MRAP
![]() |
Mine-Resistant Ambush Protected (MRAP;
Production of the first round of MRAP vehicles officially ended in 2012,
The MRAP's high center of gravity means it has a tendency to roll over easily. In one study, a majority of MRAP accidents are overturned vehicles.
History
![]() | This section needs to be updated.(October 2022) |
Specialized light armored vehicles designed specifically to resist land mines were first introduced in the 1970s by the
MRAP program
In 2004, the TSG/FPI
The U.S. military's MRAP program was prompted by U.S. casualties from improvised explosive devices (IED)s during the Iraq War.[2]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/1st_MaxxPros_in_Iraq.jpg/220px-1st_MaxxPros_in_Iraq.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/MRAP04.jpg/220px-MRAP04.jpg)
Vehicle designs from various vendors were deployed as part of the MRAP program. MRAPs usually have V-shaped hulls to deflect explosive forces from land mines or IEDs below the vehicle, thereby protecting vehicle and passengers.[14] MRAPs weigh 14 to 18 tons, are up to 9 feet (2.7 m) high, and cost between US$500,000 and US$1,000,000.[14][15]
These companies submitting designs:
- Armor Holdings (acquired by BAE Systems on 31 July 2007)[16]
- BAE Systems
- Force Protection Inc (FPI)
- General Dynamics Land Systems (GDLS)
- General Purpose Vehicles (GPV)
- Navistar International Military Group(IMG)
- Oshkosh Truck
- Protected Vehicles Incorporated (PVI)
- Textron Marine & Land Systems
Vehicle categories
The MRAP class is separated into three categories according to weight and size.
Category I (MRAP-MRUV)
The Mine-Resistant Utility Vehicle (MRUV) is relatively small and light, designed for urban operations. These Category 1 MRAP vehicles were ordered or are in service:
- BAE Caiman 4x4 – 2,864 ordered.[17][18][19]
- BAE OMC RG-31[20]
- BAE RG-33 4x4[21]
- Force Protection Cougar H 4x4 – 1,560 vehicles ordered.[22][23]
- International MaxxPro – 7,474 vehicles ordered.[24][25][26]
- Textron M1117 Guardian – Removed from competition as of 18 May 2007.[27]
- Protected Vehicles Inc./Oshkosh Truck Alpha – Removed from competition as of 29 June 2007.[28][29]
Category II (MRAP-JERRV)
The Joint Explosive Ordnance Disposal (EOD) Rapid Response Vehicle (
These Category II MRAP vehicles were ordered or are currently in service:
- Force Protection Cougar HE 6x6 – 950 vehicles ordered.[22]
- BAE RG-33L 6x6
- GDLS RG-31E – 600 vehicles ordered.[30]
- Thales Australia Bushmaster IMV – Removed from competition as of 7 August 2007.[31]
- Protected Vehicles Inc Golan – 60 vehicles ordered. Later the Golan was eliminated from the competition and all vehicles were discarded.[32]
- International MaxxPro XL – 16 vehicles ordered.[33]
- BAE Caiman 6x6 – 16 vehicles ordered.[17]
Category III
- Force Protection Buffalo MRV for mine- and IED-clearing functionality, with 6 seats.[citation needed]
Vehicle production
![]() | This section needs to be updated.(October 2022) |
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Army_mil-2008-06-13-162413.jpg/220px-Army_mil-2008-06-13-162413.jpg)
In 2004, the
In late 2007, the Marine Corps planned to replace all Humvees in combat zones with MRAP vehicles, although that changed.[38][39][40][22] As armored vehicles were considered an urgent need in Afghanistan, the MRAP program was primarily funded under an "emergency war budget".[41]
Originally, Brigadier General Michael Brogan was in charge of the Marine MRAP program; he was succeeded by Brigadier General Frank Kelley, Commander, United States Marine Corps Systems Command.[42][43] The Army MRAP program was managed by Kevin Fahey, U.S. Army Program Executive Officer for Combat Support and Combat Service Support.[44][45]
2007
In 2007, the Pentagon ordered about 10,000 MRAPs at a cost of over $500,000 each, and planned to order more.[34]
Service | Supplier | Vehicle (category) | Quantity | Contract price $M |
---|---|---|---|---|
Marines | FPI | Cougar H (I), Cougar HE (II) | 2, 2 |
[46] |
Marines | FPI | Cougar H (I), Cougar HE (II) | 65, 60 |
67 [47]
|
Marines | BAE | RG-33 (I), BAE RG-33L (II) | 15, 75 |
55.4
|
Marines | FPI | Cougar H (I), Cougar HE (II) | 300, 700 |
481.4 [22]
|
Marines | International | MaxxPro (I) | 1200 |
623 [24]
|
Marines | FPI | Buffalo (II) | 14 |
11.9 [46]
|
Marines, Army | FPI | Cougar (I), (II) | 395, 60 |
221
|
Marines, Army | International | MaxxPro XL (II) | 16 |
8 [48]
|
SOC | BAE Systems | RG-33 (I) (patrol), RG-33L (II), RG-33 (I), RG-33L (II) (ambulance) | 16, 239, 170, 16 |
235.8 [49]
|
Marines | Stewart & Stevenson (Armor Holdings) | (I), (II) | 1154 ,16 |
518.5 [17]
|
International | MaxxPro | 755 |
[50] | |
General Dynamics Land Systems Canada | RG-31 (II) | 600 |
338.7 [51][52]
| |
Marines | FPI | Cougar H, (I), Cougar HE (II) | 25, 100 |
69.8 [53]
|
Pentagon | International | (I) | 533 |
509 [54]
|
Pentagon | FPI | (II) | 247 |
377 [54]
|
Pentagon | BAE | RG-33L (II) standard, ambulance | 399, 112 |
278 [54]
|
SOC | BAE | RG33 Mod 5 (I) | 89 |
44 [54][55]
|
Navistar | MaxxPro (I) | 1500 |
1120
| |
BAE | (I) | 600 |
645
| |
Armor Holdings | (I), (II) | 668, 178 |
458
| |
PFI | Cougar (II) | 180 |
378 [56]
|
2008
On 14 March 2008, the U.S. military ordered 1,024 (2) Caimans from BAE (worth $481.8 million), 743 (1) MaxxPros from Navistar ($410.7 million), and special command vehicles and ambulances from BAE ($234 million).[57] On 17 July 2007, the U.S. Marine Corps System Command ordered 773 RG31 (1) MRAPs ($552M) from General Dynamics Land Systems Canada for delivery by April 2009.[58] On 19 June 2007 the U.S. Army ordered an additional 44 BAE
The
Forecasting the need for better and lighter protection from IEDs, ARL developed aggressive weight-reduction goals and set out to demonstrate practical technology options by the end of the 2008 financial year.[60]
The program's technical approach was to exploit computing and terminal-effects experimentation to scale known technologies, understand the most viable armor mechanisms for penetrator defeat, and to introduce light-weight composites, new materials, and enhanced ballistic mechanisms to reduce weight.[60]
The ARL's MAWRS program was recognized by U.S. Army Materiel Command as among the "Top Ten Great Inventions of 2008."[61]
2009]
Oshkosh was awarded a $1.06 B firm-fixed-priced delivery order to exercise an option for 1,700 MRAP All Terrain Vehicles. A similar Army contract for 1,700 MRAP ATVs was valued at a further $1.06 B.[62] By 2009, the U.S. Department of Defense had spent $20 billion on the MRAP program.[63] Total MRAP program expenditure with final deliveries was expected to be $48.5 billion (FY10-11).[14]
Criticism
The MRAP program was criticized for its nearly $50 billion cost,
According to Army Times, troops openly wondered about some MRAPs. One question centered around the inwards-facing design of the rear seats, given that an outward-facing design would have allowed troops to fire through ports, which some versions lacked. The height and steepness of the dropdown stairs at the rear of some versions was claimed to hamper vehicle exit. Troops riding in the rear could easily hit their heads on the ceiling in rough terrain, thereby risking serious brain and spinal injuries.[67]
Earlier reports had stated that the MRAP was well received, with US troops stating that they would rather be hit by an IED in an MRAP than in a Humvee.[68][69]
Rollovers and electric shock
A 13 June 2008 Marine Corps report exposed concerns about rollovers. The V-shaped hulls of the MRAP vehicles raised their centers of gravity, and the weight can damage the badly built/poorly maintained roads in rural Iraq or Afghanistan to the point of collapse. Almost 40 of the 66 MRAP accidents between 7 November 2007 and 8 June 2008 were due to rollovers. In many of the rollovers, troops were injured. In two separate incidents, five soldiers were killed by rolling over into a canal, trapping the soldiers underwater with no means of escape. The report said 75% of all rollovers occurred in rural areas, often where roads had been built above grade with an adjacent ditch or canal.
The report also raised concerns associated with MRAP vehicles snagging on low-hanging power lines or its antennas passing close enough to create an electric arc, which might electrocute the passengers.[67][70]
Effectiveness
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Cougar_Hit_By_IED.jpg/220px-Cougar_Hit_By_IED.jpg)
The MRAP may not be sufficiently effective against
This MRAP weakness was addressed by the next-generation MRAP II. As an interim solution, the military installed a variant of the Humvee's IED-defeating Frag Kit 6 armor, which adds significant weight and width.[43] In July 2008, the U.S. military reported the number of EFP attacks had dropped by 70 percent.[75]
On 19 January 2008, a 3rd Infantry Division U.S. Army soldier, Specialist Richard Burress, operating as the exposed turret gunner was killed in a Navistar MaxxPro MRAP by an ANFO IED estimated at 600 lb (270 kg).[76][77] It is unknown whether the gunner was killed by the explosion or by the subsequent vehicle rollover. The v-hull was not compromised. The crew compartment also appeared to be uncompromised, and the three other crew members inside the vehicle survived.[77][78][79][80]
Although this was reported as the first MRAP combat death, later reports stated that three soldiers had earlier been killed by IEDs in RG-31s and two by EFPs in Buffalos.[81] As of 6 May 2008, eight soldiers had been reported killed in the thousands of MRAPs in Iraq.[82] In June 2008, USA Today reported that roadside bomb attacks and fatalities were down almost 90%, partially due to MRAPs. "They've taken hits, many, many hits that would have killed soldiers and Marines in unarmored Humvees," according to Adm. Michael Mullen, chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff.[83]
Major General Rick Lynch, who commanded a division in Baghdad, told USA Today that the 14-ton MRAPs had forced insurgents to build bigger, more sophisticated bombs. Those bombs are more difficult to build and set up, increasing the chance of catching the insurgents.[83] According to Marinetimes.com, the Taliban focused their efforts away from anti-materiel IEDs and more toward smaller anti-personnel bombs to target soldiers on patrol.[84]
The MRAP program is similar to the United States Army's Medium Mine Protected Vehicle program.[85]
Logistics
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/US_Navy_080113-N-0292S-066_Mine_resistant_ambush_protected_vehicles_%28MRAP%29_are_offloaded_from_the_Military_Sealift_Command_roll-on-roll-off_ship_USNS_Pililaau_%28T-AKR_304%29_onto_the_pier.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg)
The MRAP program's lack of a common design presented a logistic challenge,
The US Air Force contracted several Russian
Models
MRAP II
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/M153_CROWS_mounted_on_a_U.S._Army_M-ATV.jpg/220px-M153_CROWS_mounted_on_a_U.S._Army_M-ATV.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Caiman_mine-resistant%2C_ambush-protected_vehicles_in_Iraq.jpg/220px-Caiman_mine-resistant%2C_ambush-protected_vehicles_in_Iraq.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/3-_CAPRIVI_MK1_-_Special_Security_Forces_Vehicles_%28My_Trip_To_Al-Jenadriyah_32%29.jpg/220px-3-_CAPRIVI_MK1_-_Special_Security_Forces_Vehicles_%28My_Trip_To_Al-Jenadriyah_32%29.jpg)
On 31 July 2007, the Marine Corps Systems Command launched an MRAP II pre-solicitation to develop a new vehicle with better protection, particularly against such threats as
