Legal Marxism
Legal Marxism was a Russian
. The name was derived from the fact that its supporters promoted their ideas in legal publications.Unlike the earlier generation of Russian
socialists known as narodniks (populists), who emphasized the role of the peasantry in transitioning to socialism, Legal Marxists used the economic theory of Karl Marx to argue that the development of capitalism in the Russian Empire
was both inevitable and beneficial. As Struve put it, they provided a "justification for capitalism" in Russia.
Legal Marxists held numerous open debates from the mid-1890s through the early 1900s, notably at the Free Economic Society in Saint Petersburg, and published three magazines between 1897 and 1901, all of them eventually suppressed by the imperial government:
- Novoye Slovo (1897)
- Nachalo (1899)
- Zhizn (1899–1901, resumed abroad in 1902)
Legal Marxists became particularly influential after the arrest and imprisonment of the leaders of the revolutionary wing of Russian Marxism (including
Russian Social Democratic Labor Party
, whose Manifesto Struve wrote in 1898 and Legal Marxists magazines were extensively used by revolutionary Marxists living in exile or abroad to publish their writings.
Significant texts by Legal Marxists
- The Russian Factory in the Nineteenth Century, 1898 by Tugan-Baranovsky
Relationship with
However, Legal Marxists became increasingly supportive of
Georgy Plekhanov, Lenin and other revolutionary Marxists. Struve and other Legal Marxist leaders soon abandoned philosophical materialism for neo-Kantianism while Berdyaev, Bulgakov and Frank eventually became philosophers of religion. Tugan-Baranovsky developed a theory of cyclical economic crises under capitalism, which was also criticised by revolutionary Marxists [1]
.
Starting in 1901, Legal Marxists' abandonment of Marxism led to a break with Russian
Constitutional Democratic party after the Russian Revolution of 1905
.
Notes
- ^ See, e.g., Lenin's letter to his relatives dated June 20, 1899 in A. Ulyanova-Yelizarova. "Apropos of Lenin' Letters To Relatives" in Lenin. Collected Works, Volume 37, Moscow, 1931.
References
- Vincent Barnett, 'Tugan-Baranovsky as a Pioneer of Trade Cycle Analysis', Journal of the History of Economic Thought, December 2001.
- Neil Harding. "Legal Marxism" in The Dictionary of Marxist Thought, ed. Tom Bottomore, London, Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 1983, 2nd revised edition 1991, ISBN 0-631-18082-6pp. 307–308.
- Richard Kindersley. The First Russian Revisionists: A Study of Legal Marxism in Russia, Oxford University Press, 1962, 260p.
- ISBN 0-674-84595-1
- Arthur P. Mendel. Dilemmas of Progress in Tsarist Russia: Legal Marxism and Legal Populism, Harvard University Press, 1961, 310p.
- Andrzej Walicki. The Controversy over Capitalism: Studies in the Social Philosophy of Russian Populists, Oxford University Press, 1969, 206p. Paperback reprint: University of Notre Dame Press, 1989, ISBN 0-268-00770-5, 197p.