LW9
LW9 is a
Para-Alpine skiers in this classification have their choice regarding how many skis and ski poles they wish to user, along with the type of ski poles they wish to utilize. In para-Nordic skiing, skiers use two skis and have an option to use one or two ski poles. Outriggers are one type of ski pole LW9 skiers can use, which requires its own techniques to use. As there are a broad range of disabilities in this class, different skiing techniques are learned by competitors. Skiers missing an arm use a technique that corrects lateral balance issues resulting from the missing arm. Skiers with cerebral palsy have the introduction of ski poles delayed as skiers may overgrip them.
A factoring system is used in the sport to allow different classes to compete against each other when there are too few individual competitors in one class in a competition. During the 2011/2012 para-alpine ski season, the LW9.1 factoring was 0.855 for
Definition
This standing classification is used in para-alpine and para-Nordic skiing,[1][2] where LW stands for Locomotor Winter.[3] LW9 is a standing classification for people with upper and lower limb function problems.[2][4] This classification is open for skiers with cerebral palsy or a similar neurological condition as long as it affects one leg and one arm.[5]
The
For para-Nordic skiing, the IPC defines this class for "those with a combination of impairments in both the upper and lower extremities."[5]
Para-Nordic skiers in this class would be eligible for LW4 and LW8 based on the relevant upper and lower body disability.
For international para-alpine skiing competitions, classification is done through IPC Alpine Skiing. A national federation such as
LW9.1
LW9.1 is for people with upper extremity issues and above the knee amputation or similar problem with the issues and includes people classes CP7 who have severe
LW9.2
LW9.2 is for skiers with an upper extremity issue and below knee amputation or comparable disability; it includes people classes CP7 who have slight to moderate hemiplegia.[2][6]
Equipment
Para-alpine skiers in this classification have their choice regarding how many skis and ski poles they wish to use, along with the type of ski poles they wish to utilize,
Across both types of skiing, LW9 competitors use skis that would be slightly longer than if they were able-bodied.[17] If they are using outriggers, these are fitted to the skier based the height of the skier's hip joint when the skier is standing.[17] While learning to ski, skiers in this class with cerebral palsy may use ski-bras, bungi cords, outriggers, slant boards or toe boards.[20] In the Biathlon, athletes with amputations can use a rifle support while shooting.[21]
Technique
Outriggers are used to stop using a technique that involves bringing the skiers elbows from their raised position down to their hips while pushing the outriggers down.[22] When using the outrigger, skiers do not rotate their arms as this changes the location of the ski on the snow.[17]
Skiers missing an arm use a technique that corrects lateral balance issues resulting from the missing arm.[23] A skier with an above the knee amputation may have a better ability to complete turns on the opposite of their amputation.[19] Skiers with hemiplegia have to be trained to use both sides of their body equally. If they do not, they are likely to fall over when their skis cross in front of them.[24]
One of the skiing techniques used by this class is called the three track method, and was developed as part of the American Training System. For skiers with an amputation, one of the first skills learned using this technique is how to walk with the ski so the skier can learn how to flex the ankle, knee and hip. This allows the skier to determine their centre of gravity. The skier is then taught how hop turn in order to understand arm and leg coordination while on skis. This technique is only used while stationary and is not a competition skill. The skier next learns how to fall down and get back up again. The next skill learned is climbing gentle terrain, followed by learning to go down a straight run and learning to stop. After this, the skier learns how to get on and off a ski lift. This is followed by learning how to traverse the fall line, which teaches the skier how to maintain the ski edge. Other skills are then taught including the Uphill Christie, beginning turns, parallel turns, short swings and moguls.[17]
In teaching skiers with cerebral palsy, instructors are encouraged to delay the introduction ski poles as skiers may overgrip them. Use of a ski bra is also encouraged as it helps the skier learn correct knee and hip placement.[25] One method of learning to ski for competitors with cerebral palsy in this classification is the American Teaching System. They first thing skiers learn is what their equipment is, and how to put it on and take it off. Next, skiers learn about positioning their body in a standing position on flat terrain. After this, the skier learns how to side step, and then how to fall down and get back up again. The skier then learns how to do a straight run, and then is taught how to get on and off the chair lift. This is followed by learning wedge turns and weight transfers, wedge turns, wide track parallel turns, how to use ski poles, and advanced parallel turns.[20]
