Naturally occurring retirement community
The examples and perspective in this article deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject. (August 2019) |
A naturally occurring retirement community (NORC; /nɔːrk/) is a community that has a large proportion of residents over 60 but was not specifically planned or designed to meet the needs of seniors living independently in their homes.
NORCs may develop in three ways:
- Aging in place: numerous persons moved into a community when they were younger
- Emigration: older people remain in a community as younger residents move out
- Immigration: numerous older people move into a community
History
The
For example, in the
Types
NORCs are geographically defined either by the dimensions of an
- Classic NORC. Also called a "housing-based," "vertical," or "closed" NORC, a classic NORC may be a single age-integrated apartment building, a housing complex with multiple buildings under common management, or an area where a number of apartment buildings are clustered together.
- Neighborhood-based NORC. Also known as a "horizontal" or "open" NORC, a neighborhood-based NORC is typically an age-integrated neighborhood of one- and two-family homes.
- Rural NORC. Also known as a Naturally Occurring Retirement Region (NORR), a rural NORC covers a large geographic area in which the population density is low, typically comprising one- and two family homes.
Programs
In response to the NORC demographic phenomenon, many communities have developed NORC programs, also known as NORC supportive service programs (NORC-SSPs or just SSPs), to serve their senior residents by providing
NORC programs are generally supported by some mix of public and private
The first NORC program was established in 1986 at Penn South Houses, a ten-building 2,800-unit moderate-income housing cooperative located in New York City, with support from the UJA/Federation of New York. Since then, the NORC program model has been broadly replicated at the local, state, and national levels and can be found in more than 25 states across the country.
Sources
- Anetzberger, G. J. (2010). "Community options of greater Cleveland, Ohio: Preliminary evaluation of a naturally occurring retirement community program." Clinical Gerontologist, 33(1), 1–15.
- Bedney, B. J., Goldberg, R. B., & Josephson, K. (2010). "Aging in place in naturally occurring retirement communities: Transforming aging through supportive service programs." Journal of Housing for the Elderly, 24(3–4), 304–321.
- Bennett, P. (2010). "Exploration and assessment of the NORC transformation process." Journal of Housing for the Elderly, 24(3–4), 373–391.
- Bronstein, L., Gellis, Z. D., & Kenaley, B. L. (2011). "A neighborhood naturally occurring retirement community: Views from providers and residents." The Journal of Applied Gerontology, 30(1), 104–112.
- Bronstein, L., & Kenaley, B. (2010). "Learning from vertical NORCs: Challenges and recommendations for horizontal NORCs." Journal of Housing for the Elderly, 24(3–4), 237–248.
- Cohen-Mansfield, J., Dakheel-Ali, M., & Jensen, B. (2013). "Predicting service use and intent to use services of older adult residents of two naturally occurring retirement communities." Social Work Research, 37(4), 313–326.
- Elbert, K., & Neufeld, P. (2010). "Indicators of a successful naturally occurring retirement community: A case study." Journal of Housing for the Elderly, 24(3), 322–334.
- Enguidanos, S., Pynoos, J., Denton, A., Alexman, S., & Diepenbrock, L. (2010). "Comparison of barriers and facilitators in developing NORC programs: A tale of two communities." Journal of Housing for the Elderly, 24(3–4), 291–303.
- Grant-Savela, S. (2010). "Active living among older residents of a rural naturally occurring retirement community." The Journal of Applied Gerontology, 29(5), 531–553.
- Greenfield, E. A. (2014). "Community aging initiatives and social capital: Developing theories of change in the context of NORC supportive service programs." Journal of Applied Gerontology, 33(2), 227–250.
- Ivery, J., Akstein-Kahan, D., & Murphy, K. (2010). "Norc supportive services model implementation and community capacity." Journal of Gerontological Social Work, 53(1), 21–42.
- Ivery, Jan M., and Deborah Akstein-Kahan. "The Naturally Occurring Retirement Community (NORC) Initiative in Georgia: Developing and Managing Collaborative Partnerships to Support Older Adults." Administration in Social Work 34.4 (2010): 329–343.
- Kloseck, Marita, Richard G. Crilly, and Gloria M. Gutman. "Naturally Occurring Retirement Communities: Untapped Resources to Enable Optimal Aging at Home." Journal of Housing for the Elderly 24.3–4 (2010): 392–412.
- Lun, M. (2010). "The correlate of religion involvement and formal service use among community-dwelling elders: An explorative case of naturally occurring retirement community." Journal of Religion & Spirituality in Social Work, 29(3), 207–217.
- MacLaren, C., Dsw, G. L., & Schwartz, H. (2007). "History, accomplishments, issues and prospects of supportive service programs in naturally occurring retirement communities in New York State: Lessons learned." Journal of Gerontological Social Work, 49(1–2), 127–144.
- Masotti, P. J., Fick, R., & O'Connor, K. (2010). "Healthy naturally occurring retirement communities: The need for increased collaboration between local public health agencies and municipal government." Journal of Housing for the Elderly, 24(3–4), 249–266.
- Pine, V., & Pine, P. (2002). "Naturally occurring retirement community-supportive service program: An example of devolution." Journal of Aging & Social Policy, 14(3), 181–193.
- Tremoulet, A. (2010). "Manufactured home parks: NORCs awaiting discovery." Journal of Housing for the Elderly, 24(3–4), 335–355.
- Vladeck, F., Segel, R., Oberlink, M., Gursen, M. D., & Rudin, D. (2010). "Health indicators: A proactive and systematic approach to healthy aging." