Johann Philipp Graumann
This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. The specific problem is: The article seems to need an improved translation from German. (April 2022) |
Johann Philipp Graumann (born in 1706
Life
Not much is known about Graumann's early life, but for many years his father was in the service of
On 26 January 1742, he was appointed by
Graumann currency reform
Until 1750, the Prussian minting industry was composed of semi-private enterprises run by mintmasters. Thereafter, mint directors in the service of the crown took over the management of Prussian mints.[13] In 1750, Prussia had two, even three coin standards, which was very disturbing for the administration and especially for the payment of the silver deliveries.[14]
On 23 January 1750, Graumann was appointed as Frederick's confidential adviser on finance, military affairs, and royal possessions, as well as the Director-General of all
All Graumann's efforts were devoted to the goal of keeping the market value of the Prussian coins high and reducing the market value of foreign coin types. Prussia decided to produce a lot of small change, which meant that their large silver coins (Kurantmünzen) were melted and exported to places where the silver had higher value. Prussia made this situation worse by overvaluing gold coins relative to silver. Graumann was envious of the Dutch, whose coinage circulated as much as 8 percent above its domestic value in various places in the Baltic. He wanted Prussia to be able to do the same.[citation needed
In 1752, a new mint facility was built in the Münzstrasse (Spandauer Vorstadt), and Graumann increased the mint personnel tenfold, but he lacked silver to make this operation profitable.[18] On 2 September, he arranged silver a contract with Veitel Heine Ephraim.[19] In 1753, he introduced the nominal "Achtgutegroschen", which was cheaper by its 3% lowered "Münzfuß" in the production.[20] Dissatisfied with Graumann's performance, Frederick decided to negotiate the silver supply contracts himself.[21] In 1753 Graumann proposed a central bank, combining an exchange bank, a lending bank, and a note-issuing bank into one institution as a way of attracting additional silver to Prussia.[22] This proposal ran into strong opposition from local, Breslau and Hamburg merchant-bankers and was not implemented. Because the profits of the mint facilities did not meet Frederick's goals, Graumann was dismissed early 1755,[23] and not allowed to disseminate his knowledge.[24] The mess created with massive amounts of coins (Scheidemünzen) was obvious; exchanging coins became an art.
Later life
After Graumann's fall, the lease of the Prussian mint at Königsberg was transferred to Moses Fränkel and Veitel Heine Ephraim. Their success in Königsberg was so great that under similar conditions they were given the lease of the mints of Aurich and Cleves.[25] Moses Gumpertz, Moses Isaak and Daniel Itzig leased the mint in Berlin.[26]
At the beginning of the
By 1760, the price of silver that had to be bought from the
In April 1762, the 56-year old Graumann died of a digestion disease. He was buried in Petrikirche (
Legacy
Frederick never shied away from responsibility for Prussian inflation, which many historians have characterized as a form of state-sponsored
After his dismissal by Frederick Graumann lived for the rest of his life in Palais am Festungsgraben (until World War II, the headquarters of the Prussian Finance Ministry).[41] Some of his books were translated into French.[42] Graumann corresponded with the Scottish mercantilist James Steuart (economist) and produced a number of essays on the relationship between gold and silver.[43][44]
Graumann "Gesammelte Briefe" contains the best contemporary discussion of the coinage situation. Before the
On 1 December 1763 Graumann's successor became Martin Kröncke, former mintmaster in Breslau. The Graumann coin standard was reintroduced and widespread in all of northern and central Germany.[46] Frederick II signed the ruling on March 29, 1764, which came into force on 1 June. Graumann's ideas formed the basis for the introduction of a uniform German coinage system in the 19th century.
Works
- Abdruck von einem Schreiben, die Deutsche und anderer Völcker Münz-Verfassung und insonderheit die Hoch-Fürstl, Braunschweigische Münze betreffend (Reprint of a letter, the German and Other Peoples Coin Constitution and in particular the High Prince, concerning the Brunswick Mint), 1749 (in German)
- Herrn Johann Philip Graumanns Gesammlete Briefe (Johann Philip Graumann's Collected Letters), 1762 (in German), ISBN 978-0-266-64648-8
Sources
- Friedrich von Schrötter: Das Preußische Münzwesen im 18. Jahrhundert. Parey, Berlin 1908. (Archive)
- Studies in the Economic Policy of Frederick the Great by W.O. Henderson, p. 40
- Die Graumann’sche Münzreform (1750-1755)
- "Graumann, Johann Philipp" by Karl Theodor von Inama-Stargg in Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, Volume 9 (1879), pp. 605–606
- Denkwürdigkeiten aus dem Leben ausgezeichneter Teutschen des achtzehnten Jahrhunderts (1802) von Christian Gotthilf Salzmann
- A Manual of Gold and Silver Coins of All Nations Struck Within the Past ... by Jacob Eckfeldt
- Hans-Jürgen Gerhard (2009) "Ein Adler fängt keine Mücken!" Eine Währungsreform mit Weitblick und Langzeitwirkung. Johann Philip Grauman als Gernaralmünzdirektor Friedrichs des Großen. In: Wirtschafstlenkende Montanverwaltung - Fürstlicher Unternehmer - Merkantilismus. Matthiesen Verlag 2009
References
- ^ Preuss, Johann David Erdmann (25 January 2019). "Friedrich der Grosse: Eine lebensgeschichte". Nauck – via Google Books.
