Kino (botany)

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Kino (gum)
)
For the African kino tree, see Pterocarpus erinaceus. For the Indian kino tree or Malabar kino, see Pterocarpus marsupium.
Copious flow of kino from a wound near the base of the trunk of a marri (Corymbia calophylla)
Kino sap solidified inside damaged eucalyptus log

Kino is a

conifers.[2][3] The word kino is of Indian origin.[4] In Australia, "red gum" is a term for kino from bloodwood trees and red acaroid resin from Xanthorrhoea
spp.

Composition

Astringent tannin compounds are a major active component of kinos.[5] The chief constituent of kino is kinotannic acid, of which it contains 70 to 80 per cent. It also contains kino red, a phlobaphene produced from kinotannic acid by oxidation.[6] Kino also yields kinoin, a crystalline neutral principle.[7]

In cold water it is only partially dissolved, leaving a pale

caustic alkalis, but not in ether.[7]

When exuding from the tree, it resembles

jelly, but hardens in a few hours after exposure to the air and sun.[7] Kinos typically dry to an amber-like material.[8] It consists of dark red angular fragments, rarely larger than a pea.[9]
Of the small angular glistening fragments, the smaller are reddish, and the larger are almost black; thin pieces are ruby red. It is brittle and easily powdered. It has no smell, but a very astringent taste.[10]

Applications and sources

Kino of Araucaria cunninghamii

Kinos are used in medicine, tanning,

Butea frondosa and Australian, Botany Bay, or Eucalyptus kino from Eucalyptus siderophloia and Eucalyptus camaldulensis, were imported into the United States.[9][11] A West Indian or Jamaica kino is believed to be the product of Coccoloba uvifera, or seaside grape. It is possible that the same plant is the source of the South American kino.[12]

Kino is not absorbed at all from the stomach and only very slowly from the intestine. The drug was frequently used in

diarrhoea, its value being due to the relative insolubility of kinotannic acid, which enabled it to affect the lower part of the intestine. In this respect it is similar to catechu. It ceased being used as a gargle when antiseptics became recognized as the rational treatment for sore throat.[7] A medicinal tincture of kino was used as a gargle for the relaxation of the uvula; it contained kino, glycerin, alcohol, and water.[10]

As they are usually soluble in water, kinos found use in traditional remedies: Eucalyptus kino is used by Aboriginal Australians in a tea for treating colds.[8]

Kino was employed to a considerable extent in the East Indies as a cotton dye, giving to the cotton the yellowish-brown color known as nankeen.[10]

Notes

  1. ^ A Critical Revision of the Genus Eucalyptus
  2. arXiv:1902.09308. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help
    )
  3. S2CID 213433682
    , retrieved 2020-12-06
  4. ISBN 978-3-642-72536-4
    (Reprint), p. 44 f, 50 f.
  5. ^
    ISBN 0-19-860046-1
  6. ^ Kino on www.henriettesherbal.com
  7. ^ a b c d e Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Kino" . Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
  8. ^
    ISBN 978-1-921719-05-9
    , p. 104.
  9. ^ a b Reynolds, Francis J., ed. (1921). "Kino" . Collier's New Encyclopedia. New York: P. F. Collier & Son Company.
  10. ^
    New International Encyclopedia
    (1st ed.). New York: Dodd, Mead.
  11. ISBN 978-1-8770-5894-3
    , p. 75–78.
  12. The American Cyclopædia
    .

References

Further reading

  • Jean H. Langenheim. Plant Resins: Chemistry, Evolution, Ecology, and Ethnobotany (2003).

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kino (gum).
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