Initial testing at
The two qualified designs were an upgraded
. Both designs weighed 40,000 lb or more.According to the Army Times, the Pentagon had already decided to buy first-generation 14- to 24-ton MRAP I vehicles with extra Frag Kit 6-derived armor, not the 30-ton MRAP II vehicles.[98] The paper also reported that, in addition, the Pentagon might buy some shorter, lighter MRAPs. A senior Pentagon official told them that "the roads are caving in" under the weight of MRAPs and "We want it to weigh less".[99]
Survivable Combat Tactical Vehicle
In 2010 Textron presented the Survivable Combat Tactical Vehicle (SCTV), a protective capsule that can increase Humvee survivability to MRAP levels while significantly improving mobility. SCTV consisted of five kits; all five need to be installed before the vehicle can be properly called an SCTV. The vehicle features a monocoque V-shaped hull and angled sides to help deflect rocket-propelled grenades (RPGs) with scalable levels of protection. It has greater engine power, replacing the 6.5 liter diesel engine with a Cummins 6.7 liter diesel and Allison 6-speed transmission, as well as stronger suspension, improved brakes, higher ground clearance, and many other modifications.[citation needed]
Joint Light Tactical Vehicle
Vehicles built as part of the MRAP program are often criticized for their bulk. The Joint Light Tactical Vehicle is designed to provide the same protection as an MRAP vehicle with lower weight and greater maneuverability.
In 2015, Oshkosh was awarded a contract to produce up to 49,100 vehicles for the US Army and Marine Corps based on its successful MRAP ATV.
Post-war applications
Following the
On 1 October 2012, the Pentagon officially closed the MRAP production line. As of that date, 27,740 MRAP vehicles had been fielded from seven manufacturers, 12,726 vehicles were still in Afghanistan, about 870 were sold to foreign militaries, and 700 were on foreign order.[101]
Surplus MRAPs
In early July 2012, five MRAP vehicles were delivered to the
North Korean military officials claimed MRAPs would be used to safely cross the DMZ to attack the North, and said the forward deployment of such military hardware disturbed peace and stability. However, by August 2013, the 2ID had decided not to utilize the over 80 MRAPs on the peninsula. They determined the vehicles were "not suitable for maneuver battalions to use" and no plans involved adding MRAPs. The vehicles were returned to the Army fleet management system.[103]
In 2013 the U.S. government attempted to sell about 2,000 out of the 11,000 MRAPs in Afghanistan. The logistical and financial task of bringing the vehicles back to the U.S. ($50,000 per vehicle), or destroying some in-country, was prohibitive.[104] Destruction costs were estimated to be $10,000 per vehicle.[105]
In September 2014, the U.S. approved a $2.5 billion deal with the United Arab Emirates Army for over 4,500 surplus U.S. MRAPs. 1,150 vehicles were Caimans.[106]
The U.S. government approved transferring 930 MRAP vehicles to Egypt using the Excess Defense Articles Grant Program. The MRAP vehicles were donated, although Egypt had to pay for shipment and refurbishment.
Pakistan requested MRAPs through the Excess Defense Articles program. It offered to buy them and transport from Afghanistan to Pakistan. After the US rejected the offer, Pakistan bought 200 new MRAPs.