- ^ Archiv für Civil-Justizpflege, politische u. kameralistische ..., Band 1 von Franz Joseph Schopf, p. 91
- ^ Der deutsche Zoll-Verein und das deutsche Maas- Gewicht- und Münz-Chaos in ... von Alexander Lips, p. 24
- ^ S. Stern (1962) Der Preussische Staat und Die Juden (3 Volumes): Dritter Teil / Die Zeit Friedrichs des Grossen. Erste Abteilung: Darstellung. Kapitel Neun: Die Preussische Münzpolitik. p. 231
- ^ "Jan Greitens (2017) Geldtheorie und -politik in Preußen Mitte des 18. Jahrhunderts" (PDF). ibf-frankfurt.de.
- ^ Graumann, Johann Philipp (25 January 2019). Europäischer Arbitrage-Tractat oder arithmetische Wechsel-Tabellen zum großen Vortheile der ansehnl. Hrn. Banquiers ...: sammt der Licitationsrechnung, oder wahre Beschreibung des Interusurii ... Heuss – via Google Books.
- ^ SCHOENBERG, Charles Louis (25 January 2019). "The Chain Rule, a Manual of Brief Commercial Arithmetic, Etc" – via Google Books.
- ^ Heinrich, Christoph Gottlob (25 January 1799). Teutsche Reichsgeschichte. Weidmann. p. 266 – via Internet Archive.
graumann braunschweig philipp.
- ^ Inventaris van het archief van Willem Kersseboom, 1720-1771 (1788) http://proxy.handle.net/10648/3c0854fd-7f2f-4a69-93dd-4d23102cea1c
- ^ "Jan Greitens (2017) Geldtheorie und -politik in Preußen Mitte des 18. Jahrhunderts, p. 5" (PDF). ibf-frankfurt.de.
- ^ The quintessence of the book can be found in par. 189–206. In par. 74 he wrote he was living in Spain.
- ^ Michael Paul Baumhauers Rechtsgelehrten, Versuch eines Neuen und richtigen Lehr-Gebäudes der Politischen Münz-Wissenschaft im Grund-Risse: zum Vortheil der Einkünfte großer Herren, zum Nutzen der ganzen Handelschaft, und zum Besten des deutschen gemeinen Wesens entworfen: nebst einer Vertheidigung des hohen Münz-Fußes, p. 49-51
- ^ a b "We have moved!". www.bundesbank.de. Archived from the original on 2019-01-29. Retrieved 2019-01-25.
- ^ F. von Schrötter, p. 93
- ISBN 9780199593965– via Google Books.
- ^ Lenz, Friedrich; Unholtz, Otto (25 January 2019). "Die Geschichte des Bankhauses Gebrüder Schickler. Festschrift zum 200 jährigen bestehen". Berlin G. Reimer – via Internet Archive.
- ^ F. von Schrötter (1902–13) Das preussische Münzwesen im 18. Jahrhundert, p. 167
- ^ F. von Schrötter (1908), p. 79–81, 113
- ^ Quellen zur Geschichte der Juden in den Archiven der neuen Bundesländer. Geheimes Staatsarchiv Preußischer Kulturbesitz, Teil I: Ältere Zentralbehörden bis 1808/10 und Brandenburg-Preußisches Hausarchiv (1999), p. 96
- ^ http://www.tempelhofer-muenzenhaus.de/downloads/153_29x236.pdf [bare URL PDF]
- ^ F. von Schrötter, p. 123, 130, 139, 141
- ^ William Roberds & François R. Velde (2014) Early Public Banks, Working Paper http://press.princeton.edu/titles/7306.html
- ^ F. von Schrötter, p. 135, 136, 139, 144; H. Rachel & P. Wallich, p. 521
- ^ Jan Greitens (2017) Geldtheorie und -politik in Preußen Mitte des 18. Jahrhunderts, p. 6
- ^ S. Stern, p. 233-234
- ^ Meyer, Ferdinand (25 January 1876). "Berühmte Männer Berlins und ihre Wohnstätten: Friedrichs des Großen Zeitalter". Weile – via Google Books.
- ^ F. von Schrötter, p. 104, 114
- ^ F. von Schrötter, p. 106
- ^ B. Kluge (2013) Für das Überleben des Staates, p. 139-140. In: Jahrbuch für die Geschichte Mittel- und Ostdeutschlands, Band 59
- ^ F. von Schrötter, p. 87-89
- ^ F. von Schrötter, p. 36, 51, 62
- ^ B. Kluge (2013) Für das Überleben des Staates, p. 141-142
- ^ F. von Schrötter, p. 85
- ^ B. Kluge (2013) Für das Überleben des Staates, p. 125, 142
- ^ F. von Schrötter, p. 70
- ^ S. Stern, p. 249
- ^ F. von Schrötter, p. 44
- ^ S. Stern, p. 241
- ^ F. von Schrötter, p. 42
- ^ "Participants - Money, Power and Print". www.moneypowerandprint.org.
- ^ Adam-Tkalec, Maritta (9 April 2018). "Wohnhaus, Theater, Finanzministerium: Die Geschichte des Palais am Festungsgraben". Berliner Zeitung.[permanent dead link]
- ^ Biographie universelle, ancienne et moderne; ou, Histoire, par ..., Band 18
- ^ "Jan Greitens (2017) Geldtheorie und -politik in Preußen Mitte des 18. Jahrhunderts, p. 14" (PDF). ibf-frankfurt.de.
- ISBN 9781134966042– via Google Books.
- ^ "Susanne Schulz-Falster RARE BOOKS. London Olympia 2015, nr 46: The Beginning of a Central Bank" (PDF). ilabprize.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-06-30. Retrieved 2018-06-30.
- ^ This provided as the main component of the reintroduction of the 14-thaler foot for currency money and the 18-thaler foot for minor coins.