In the Biathlon, all Paralympic athletes shoot from a prone position.[21]
Sport
A factoring system is used in the sport to allow different classes to compete against each other when there are too few individual competitors in one class in a competition. The factoring system works by having a number for each class based on their functional mobility or vision levels, where the results are calculated by multiplying the finish time by the factored number. The resulting number is the one used to determine the winner in events where the factor system is used.[26] For the 2003/2004 para-Nordic skiing season, the percentage for LW9 using the classic technique was 85-95% and percentage for free was 82-95%.[27] The percentage for the 2008/2009 and 2009/2010 ski seasons was 85-95% for classic and 82-96% for free technique.[28] The factoring for LW9.0 alpine skiing classification during the 2011/2012 skiing season was 0.8366 for slalom, 0.8451 for Giant Slalom, 0.8477 for Super-G and 0.8573 for downhill.[29] During the 2011/2012 para-alpine ski season, the LW9.1 factoring was 0.855 for slalom, 0.8648 for Giant Slalom, 0.867 for Super-G and 0.8769 for downhill, and for LW9.2 was 0.9287 for slalom, 0.9439 for Giant Slalom, 0.9443 for Super-G and 0.9552 for downhill.[29] In para-Nordic skiing, the percentage for the 2012/2013 ski season was 85-95% for classic and 82-96% for free.[9]
In para-alpine events, this classification is grouped with standing classes who are seeded to start after visually impaired classes and before sitting classes in the
During competition, LW9 skiers cannot use a limb not in a ski for competitive advantage to gain speed or keep balance by putting it in the snow. If they do so, the rules state they will be disqualified from the event.[32]
Events
This classification has competed in its own separate events at the Paralympics and World Championships during the 1990s, but this changed during the 2000s.
Competitors
Skiers in this classification include Australian
References
- ^ Blomqwist, Birgitta; Kipfer, Mirre (1998). "Invited Experts: Classification". In Yabe, Kyonosuke (ed.). Trends and issues in Winter Paralympic sport : proceedings of Winter Paralympic Experts Congress -4th Paralympic Congress — organized by the IPC and NAPOC March 7-8, 1998 Nagano, Japan. Nagano, Japan: Nagano Paralympic Organizing Committee. pp. 63–66.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-7817-7028-6. Retrieved 9 October 2012.
- ^ Alpine Skiing Technical Manual. Salt Lake City, Utah: Salt Lake Organizing Committee. 2002. p. 11. Archived from the original on 8 March 2016. Retrieved 9 March 2013. This is included as an appendix in the media guide, but it is not published by the APC.
- ^ United Insurance Group (2005). "2005 IPC Nordic Skiing World Championships UIG Teacher's Guide" (PDF). Fort Kent, Maine: United Insurance Group. p. 2. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-09-12. Retrieved 9 March 2013.
- ^ a b c d IPC Nordic Skiing (28 March 2011). "IPC Nordic Skiing Classification Rules and Regulations". Bonn, Germany: IPC Nordic Skiing. pp. 28–29.
{{cite web}}
: Missing or empty|url=
(help) - ^ a b c Alpine Skiing Technical Manual. Salt Lake City, Utah: Salt Lake Organizing Committee. 2002. p. 25. Archived from the original on 8 March 2016. Retrieved 9 March 2013. This is included as an appendix in the media guide, but it is not published by the APC.
- ^ Canadian Ski Coaches Federation; National Coaching Certification Program (2005). "Alpine Ski Racing Athletes with a Disability Technical Considerations" (PDF). Canada: Canadian Ski Coaches Federation. p. 5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 11 October 2012.
- ^ Australian team media guide : 2002 Salt Lake City Paralympic Games, March 7-16, 2002. Australia: Australian Paralympic Committee. 2002. 27972. Archived from the original on 8 March 2016. Retrieved 9 March 2013.
- ^ a b c "Para-Nordic Classification Summary Chart" (pdf). Canada: Cross Country Canada. 2012. Retrieved 11 March 2016.
- ^ "PARA-ALPINE RACES: Calculating Race Results for Athletes who have not been Internationally Classified" (PDF). Calgary, Alberta: Alpine Canada. June 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-02-13. Retrieved 8 March 2013.
- ^ "Biathlon". Canadian Paralympic Committee. Archived from the original on 24 March 2013. Retrieved 10 October 2012.
- ^ IPC Nordic Skiing (28 March 2011). "IPC Nordic Skiing Classification Rules and Regulations". Bonn, Germany: IPC Nordic Skiing. p. 1.
{{cite web}}
: Missing or empty|url=
(help) - ^ International Paralympic Committee Alpine Skiing (28 September 2011). "IPC Alpine Skiing Classification Handbook" (PDF). Bonn, Germany: International Paralympic Committee Alpine Skiing. p. 29. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 October 2012.
- OCLC 17230990.
