Karlu Karlu / Devils Marbles Conservation Reserve
Karlu Karlu / Devils Marbles Conservation Reserve Warumungu[1], Northern Territory | |
---|---|
IUCN category V (protected landscape/seascape)[2] | |
Nearest town or city | Wauchope[3] |
Coordinates | 20°33′S 134°17′E / 20.550°S 134.283°E |
Established | October 1961[4] |
Area | 18.02 km2 (7.0 sq mi) |
Visitation | 137,500[5] (in 2012) |
Managing authorities | Traditional Aboriginal Owners and the Parks and Wildlife Commission of the Northern Territory[6] |
Website | Karlu Karlu / Devils Marbles Conservation Reserve |
See also | Protected areas of the Northern Territory |
Karlu Karlu / Devils Marbles Conservation Reserve is a
The Devils Marbles are of great cultural and spiritual significance to the
The area was originally named Devils Marbles Reserve in October 1961. The name was changed to Devil's Marbles Conservation Reserve on 21 September 1979 under the Territory Parks and Wildlife Conservation Act.[4] In 1980, the conservation reserve was listed on the now-defunct Register of the National Estate.[8] In 1982, almost the entire reserve was registered as a sacred site by the Aboriginal Areas Protection Authority.[3]
Ownership of Karlu Karlu/Devils Marbles was officially passed from the Parks and Wildlife Service of the Northern Territory back to the traditional owners at a ceremony held on the reserve in October 2008. The reserve is now leased back to the Parks Service under a 99-year lease and the site is jointly managed by rangers and traditional owners. Visitor access has not been affected,[7] making it an Indigenous Protected Area. On 6 July 2011, the name Karlu Karlu / Devils Marbles Conservation Reserve was assigned, corresponding with the joint management structure.[4]
Features
The Devils Marbles are large granitic boulders that form the exposed top layer of an extensive and mostly underground granite formation. The natural processes of weathering and erosion have created the various shapes of the boulders. Some of the boulders are naturally but precariously balanced atop one another or on larger rock formations, while others have been split cleanly down the middle by natural forces. The boulders are situated in a wide and shallow desert valley, and are found in scattered groups mainly in the western side of the reserve. A short access road leads directly into the boulder fields from the Stuart Highway.[3]
Being one of the most widely recognised symbols of Australia’s outback, the Devils Marbles are also one of the most visited reserves/places in the Northern Territory.[6] The Parks and Wildlife Service recorded 96,172 visitors in 2007.[9] The visitation count increased to 137,500 by 2012.[5] The peak season is in the cooler months from May to August.[9] The reserve is one of the main tourist attractions in the Barkly region since it is easily seen and accessed just off the Stuart Highway, the major north/south road connecting Darwin and Alice Springs, and points further south.[9]
The Devils Marbles are accessible all year round with a network of pathways, information boards and a basic camping area. Rangers offer a program of live events at the site as part of their Territory Parks Alive program between May and September each year.[7]
Aboriginal significance
Karlu Karlu are culturally and spiritually significant objects of the local Aboriginal people. Most of the conservation reserve is a Registered Sacred Site, protected under the
Accounts of local Aboriginal people believing the boulders to be eggs of the mythical Rainbow Serpent are incorrect.
One of the main
The clusters turned into the big red boulders at Karlu Karlu that have become so famous today. On his way back to his hill, Arrange spat on the ground. His spit turned into the granite boulders in the central part of the reserve. Arrange finally returned to his place of origin, a hill called Ayleparrarntenhe where he remains today.[3]
Formation
The Devils Marbles constitute a degraded nubbin.[10] The formation is made of granite and are part of the top layer of a formation which penetrates the ground from below, like little geological islands in the desert, surrounded by large amounts of sandstone. The granite was formed millions of years ago as a result of the hardening of magma within the Earth's crust. Thick layers of sandstone on top of the granite exerted extreme downward pressure on the granite. After some time, tectonic forces caused folding of the Earth's crust in the area, which lifted the granite and fractured the sandstone, allowing the granite to come closer to the surface. As the pressure diminished, the granite expanded causing cracks to form, and then the larger formations began to separate into big, square blocks.[11]
The next phase of the formation of the Marbles started when the blocks were exposed to water.[11] The surface of the blocks began to decay under the influence of the water and a layer of loose material surrounded the individual blocks. When the blocks came to the surface completely, the loose material was eroded away by water and wind.
