Massacre of the Innocents (Bruegel)

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Several oil-on-oak-panel versions of The Massacre of the Innocents were painted by 16th-century Netherlandish painters Pieter Bruegel the Elder and his son Pieter Brueghel the Younger. The work translates the Biblical account of the Massacre of the Innocents into a winter scene in the Netherlands in the prelude to the Dutch Revolt against Spanish rule, also known as the Eighty Years' War.

What is now thought to be the only version by Bruegel the Elder (c.1565-1567) is in the British Royal Collection; for some time held at Hampton Court Palace, by 2017 it was at Windsor Castle. Holy Roman Emperor Rudolph II ordered it overpainted to hide images of dead and dying children. Many other versions are attributed to Pieter Breughel the Younger, with different art historians listing as many as 7 or 14 versions, including leading examples in the Kunsthistorisches Museum in Vienna (the only version showing the slaughter), in the Royal Museums of Fine Arts of Belgium in Brussels, and in the National Museum of Art of Romania in Bucharest. Pieter Breughel the Younger also painted his own different composition of the Massacre of the Innocents: one example is held by the Royal Museums of Fine Arts of Belgium.

Background

The painting depicts an event described in the

Bruegel translated the scene to a 16th-century Netherlandish village, where the Flemish villagers are attacked by Spanish soldiers and German mercenaries, possibly as a commentary on the behaviour of occupying Spanish troops in the prelude to the Dutch Revolt against Spanish rule, also known as the Eighty Years' War. The very severe winter of 1564-65 may have inspired the snow-covered scene, with icicles hanging from the eaves and a pond covered with a thick layer of ice: the deep winter also inspired his 1565 painting The Hunters in the Snow.

Versions

The version by Bruegel the Elder in the Royal Collection was acquired by Holy Roman Emperor Rudolph II and was in Prague by about 1600. Rudolph disliked the graphic scene, which depicted many infants being slaughtered by soldiers carrying his own imperial heraldry of the double-headed eagle, and had the children painted over with details – small objects including food and animals – so that it became a scene of plunder not a massacre of babies. The later overpainting became apparent during conservation work in 1998, and Lorne Campbell identified the painting in the Royal Collection as the original version by Bruegel the Elder. This version was probably one of many paintings from the imperial collection looted from Prague Castle by a Swedish army in 1648, at the end of the Thirty Years' War: it was in the collection of Queen Christina by 1652, and came into the British Royal Collection when it was acquired by Charles II in exile at Breda in 1660. It is signed "BRVEGEL" 1565–67, and measures 102 × 155 centimetres (40 × 61 in).

The version at the

Like several of Bruegel's paintings, such as the Netherlandish Proverbs and Children's Games, the painting includes many parallel narrative scenes in a larger composition. Working from the church in the background towards the foreground: a mounted soldier with a lance guards a bridge. To the left, a man tries to hide a child. Moving forward and further towards the left, one soldier urinates against a wall; and further left, another soldier guides some women into a house, and a third soldier drags an infant out of another house (one of few infants remaining alive in the painting, and one of few not overpainted in the version in the Royal Collection). A group of four villagers mourns nearby.

Moving right, towards the centre of the painting, a lone woman stands grieving over her dead baby lying with blood spilled on the snow (overpainted in the version in the Royal Collection with meats and cheeses), and a couple ask a soldier to take their daughter not their baby son (overpainted in the version in the Royal Collection as a large bird). A crowd of villagers surround and confront a red-coated soldier standing over a dead baby (overpainted as a bundle); or, the villagers try to stop a father from attacking the soldier that killed his baby. A seated woman grieves with her dead baby on her lap (changed to a bundle).

Continuing to the right, at the centre of the painting, a group of Spanish soldiers in black armour stab with spears at a group of babies (changed to animals) in front of a large group of mounted soldiers also with lances and wearing black armour. One of the mounted soldiers may be holding a standard of five gold crosses on a white ground, the heraldic

At the far right, two mounted soldiers wear red jackets and rounded metal helmets. Some soldiers on foot are breaking into an inn: the inn sign originally showed a star linking it with the Star of Bethlehem (overpainted in the version in the Royal Collection). One soldier wields an axe and another has a log to use as a battering ram; three are climbing into an open window, and one with a halberd kicks at a door, shaking off an overhanging icicle which threatens to fall on his head. Moving across the foreground, right to left, a baby (changed to a bundle) has been torn from a mother and her small daughter; a soldier holds back a large dog; and further the left, in the immediate foreground, a soldier is about to stab a child (overpainted as a calf). At the far left, another soldier chases after a woman.

A group of mounted soldiers stands in the left foreground, two in black armour with lances, a trumpeter in a yellow jacket, and three with red jackets. One may be intended to be the Duke of Alba, the notoriously harsh commander of the Spanish army in the Netherlands: the resemblance becomes clearer in the later paintings by Brueghel the Younger.

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  Version in the Royal Museums of Fine Arts of Belgium, Brussels
• 
  Version from Brukenthal Museum, Sibiu, Romania
• 
  Version in a private collection
• 
  Another version sold in 2012

See also

• List of paintings by Pieter Bruegel the Elder

References

• ISBN 9781905686001
• The Massacre of the Innocents (after Pieter Bruegel the elder), National Trust, at Upton House
• Massacre of the Innocents, Royal Collection
• Massacre of the Innocents 1565
• "The Massacre of the Innocents", The Great Picture Trail, broadcast on BBC Two on 17 June 2011
• A winter landscape with the Massacre of the Innocents, Sotheby's, 7 December 2005
• A Flemish village in winter with the Massacre of the Innocents, Sotheby's, 8 July 2009
• A winter landscape with the Massacre of the Innocents, Christie's, 3 July 2012
• (in Romanian) Altarozzi, Giordano, Elemente ale revoltei din Țările de Jos în opera lui Pieter Bruegel cel Bătrân: Uciderea pruncilor, Interferențe culturale în Sibiul secolelor XVIII-XX, pp. 13–22, Sibiu, 2014,
  ISBN 978-606-733-014-4
• Massacre of the Innocents, different composition by Pieter Brueghel the Younger, Royal Museums of Fine Arts of Belgium