- ISBN 978-0-7817-7028-6. Retrieved 9 October 2012.
- OCLC 17230990.
- ^ OCLC 17230990.
- ^ "FIS – Rule Book Alpine Skiing for the Disabled 2005/2009 General In addition to the FIS – Alpine – ICR" (PDF). Slovenia: FIS-Congress Portoroz (SLO) 2002. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 November 2016. Retrieved 11 October 2012.
- ^ a b Canadian Ski Coaches Federation; National Coaching Certification Program (2005). "Alpine Ski Racing Athletes with a Disability Technical Considerations" (PDF). Canada: Canadian Ski Coaches Federation. p. 12. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 11 October 2012.
- ^ OCLC 17230990.
- ^ a b "Biathlon". Organizing Committee of the XXII Olympic Winter Games and XI Paralympic Winter Games 2014 in Sochi. Archived from the original on 16 February 2010. Retrieved 27 March 2013.
- OCLC 17230990.
- OCLC 17230990.
- OCLC 33272072.
- ISBN 978-1-55566-114-4. Retrieved 10 October 2012.
- ^ Goldman, Judy (2010). "02 Games History and Facts". Australian Paralympic Committee : media guide Vancouver 2010, 12-21 March (PDF). Sydney, Australia: Australian Paralympic Committee. p. 25. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-18. Retrieved 9 March 2013.
- ^ United Insurance Group (2005). "2005 IPC Nordic Skiing World Championships UIG Teacher's Guide" (PDF). Fort Kent, Maine: United Insurance Group. p. 5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-09-12. Retrieved 9 March 2013.
- ^ IPC Nordic Skiing (2008). "IPC Nordic Skiing Percentages Seasons 2008-2010" (PDF). Bonn, Germany: IPC Nordic Skiing. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 March 2012. Retrieved 10 October 2012.
- ^ a b IPC Alpine Skiing (10 October 2012). "IPCAS - Factor List, IPCAS Handicap System, Season 2011–2012" (PDF). Bonn, Germany: IPC Alpine Skiing. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-02-06. Retrieved 2012-10-10.
- ^ a b "Alpine Disabled Skiing". National Capital Area, Alpine Ontario. Archived from the original on 15 February 2013. Retrieved 10 October 2012.
- ^ International Paralympic Committee (2007). "IPC Nordic Skiing Biathlon & Cross-Country Skiing Rulebook". Bonn, Germany: International Paralympic Committee. p. 3.
{{cite web}}
: Missing or empty|url=
(help) - ^ International Paralympic Committee Alpine Skiing (2012). IPC Alpine Skiing Rules and Regulations (PDF). Bonn, Germany: International Paralympic Committee. p. 38. Retrieved 9 March 2013.
- ^ a b c d e f "History of the New Zealand Disabled Ski Team". New Zealand: Snow Sports New Zealand. Archived from the original on 24 January 2016. Retrieved 10 October 2012.
- ^ a b c "Alpine skiing | Salt Lake 2002". Salt Lake City, Utah: Salt Lake City 2002. 14 March 2002. Retrieved 10 October 2012.
- ^ a b "2009 IPC Alpine Skiing - World Championship - Official Results - Downhill" (PDF). Bonn, Germany: International Paralympic Committee Alpine Skiing. 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 June 2012. Retrieved 8 March 2013.
- ^ a b International Paralympic Committee Alpine Skiing (2004). "Alpine Skiing World Championships Wildschonau Offizielle Ergebnisliste" (PDF). International Paralympic Committee Alpine Skiing. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 July 2011. Retrieved 10 October 2012.
- ^ a b c Goldman, Judy (2010). "02 Games History and Facts". Australian Paralympic Committee : media guide Vancouver 2010, 12-21 March (PDF). Sydney, Australia: Australian Paralympic Committee. p. 18. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-18. Retrieved 9 March 2013.
- ^ United Insurance Group (2005). "2005 IPC Nordic Skiing World Championships UIG Teacher's Guide" (PDF). Fort Kent, Maine: United Insurance Group. p. 3. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-09-12. Retrieved 9 March 2013.
- ^ United Insurance Group (2005). "2005 IPC Nordic Skiing World Championships UIG Teacher's Guide" (PDF). Fort Kent, Maine: United Insurance Group. p. 4. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-09-12. Retrieved 9 March 2013.
- ^ International Paralympic Committee Alpine Skiing (2004). "Alpine Skiing World Championships Wildschonau Offizielle Ergebnisliste" (PDF). International Paralympic Committee Alpine Skiing. p. 2. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 July 2011. Retrieved 10 October 2012.