from the original on November 7, 2018. Retrieved October 22, 2018.
  242. ^ "Libertarian Party obtains official political party status in Iowa". sos.iowa.gov. Iowa Secretary of State Paul D. Pate. Archived from the original on October 22, 2018. Retrieved October 22, 2018.
  243. Iowa Secretary of State. Archived from the original
    (PDF) on July 15, 2007. Retrieved July 26, 2007.
  244. Iowa Secretary of State. Archived from the original
    (PDF) on January 4, 2007. Retrieved July 26, 2007.
  245. ^ "Terry Branstad just became the longest serving governor in American history". Washington Post. Archived from the original on September 19, 2016. Retrieved September 14, 2016.
  246. ^ Weisman, Jonathan (January 8, 2024). "Why Iowa Turned So Red When Nearby States Went Blue". The New York Times. Retrieved September 12, 2024.
  247. ^ "State of Iowa Voter Registration Totals". Iowa Secretary of State. March 1, 2023. Archived from the original on November 27, 2018. Retrieved March 3, 2023.
  248. ^ James Q. Lynch (November 19, 2007). "What happens at a caucus?". iowacaucus.com. Archived from the original on December 22, 2007.
  249. S2CID 42839320. Archived
    from the original on July 15, 2016. Retrieved January 30, 2016.
  250. doi:10.1111/psq.12132
    .
  251. ^ Swenson, David (April 2008), The Economic Impact of the Iowa Caucus: Gauging the Worth of Its First-in-the-Nation Position? (PDF), archived (PDF) from the original on April 4, 2020, retrieved April 22, 2020
  252. S2CID 225139517
    .
  253. ^ 1 Morris 1 (Iowa 1839)
  254. ^ a b c d "Early Civil Rights Cases". Judicial.state.ia.us. Archived from the original on May 5, 2006. Retrieved July 26, 2010.
  255. ^ Gay marriage and Iowa: Why's everyone so surprised? Archived April 29, 2009, at the Wayback Machine, Chicago Tribune, April 10, 2009
  256. ^ 24 Iowa 266 (1868)
  257. ^ Brodnax, David (2004). "The Equality of Right: Alexander Clark and the Desegregation of Iowa's Public Schools, 1834–1875". Law and Society Association. Archived from the original on July 21, 2009. Retrieved July 22, 2009.
  258. ^ Breaux, Richard M. (2004) "Maintaining a Home for Girls": The Iowa Federation of Colored Women's Clubs at the University of Iowa 1919–1950, Cultural Capital and Black Education ed. V.P. Franklin and C.J. Savage. Information Age, Greenwich
  259. ^ 37 Iowa 145 (1873)
  260. ^ Iowa Civil Rights Commission, Iowa.org Archived June 3, 2010, at the Wayback Machine
  261. ^ African-Americans in Iowa, 1838–2005, IPTV.org Archived May 6, 2009, at the Wayback Machine
  262. ^ Iowa Civil Rights Commission, State.ia.us Archived July 20, 2009, at the Wayback Machine
  263. ^ "Iowa and the 19th Amendment (U.S. National Park Service)". Nps.gov. Archived from the original on July 4, 2019. Retrieved January 21, 2020.
  264. ^ About Iowa, Uiowa.edu Archived November 19, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
  265. ^ The Fight for Women's Suffrage, IPTV.org Archived June 15, 2010, at the Wayback Machine
  266. ^ How Did Iowa Coalitions Campaign for the Equal Rights Amendment in 1980 and 1992?, alexanderstreet.com Archived September 18, 2009, at the Wayback Machine
  267. ^ 1857 CONSTITUTION OF THE STATE OF IOWA—CODIFIED Archived February 9, 2014, at the Wayback Machine. Search.legis.state.ia.us (July 4, 1973). Retrieved on July 12, 2013.
  268. ^ Pfannenstiel, Brianne; Petroski, William. "The nation's strictest abortion ban is now law. Iowa Gov. Kim Reynolds signs 'fetal heartbeat' bill". Des Moines Register. Retrieved January 21, 2020.
  269. ^ Levenson, Eric; Baldacci, Marlena (January 23, 2019). "Iowa's 'fetal heartbeat' abortion restriction declared unconstitutional". CNN. Archived from the original on January 23, 2019. Retrieved January 23, 2019.
  270. ^ "Iowa Civil Rights Act—Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity" (PDF). State of Iowa. 2016. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 12, 2019. Retrieved June 25, 2019.
  271. ^ WL 874044 (Iowa 2009) (Publication to N.W.2d pending as of April 9, 2009.)
  272. ^ Martyn, Chase (August 25, 2008). "Iowa Supreme Court: Same-sex couples can marry " Iowa Independent". Iowaindependent.com. Archived from the original on April 11, 2009. Retrieved July 26, 2010.
  273. ^ "BREAKING: Iowa Supreme Court rules in favor of marriage equality! " Human Rights Campaign". HRC Back Story. April 3, 2009. Archived from the original on May 2, 2009. Retrieved July 26, 2010.
