Late Antique Little Ice Age

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The Late Antique Little Ice Age seen between middle of the 6th and 7th century and preceded by Roman Warm Period.[1]

The Late Antique Little Ice Age (LALIA) was a long-lasting

Late Antiquity. The period coincides with three large volcanic eruptions in 535/536, 539/540 and 547. The volcanic winter of 536 was the early phenomenon of the century-long global temperature decline. One study suggested a global cooling of 2 °C (3.6 °F).[2]

Eruptions

The existence of a cooling period was proposed as a theory in 2015, and subsequently confirmed as the period from AD 536 to about 660.

Krakatau in Indonesia have been proposed.[5]

Investigations in 2018 analyzed

tree ring investigations near Ilopango found evidence of an eruption possibly in 540. However, a more recent study, examining other evidence, dated the eruption of Ilopango to the year 431, so the issue remains unresolved.[2][7] The eruption, whatever its location, put more aerosols into the atmosphere than the 1815 eruption of Mount Tambora, which caused the Year Without a Summer.[8] Another eruption, location unknown, occurred in 547.[6] Additional evidence comes from a temperature reconstruction from the Euro-Med2k working group of the international PAGES (Past Global Changes) project that used new tree-ring measurements from the Altai Mountains, which closely matches the temperatures in the Alps in the last two centuries.[3][9]

The impact of the volcanic eruptions was the phenomenon known as volcanic winter. In the volcanic winter of 536, summer temperatures fell by as much as 2.5 degrees Celsius (4.5 degrees Fahrenheit) below normal in Europe. ("Normal" is considered by scientists to be the average temperatures of the 1961–1990 period.) The lingering impact of the volcanic winter of 536 was augmented in 539–540, when the second volcanic eruption caused summer temperatures to decline as much as 2.7 degrees Celsius (4.9 degrees Fahrenheit) below normal in Europe.[10]

While the volcanic eruptions began the freeze, researchers think that increased ocean

ice cover (feedback to the effects of the volcanoes), coupled with an "exceptional" minimum of solar activity in the 600s, reinforced and extended the cooling.[11][12]

Regional impacts

Middle East

According to research by a team from the

Muslim conquest of Egypt and the Muslim conquest of Persia.[3]

According to research done by Israeli scientists, in 540, the size of the population of the city of

Negev Desert, and the amount of garbage that it generated started to shrink greatly.[13] Elusa housed tens of thousands of people during its height.[13] The major decline took place around the mid-6th century, about a century before the Islamic conquest.[14]
One possible explanation for the crisis was the Late Antique Little Ice Age.

Mediterranean region

The cooling period coincided with the Plague of Justinian, which began in 541, though the connection between the plague and the volcanoes still remains tenuous. The cooling period contributed to the migrations of the Lombards and the Slavs into Roman territory in Italy and the Balkans.[3]

See also

References

  1. ^ Hawkins, Ed (January 30, 2020). "2019 years". climate-lab-book.ac.uk. Archived from the original on February 2, 2020. ("The data show that the modern period is very different to what occurred in the past. The often quoted Medieval Warm Period and Little Ice Age are real phenomena, but small compared to the recent changes.")
  2. ^ a b Greshko, Michael (23 August 2019). "Colossal Volcano behind 'Mystery' Global Cooling Finally Found". National Geographic. Archived from the original on February 17, 2021. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  3. ^
    ISSN 1752-0894
    .
  4. S2CID 121589992
    .
  5. ^ Bressan, David. "The Elusive Volcanic Eruptions that Plunged Europe into the Dark Ages". Forbes. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  6. ^
    S2CID 189287084
    . Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  7. PMID 32989145
    .
  8. S2CID 202190161
    .
  9. ^ "New 'Little Ice Age' coincides with fall of Eastern Roman Empire and growth of Arab Empire". Heritage Daily. 8 February 2016. Retrieved 9 November 2017.
  10. ISBN 9780691166834
    .
  11. The Harvard Gazette
    . Retrieved November 23, 2021.
  12. ^ a b "New 'Little Ice Age' coincides with fall of Eastern Roman Empire and growth of Arab Empire". Swiss Federal Research Institute. February 8, 2016. Retrieved November 24, 2021. The researchers suggest that the spate of eruptions combined with a solar minimum, and ocean and sea-ice responses to the effects of the volcanoes
  13. ^ a b Hasson, Nir (26 March 2019). "Muslim Conquest Wasn't Behind Negev Towns' Collapse 1,300 Years Ago. It Was Something else". Haaretz.
  14. PMID 30910983.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link
    )
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