The rounding of the granite blocks is a result of chemical and physical (also called mechanical) weathering.[11] Chemical processes cause the surface of the blocks to expand and contract, resulting in thin layers of rock coming off the boulder in a process called exfoliation. This process rounds the granite block because the chemical processes have more effect on areas with edges. The rock begins to look like it is made of layers like an onion. Only the outer few centimetres are affected by chemical weathering in a process called spheroidal weathering.
The boulders are affected more deeply by the extreme temperature differences between day and night in the arid desert region where the reserve is located. During daylight hours the rocks expand slightly and after nightfall they contract slightly, repeating the process every 24 hours. These repeated cycles of expansion and contraction, called thermal stress weathering, create cracks which sometimes go so deep that the boulder is completely split in half.[12]
Controversy
One of the boulders was removed from the reserve in 1952 and taken to
See also
- Chambers Pillar
- Ewaninga Rock Carvings Conservation Reserve
- Henbury Meteorites Conservation Reserve
- Rainbow Valley Conservation Reserve
- Uluṟu-Kata Tjuṯa National Park
- Watarrka National Park
- West MacDonnell National Park
References
- ^ a b "Place Names Register Extract for "Karlu Karlu / Devils Marbles Conservation Reserve"". NT Place Names Register. Northern Territory Government. Retrieved 17 March 2019.
- ^ "Terrestrial Protected Areas by Reserve Type in Northern Territory (2016)". CAPAD 2016. Australian government. 2016. Retrieved 15 January 2018.
- ^ a b c d e f g "Devils Marbles Conservation Reserve Joint Management Plan - Introduction" (PDF). Parks and Wildlife Service of the Northern Territory (PDF file linked from "parksandwildlife.nt.gov.au/manage/plans/tennant"). 1 February 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 May 2013. Retrieved 29 January 2014.
- ^ a b c "Place Names Register Extract". Northern Territory Land Information System. Northern Territory Government. Retrieved 29 January 2014.
- ^ a b "Park Visitor Data". Parks and Wildlife Service of the Northern Territory. 2013. Archived from the original on 4 January 2014. Retrieved 29 January 2014.
- ^ a b "Devils Marbles Conservation Reserve Joint Management Plan - Foreword" (PDF). Parks and Wildlife Service of the Northern Territory (PDF file linked from "parksandwildlife.nt.gov.au/manage/plans/tennant"). 1 February 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 May 2013. Retrieved 29 January 2014.
- ^ a b c "Karlu Karlu / Devils Marbles Conservation Reserve". Parks and Wildlife Service of the Northern Territory. 2013. Retrieved 29 January 2014.
- ^ "Devils Marbles Conservation Reserve, Stuart Hwy, Tennant Creek (sic), NT, Australia - listing on the now-defunct Register of the National Estate (Place ID 148)". Australian Heritage Database. Australian Government. 21 October 1980. Retrieved 17 March 2019.
- ^ a b c d "Devils Marbles Conservation Reserve Joint Management Plan - Managing Visitors" (PDF). Parks and Wildlife Service of the Northern Territory (PDF file linked from "parksandwildlife.nt.gov.au/manage/plans/tennant"). 1 February 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 May 2013. Retrieved 29 January 2014.
- ^ Twidale, C.R. (1995). "Bornhardts, Boulders and Inselbergs". Cadernos do Laboratorio Xeolóxico de Laxe. 20: 347–380.
- ^ a b c "Weathering: Types of Weathering". Georgia Perimeter College/Pamela J. W. Gore. 5 February 2002. Archived from the original on 10 May 2013. Retrieved 29 January 2014.
- ISBN 0-8137-2390-6.
- ^ "John Flynn Memorial". Flinders Ranges Research. Retrieved 31 January 2020.
External links
- Official site
- "New Light on Flynn's Grave". Alice Springs News. 8 September 1999.
- "Devil's Marbles handover ceremony".[permanent dead link]
- Similar rocks in the antipodes (Spain)