  274. ^ "USA Today, Iowa Court Upholds Gay Marriage". USA Today. January 7, 2010. Archived from the original on April 6, 2009. Retrieved July 31, 2010.
  275. OCLC 670430491
    .
  276. ^ "WEDDINGS; Susan B. Titman, Peter S. Hedges". The New York Times. June 6, 1993. Archived from the original on May 4, 2019. Retrieved April 6, 2020.
  277. ^ "The Men Behind the Masks". dsmmagazine.com. May 2, 2022. Retrieved November 13, 2023.
  278. ^ Molter, Michael (December 11, 2024). "Record Month Helps Iowa Log $50 Million From Sports Betting". www.legalsportsbetting.com. Retrieved December 11, 2024.
  279. ^ 2018 National College Football Attendance Archived July 18, 2019, at the Wayback Machine; Retrieved November 3, 2019.
  280. ^ 2019 NCAA Women's Basketball Attendance Archived September 24, 2019, at the Wayback Machine; Retrieved November 3, 2019.
  281. ^ "Division I Attendance for the 2018–19 Season". April 16, 2019. Archived from the original on November 3, 2019. Retrieved November 3, 2019.
  282. ^ Hanson, Austin (February 24, 2020). "By the numbers: Hawkeye wrestling's regular season success". The Daily Iowan. Archived from the original on April 6, 2020. Retrieved April 6, 2020.
  283. ^ a b "Division I Team-By-Team Attendance" (PDF). NCAA Men's Basketball Attendance Records Through 2022–23. NCAA. p. 5. Retrieved October 27, 2023.
  284. ^ a b "Division I Team-By-Team Attendance" (PDF). NCAA Women's Basketball Attendance Records Through 2022–23. NCAA. p. 5. Retrieved October 27, 2023.
  285. ^ "Big Ten Conference | History & Members". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on January 26, 2022. Retrieved April 8, 2020.
  286. ^ "Big 12 Conference | American athletic conference". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on June 11, 2020. Retrieved April 8, 2020.
  287. ^ "Iowa Corn Assumes Lead for Cy-Hawk Series". University of Iowa Athletics. April 12, 2011. Archived from the original on February 20, 2021. Retrieved April 8, 2020.
  288. ^ Iowa wrestling championships: History and records from the dynasty. ncaa.com. Retrieved October 7, 2022.
  289. ^ Iowa State National Championships. cyclones.com. Retrieved October 7, 2022.
  290. ^ 1950 Wrestling Team (2009) - Hall of Fame - UNI Athletics. Retrieved October 7, 2022.
  291. ^ Palmer, Mark. (September 14, 2007). InterMat Wrestling - InterMat Rewind: 1947 Cornell College. Retrieved October 7, 2022.
  292. ^ "UNI – Missouri Valley Conference". mvc-sports.com. Archived from the original on June 11, 2020. Retrieved April 23, 2020.
  293. ^ "2019 Football Standings". valley-football.org. Archived from the original on June 11, 2020. Retrieved April 23, 2020.
  294. ^ "Drake – Missouri Valley Conference". mvc-sports.com. Archived from the original on May 1, 2020. Retrieved April 23, 2020.
  295. ^ "The PFL – About the PFL – Pioneer Football League Official Site". Pioneer-Football.org. Archived from the original on May 22, 2020. Retrieved April 23, 2020.
  296. ^ "The Official Site of the Pacific Coast League". MiLB.com. Archived from the original on May 17, 2020. Retrieved April 27, 2020.
  297. ^ "Iowa Cubs". MiLB.com. Archived from the original on May 16, 2020. Retrieved April 27, 2020.
  298. ^ 2019 Midwest League Media Guide, pp. 26–48, archived from the original on March 28, 2019, retrieved April 27, 2020
  299. ^ "SIOUX CITY EXPLORERS". American Association of Independent Professional Baseball. Archived from the original on April 26, 2020. Retrieved April 27, 2020.
  300. ^ "Wild AHL Affiliate Moving To Iowa". NHL.com. Archived from the original on June 11, 2020. Retrieved April 27, 2020.
  301. ^ Ashmore, Mike (March 22, 2023). "Iowa Heartlanders Enduring Uphill Battle In ECHL Central Division". FloHockey. Retrieved May 4, 2023.
  302. ^ "Home". USHL. Archived from the original on April 28, 2020. Retrieved April 27, 2020.
  303. ^ "NORTH IOWA BULLS ANNOUNCE MOVE TO NAHL". North Iowa Bulls. March 5, 2021. Archived from the original on June 2, 2021. Retrieved June 2, 2021.
  304. ^ "Mason City Toros begin new era in the NA3HL". NA3HL. June 1, 2021. Archived from the original on June 2, 2021. Retrieved June 2, 2021.
  305. ^ "Iowa Sister States". Iowa Sister States. February 23, 2010. Archived from the original on August 9, 2018. Retrieved August 8, 2018.
  306. ^ "Kosovo".
Preceded by
List of U.S. states by date of statehood

Admitted on December 28, 1846 (29th) 		Succeeded by