Multicategory

In

Definition

A (non-symmetric) multicategory consists of

• a collection (often a
  proper class
  ) of objects;
• for every
  finite sequence
  ${\displaystyle (X_{i})_{i\in [n]}}$ of objects (${\displaystyle [n]=\{0,1,2,...,n\}}$) and every object Y, a set of morphisms from ${\displaystyle (X_{i})_{i\in n}}$ to Y; and
• for every object X, a special identity morphism (with n = 1) from X to X.

Additionally, there are composition operations: Given a sequence of sequences ${\displaystyle ((X_{ij})_{i\in n_{j}})_{j\in m}}$ of objects, a sequence ${\displaystyle (Y_{j})_{j\in m}}$ of objects, and an object Z: if

• for each ${\displaystyle j\in m}$, f_j is a morphism from ${\displaystyle (X_{ij})_{i\in n_{j}}}$ to Y_j; and
• g is a morphism from ${\displaystyle (Y_{j})_{j\in m}}$ to Z:

then there is a composite morphism ${\displaystyle g(f_{j})_{j\in m}}$ from ${\displaystyle (X_{ij})_{i\in n_{j},j\in m}}$ to Z. This must satisfy certain axioms:

• If m = 1, Z = Y₀, and g is the identity morphism for Y₀, then g(f₀) = f₀;
• if for each ${\displaystyle j\in m}$, n_j = 1, ${\displaystyle X_{0j}=Y_{j}}$, and f_j is the identity morphism for Y_j, then ${\displaystyle g(f_{j})_{j\in m}=g}$; and
• an
  associativity
  condition: if for each ${\displaystyle j\in m}$ and ${\displaystyle i\in n_{j}}$, ${\displaystyle e_{ij}}$ is a morphism from ${\displaystyle (W_{hij})_{h\in o_{ij}}}$ to ${\displaystyle X_{ij}}$, then ${\displaystyle g\left(f_{j}(e_{ij})_{i\in n_{j}}\right)_{j\in m}=g(f_{j})_{j\in m}(e_{ij})_{i\in n_{j},j\in m}}$ are identical morphisms from ${\displaystyle (W_{hij})_{h\in o_{ij},i\in n_{j},j\in m}}$ to Z.

Comcategories

A comcategory (co-multi-category) is a

${\displaystyle \mathrm {head} :A\rightarrow O,}$

${\displaystyle \mathrm {ground} :A\rightarrow O^{\%},}$

where O^% is the set of all finite ordered sequences of elements of O. The dual image of a multiarrow f may be summarized

${\displaystyle f:\mathrm {head} (f)\Leftarrow \mathrm {ground} (f).}$

A comcategory C also has a multiproduct with the usual character of a composition operation. C is said to be associative if there holds a multiproduct axiom in relation to this operator.

Any multicategory, symmetric or non-symmetric, together with a total-ordering of the object set, can be made into an equivalent comcategory.

A multiorder is a comcategory satisfying the following conditions.

• There is at most one multiarrow with given head and ground.
• Each object x has a unit multiarrow.
• A multiarrow is a unit if its ground has one entry.

Multiorders are a generalization of partial orders (posets), and were first introduced (in passing) by Tom Leinster.^[1]

Examples

There is a multicategory whose objects are (small)

There is a multicategory whose objects are

More generally, given any monoidal category C, there is a multicategory whose objects are objects of C, where a morphism from the C-objects X₁, X₂, ..., and X_n to the C-object Y is a C-morphism from the monoidal product of X₁, X₂, ..., and X_n to Y.

An operad is a multicategory with one unique object; except in degenerate cases, such a multicategory does not come from a monoidal category.

Examples of multiorders include pointed multisets (sequence A262671 in the OEIS), integer partitions (sequence A063834 in the OEIS), and combinatory separations (sequence A269134 in the OEIS). The triangles (or compositions) of any multiorder are morphisms of a (not necessarily associative) category of contractions and a comcategory of decompositions. The contraction category for the multiorder of multimin partitions (sequence A255397 in the OEIS) is the simplest known category of multisets.^[2]

Applications

Multicategories are often incorrectly considered to belong to higher category theory, as their original application was the observation that the operators and identities satisfied by higher categories are the objects and multiarrows of a multicategory. The study of n-categories was in turn motivated by applications in algebraic topology and attempts to describe the homotopy theory of higher dimensional manifolds. However it has mostly grown out of this motivation and is now also considered to be part of pure mathematics.[1]

The correspondence between contractions and decompositions of triangles in a multiorder allows one to construct an associative algebra called its incidence algebra. Any element that is nonzero on all unit arrows has a compositional inverse, and the Möbius function of a multiorder is defined as the compositional inverse of the zeta function (constant-one) in its incidence algebra.

History

Multicategories were first introduced under that name by