Lithium hybrid organic battery

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Lithium hybrid organic batteries are an energy storage device that combines

organic polymer. For example, polyaniline vanadium (V) oxide (PAni/V2O5) can be incorporated into the nitroxide-polymer lithium iron phosphate battery
, PTMA/LiFePO4. Together, they improve the lithium ion intercalation capacity, cycle life, electrochemical performances, and conductivity of batteries.

PAni/V2O5

organic polymer (e.g. polyaniline) with an oxide
(e.g. V2O5).

Figure 1: Diagram of charging and discharging of hybrid battery
Figure 3: Exact protocol for V2O5 gels
Figure 2: Polyaniline/V2O5, where V2O5 is represented in black and polyaniline is represented in red

V2O5
gel with is carried out; this determines the amount of V(V) present in the gel. Aniline solution is slowly added onto the gel. The following procedure is demonstrated in Figure 3.

diffusion coefficient of the lithium ions in the vanadium oxide matrix.[5]

Polyaniline is easily produced to have controlled structural and electronic properties.[6] Polyaniline eliminates the coordinated water of the V2O5 xerogel, so more lithium ions can be integrated into the structure. The organic part of the PAni/V2O5 hybrid degrades with the increase of temperature.[7]

V(V) is reduced to V(IV), and

Electrical conductivity is as high as 0.09 S/cm for 15 days.[9]

As a result, PAni/V2O5 hybrid is a conducting network and an electroactive material in the composites, which improves electrochemical behavior. It also prevents the irreversible structural changes made by redox cycling when the lithium ions enter the lattice. Moreover, this hybrid also has a high specific capacity and improved cyclability without capacity deterioration.

PTMA/LiFePO4

PTMA is used because it has a high capacity and a long cycle life.[10] To synthesize organic radical-inorganic hybrid electrodes, electrode environments for each component must be optimized. PTMA and LiFePO4 were combined with entire PTMA and LiFePO4 electrode with different weight ratios: 25/75, 50/50, and 75/25.[11]

Figure 4: Synthesis of PTMA- MTMP monomer (2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine methacrylate)

The cell was prepared by using a working electrode to assemble a half-cell configuration dry

electrochemical impedance spectroscopy of cells were performed. A focus ion beam-scanning electron microscope was used to determine the morphology of the electrodes before and after the high rate pulse discharge (HRPD) cycling.[12]

After testing, pure PTMA and LiFePO4 electrode give a sharp redox peak and decrease the voltage gap between oxidation and reduction.[13] Therefore, PTMA and LiFePO4 improve the rate and reversibility of the redox couples. Furthermore, the hybrid cathodes have a lower charge-transfer resistance, allowing easier migration of Li ions through the electrode interface. Moreover, PTMA/LiFePO4 has a longer life cycle compared to pure LiFePO4 or PTMA systems.

References

  1. ^ Ng, S. H., Chew, S. Y., Wang, J., Wexler, D., Tournayre, Y., Konstantinov, K., & Liu, H. K. (2007). Synthesis and electrochemical properties of V 2 O 5 nanostructures prepared via a precipitation process for lithium-ion battery cathodes. Journal of Power Sources, 174(2), 1032-1035.
  2. ^ Liu, D., Liu, Y., Garcia, B. B., Zhang, Q., Pan, A., Jeong, Y. H., & Cao, G. (2009). V2O5 xerogel electrodes with much enhanced lithium-ion intercalation properties with N 2 annealing. Journal of Materials Chemistry, 19(46), 8789-8795. doi:10.1039/b914436f.
  3. ^ Chao, D., Xia, X., Liu, J., Fan, Z., Ng, C. F., Lin, J., ... & Fan, H. J. (2014). A V2O5/Conductive‐Polymer Core/Shell Nanobelt Array on Three‐Dimensional Graphite Foam: A High‐Rate, Ultrastable, and Freestanding Cathode for Lithium‐Ion Batteries. Advanced Materials, 26(33), 5794-5800. doi:10.1002/adma.201400719.
  4. ^ Swider-Lyons, K. E., Love, C. T., & Rolison, D. R. (2002). Improved lithium capacity of defective V2O5 materials. Solid State Ionics, 152, 99-104. doi:10.1016/S0167-2738(02)00350-8.
  5. ^ Li, G., Lu, Z., Huang, B., Huang, H., Xue, R., & Chen, L. (1995). An evaluation of lithium intercalation capacity into carbon by XRD parameters. Solid state ionics, 81(1), 15-18. doi:10.1016/0167-2738(95)00166-4.
  6. ^ Molapo, K. M., Ndangili, P. M., Ajayi, R. F., Mbambisa, G., Mailu, S. M., Njomo, N., ... & Iwuoha, E. I. (2012). Electronics of conjugated polymers (I): polyaniline.International Journal of Electrochemical Science, 7(12).
  7. ^ Lira-Cantu, M., Gomez-Romero, P. (1999), The Organic-Inorganic Polyaniline/V2O5 System: Application as a High Capacity Hybrid Cathode for Rechargeable Lithium Batteries. Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 146(6): 2029-2033. doi:10.1149/1.1391886.
  8. ^ Lira-Cantu, M., Gomez-Romero, P. (1999), The Organic-Inorganic Polyaniline/V2O5 System: Application as a High Capacity Hybrid Cathode for Rechargeable Lithium Batteries. Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 146(6): 2029-2033. doi:10.1149/1.1391886.
  9. ^ Park, K., Song, H., Kim, Y., Mho, S., Cho, W., and Yeo. I. (2009), Electrochemical Preparation and Characterization of V2O5 / Polyaniline composite Film Cathodes for Li Battery. Electrochimica Acta: Emerging Trends and Challenges in Electrochemistry, 55(27): 8023-8029. doi:10.1016/j.electacta.2009.12.047.
  10. ^ Guo, W., Yin, Y., Xin, S., Guo Y., and Wan, L. (2011), Superior Radical Polymer Cathode Material with a Two-electron Process Redox Reaction Promoted by Graphene. Energy and Environmental Science, 5(1): 5221-5225. doi: 10.1039/c1ee02148f.
  11. ^ Huang, Q., Cosimbescu, L., Koech, P., Choi, D., and Lemmon, J. (2013), Composite Organic Radical-Inorganic Hybrid Cathode for Lithium-Ion Batteries. Journal of Power Sources, 233(3): 69-73. doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.01.076.
  12. ^ Huang, Q., Cosimbescu, L., Koech, P., Choi, D., and Lemmon, J. (2013), Composite Organic Radical-Inorganic Hybrid Cathode for Lithium-Ion Batteries. Journal of Power Sources, 233(3): 69-73. doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.01.076.
  13. ^ Vlad, A., Singh, N., Rolland, J., Melinte, S., Ajayan, P. M., & Gohy, J. F. (2014). Hybrid supercapacitor-battery materials for fast electrochemical charge storage.Scientific reports, 4. doi:10.1038/sren04315.
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