Isoseismal map
In
History
The first known isoseismal map was produced for the 1810 earthquake in
Methodology
Firstly, observations of the felt intensity need to be obtained for all areas affected by the tremor. In the case of recent earthquakes, news reports are augmented by sending out questionnaires or by collecting information online about the intensity of the shaking. For a historical earthquake, the procedure is much the same, except that it requires searching through contemporary accounts in newspapers, letters, diaries, etc. Once the information has been assembled and intensities assigned at the location of the individual observations, these are plotted on a map. Isoseismal lines are then drawn to link together areas of equal shaking. Because of local variations in the ground conditions, isoseismals generally separate zones of broadly similar felt intensity, while containing areas of both higher and lower degrees of shaking.[1] To make the isoseismals less subjective, attempts have been made to use computer-based methods of contouring such as kriging, rather than relying on visual interpolation.[2][7]
Use
Locating the epicenter
In most earthquakes, the isoseismals define a single clear area of maximum intensity, which is known as the epicentral or meizoseismal area.[8] In some earthquakes, more than one maximum exists because of the effect of ground conditions or complexities in the rupture propagation, and other information is, therefore, required to identify the area that contains the epicenter.
Measuring the magnitude
The magnitude of an earthquake can be estimated by measuring the area affected by intensity level III or above in km2 and taking the logarithm.[1] A more accurate estimate relies on the development of regional calibration functions derived using many isoseismal radii.[7] Such approaches allow magnitudes to be estimated for historical earthquakes.
Estimating the focal depth
The depth to the hypocenter can be estimated by comparing the sizes of different isoseismal areas. In shallow earthquakes, the lines are close together, while in deep events the lines are spread further apart.[9]
Confirming the focal mechanism
Focal mechanisms are routinely calculated using teleseismic data, but an ambiguity remains as two potential fault planes always are possible. The shape of the areas of highest intensity are generally elongated along the direction of the active fault plane.
Testing seismic hazard assessments
Because of the relatively long history of macroseismic intensity observations (sometimes stretching back many centuries in some regions), isoseismal maps can be used to test seismic hazard assessments by comparing the expected temporal frequency of different levels of intensity, assuming an assessment is true and the observed rate of exceedance.[10]
References
- ^ a b c How to map an earthquake, by Roger Musson, BGS
- ^ a b Linkimer, L. 2008. Application of the kriging method to draw isoseismal maps of the significant 2002–2003 Costa Rican earthquakes. Revista Geológica de América Central, 38, 119–134. Archived 2010-08-06 at the Wayback Machine
- S2CID 128898064.
- doi:10.17704/eshi.26.2.h9v2708334745978. Archived from the originalon 2012-07-11.
- .
- ^ Robert Mallet (1862). Great Neapolitan Earthquake of 1857: The First Principles of Observational Seismology as Developed in the Report to the Royal Society of London of the Expedition Made by Command of the Society Into the Interior of the Kingdom of Naples, to Investigate the Circumstances of the Great Earthquake of Demember 1857. Royal Society.
- ^ ISSN 0956-540X.
- ISBN 9780521021876.
- JSTOR 24094145
- ISBN 9783319581538.