The Defense Department was expected to send 250 MRAPs to Iraq. Iraqi forces were equipped with MRAPs after the U.S. withdrawal in 2011, but many were captured by
In 2015 around 20 MRAPs were donated to the African Union mission in Somalia. Uzbekistan received 308 MRAP vehicles.
NATO allied countries also acquired surplus MRAPs. Polish Special Forces received 45 M-ATV vehicles. Croatia received 212 Oshkosh M-ATV. These vehicles were transferred within the framework of the Excess Defense Articles program.
In 2022, the U.S. government sent 40 MaxxPro MRAP vehicles to Ukraine as part of a package of military aid under Presidential Drawdown Authority. On October 4, 2022, the U.S. approved the provision of a further 200 MaxxPro MRAPs.
Post-war reductions
As of September 2013, the
In 2013, the U.S. government planned to keep about 5,600 of 8700 M-ATVs, with some 250 vehicles for
Following the drawdown from Afghanistan by the end of 2014, the U.S. Army planned to reduce its MRAP fleet to 8,000 vehicles.[104] The Army planned to divest 7,456 vehicles and retain 8,585. 5,036 were to be put in storage, 1,073 used for training and the remainder spread across the force. The M-ATV will keep at most 5,681 vehicles, as it is smaller and lighter than other MRAPs. The other most retained vehicle was the MaxxPro Dash with 2,633 vehicles and 301 MaxxPro ambulances; other MRAPs such as the Cougar, Caiman, and larger MaxxPros were to be eliminated. The Army estimated in 2014 that "it will need to spend $1.7 billion in supplemental wartime dollars over the next several years to modernize and retain 8,585 mine-resistant, ambush-protected vehicles, while divesting itself of another 7,456 MRAPs it no longer needs."[114]
Law enforcement
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/FBI_Mine_Resistant_Ambush_vehicle.jpg/220px-FBI_Mine_Resistant_Ambush_vehicle.jpg)
The United States Department of Homeland Security Rapid Response Teams used MRAPs to assist people affected by hurricanes in 2012,[115] and to pull damaged government vehicles onto the street so they could be towed.[116] The Federal Bureau of Investigation used an MRAP-type vehicle in a child kidnapping case in Midland, Alabama, in 2013.[117]
The Department of Defense's
U.S. law enforcement agencies can acquire MRAP vehicles through the Law Enforcement Support Office, which redistributes unneeded military equipment to state and municipal agencies. Some police departments acquired MRAPs with no transfer costs or fees. Domestic agencies planned to use them in disaster relief roles, as they can cross flooded areas and provide security in response to terrorist threats.[119] Some MRAPs used by police forces have the turret removed and are repainted black.[120]
The use of MRAPs by law enforcement is controversial. The American Civil Liberties Union voiced concerns about police militarization and argued that military hardware could escalate violent situations. Many MRAPs were obtained by small police forces that rarely handle relevant incidents. Though the MRAPs were obtained for free, the drawbacks are weight (as much as 18 tons), low fuel efficiency, and expensive refitting for law enforcement use; a closed turret, new seating, loudspeakers, and emergency lights can cost around $70,000.[120]
NASA usage
NASA operated multiple MRAPs for emergency evacuations of Orion spacecraft on launch pads.[121]
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External links
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png)
- Associated Press article about MRAPs in Iraq (9 May 2008)
- "United States Marine Corps article". Archived from the original on 2006-02-28.
- Global Security
- The heavyweights take on ballistics
- Billions Needed for New Armored Trucks
- Blast Resistant vs Armored
- MRAP - on Defense Update.com
- International Trucks/Plasan Sasa MRAP
- MRAP Technical Manuals
- Pentagon balked at pleas from officers in field for safer vehicles (USA Today 7-16-07)
- Troops receive their first MaxxPro MRAPs in Iraq (video)
- Study Faults Delay of Armored Trucks for Iraq
- Austrian Armored MRAP design.