Mercury pressure gauge

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An open (differential) mercury pressure gauge

A mercury pressure gauge is a type of

manometer using mercury
as the working fluid. The most basic form of this instrument is a U-shaped glass tube filled with mercury. More complex versions deal with very high pressure or have better means of filling with mercury.

Description

The instrument consists of a glass U-tube half-filled with mercury. One end is connected to the vessel whose pressure is being measured. The other may be either left open or sealed. If it is left open, the pressure measured is relative to air pressure, which is variable. If it is sealed, the pressure measured is the

mmHg).[3]

The pressure is determined by measuring the difference in height between the reference column and the column connected to the item under test. Calibration marks are usually provided to aid in this measurement and in laboratories a

SI unit but is still sometimes found in use, particularly in medicine.[6] In SI units, 1 mmHg is approximately 133 Pa .[7]

Filling with mercury

Zimmerli's mercury pressure gauge

The initial filling of a sealed gauge with mercury can be problematic. One method involves fusing the glass of the gauge to a vessel of mercury, pumping out the air and boiling the mercury. After filling, the gauge is then cut away again. Further, the vacuum in the gauge eventually deteriorates due to slow diffusion of gases through the mercury, making the device inaccurate.[8]

In 1938, Adolph Zimmerli (1886–1967)[9] invented a gauge that overcame the filling problems, at least for pressures below ambient pressure.[10] Zimmerli's gauge consists of three relatively wide columns. Referring to the diagram, the columns in the centre and on the right function as a standard U-tube gauge. Additionally, the top of the centre column is connected to the bottom of the third column on the left with a capillary tube. The centre column is initially completely filled with mercury, as is the connecting capillary. The other two columns are partially filled. The top of both the main column on the right and the reservoir column on the left are connected together and to an inlet for the pressure to be measured. When the test pressure is applied, the mercury rises in both the left and right columns and falls in the centre column. The mercury at the top of the capillary breaks and a vacuum forms there. The pressure is then measured in the usual way by the difference between the heights of the right and centre columns.[11]

Since a new vacuum is formed each time a measurement is made, there is no problem with the vacuum becoming contaminated. Any bubbles that do form in the capillary are easily removed by inverting the gauge and shaking or tapping.[12]

High pressure measurement

Kamerlingh Onnes mercury pressure gauge

For extremely high pressures, the column can still be very high, even when using mercury. Gauges for measuring pressure in the range 20–30 standard atmospheres (15,000–23,000 mmHg) have been built.[13] A 23-metre-tall mercury column is difficult to read and suffers from inaccuracies caused by different parts of the column being at different temperatures. A more compact mercury pressure gauge suitable for high pressure was built by Heike Kamerlingh Onnes, the discoverer of superconductivity. This consisted of a series of mercury filled U-tubes connected together with inverted U-tubes. The inverted U-tubes contain compressed air at a pressure designed to bring the instrument into the pressure range of interest. The pressure is found from this instrument by summing together the difference in column heights in each of the U-tubes.[14]

History

The parent of all mercury pressure gauges is the mercury barometer invented by Evangelista Torricelli in 1643.[15] An early engineering application of the mercury pressure gauge was to measure pressure in steam boilers during the age of steam. The first use on steam engines was by James Watt while developing the Watt steam engine between 1763 and 1775. This engine was a development of the popular Newcomen atmospheric engine.[16] A gauge for use on steam engines very similar to the later Kamerlingh-Onnes gauge was patented in 1858 by Thomas Purssglove. Like the Kamerlingh-Onnes device, it had multiple U-tubes connected in series. The connecting tubes were filled with an incompressible fluid.[17]

The instrument was formerly widely used in education, laboratories, and medical measurements as well as its industrial applications. However, the toxicity of mercury and the risk of spills, through broken glassware, has led to its decline. It is also easier to interface other types of sensor to electronic systems. By 1991 it had mostly been replaced by other technologies.[18]

Use as a standard

Mercury gauges are commonly used as the

photonic device is installed to replace it.[20]

See also

  • McLeod gauge, a type of mercury pressure gauge used for calibrating electronic pressure gauges

References

  1. ^ Hála et al., pp. 207–209
  2. ^ Stein, p. 409
  3. ^ Herman, p. 82
  4. ^ Hála et al., p. 208
  5. ^ Singh, p. 8
  6. ^ Lindh et al., p. 271
  7. ^ Kotz et al., p. 516
  8. ^ Hála et al., pp. 209–211
  9. ^ <Rutgers author>, p. 34
  10. ^ Zimmerli, p. 283
  11. ^ Hála et al., pp. 211–212
  12. ^ Hála et al., p. 212
  13. ^ Hála et al., p. 220
  14. ^ Hála et al., p. 220
  15. ^ Mack, p. 3-12
  16. ^ Kopp, p. 494
  17. ^ Purssglove, p. 1
  18. ^ COWI, pp. 138–139
  19. ^ Suski et al., p. 75
  20. ^ Lee

Bibliography

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