Jueyuan (mythology)
Jué yuán (玃猿) (in Chinese "Jué yuán", in Japanese "Kakuen") is a legendary animal in the legends of China. They are also called Jué (玃) (in Japanese "kaku" or "ōzaru"), Jué fù (玃父), Jiā (猳), Jiā guó (猳國) (in Japanese "kakoku" カ国 ),[1][note 1] and mǎ huà (馬化) (in Japanese "baka"). They are similar to monkeys, and thus possess a characteristic of carrying away human females and violating them.[2]
Summary
According to the medical herb book
In the Bencao Gangmu, it is written as 玃 ("jué") and 玃父 ("jué fù").[5] A "jué" is a monkey that has grown old, and has a dark blue color. It walks like a human, and they often kidnap humans or objects. There are only males and no females, and therefore they would abduct human females who then give birth to children.[5]
According to
From the book
Similar tales
According to the book Shenyijing (神異經), something in the west called a chóu (綢)[note 2] was about as large as a donkey but resemble a monkey, but since they were all females and had no males, they would kidnap human males and engage in intercourse to get impregnated with a child[6] (the same actions as a kakuen but with sexes reversed), and this is thought of similar to Jué yuán.[2][7]
In Japan, during the Edo period, it was also believed that there were also kakuen in Japan, and in the encyclopedia Wakan Sansai Zue from the same period, it was explained under the name "yamako" (玃), and in this entry, bringing up the yōkai "kuronbō" (黒ん坊)[note 3] that lived deep in the mountains of Hida and Mino (now Gifu Prefecture), it stated "quite conceivably, this is probably a type of yamako." A kuronbō is a black large monkey-like creature with long hair and walks like a human. They are able to understand human language and able to read human's minds, so even if people attempt to kill a kuronbō, the kuronbō would quickly flee, so it is said that they are definitely unable to be captured.[7]
Also, the word kuronbō also appears in the essay "
The author of "Kyōwa Zakki" considered this to be similar to the kakuen from the Bencao Gangmu, and since its characteristics are pretty much the same as in the "Wakan Sansai Zue", it can be seen that "Kyōwa Zakki" could have been written while referring to the "Wakan Sansai Zue".[9] However, as previously stated, since the "Wakan Sansai Zue" didn't write any more than "this is probably a type of yamako,"[8] it has also been pointed out that it cannot conclusively be stated that the kuronbō and the kakuen are the same.[9]
In the
Notes
- Remarks
- ^ According to a japanese book "Encyclopedia of Chinese Yōkai" (中国妖怪人物事典 by Saneyoshi Tatsuo, 1929), the "カ" is actually "犭叚" as a single character.
- ^ According to the "Encyclopedia of Chinese Yōkai" (中国妖怪人物事典), it is actually "豸周" as a single character. This is adopting the 綢 which was used in the "Selection of Stories about Chinese Yōkai" (中国古典小説選).
- ISBN 978-4-06-256049-8), it was written about under the name "kokujinbō (黒人坊)
- Sources
- ^ a b 竹田他編 2006, pp. 291–292
- ^ a b c d e f 實吉 1996, pp. 53–55
- ^ "goo辞書". goo. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2011-02-27.
- ^ "goo辞書". Retrieved 2011-02-27.[permanent dead link]
- ^ a b 李 1578, p. 440
- ISBN 978-4-625-66405-2.
- ^ a b 寺島 1712, pp. 142–143
- ^ a b 柳川 1803, pp. 239–241
- ^ a b c 村上 2005, pp. 338–339
- ISBN 978-4-336-03386-4.
References
- 實吉達郎 (1996). 中国妖怪人物事典. 講談社. ISBN 978-4-06-207883-2.
- 干宝 (2006). 竹田晃・黒田真美子編 (ed.). 中国古典小説選. Vol. 2. 明治書院. ISBN 978-4-625-66343-7.
- 寺島良安 (1987) [1712]. 和漢三才図会. 東洋文庫. Vol. 6. 島田勇雄・竹島純夫・樋口元巳訳注. 平凡社. ISBN 978-4-582-80466-9.
- 村上健司 編著 (2005). 日本妖怪大事典. Kwai books. 角川書店. ISBN 978-4-04-883926-6.
- 柳川亭 (2008) [1803]. "享和雑記". In 柴田宵曲 編 (ed.). 奇談異聞辞典. ちくま学芸文庫. 筑摩書房. ISBN 978-4-480-09162-8.
- 李時珍 (1979) [1578]. 國譯 本草綱目. Vol. 第12冊. 白井光太郎・鈴木真海監修・翻訳 (創業百年記念版 ed.). 春陽堂書店. ncid: BN02627215.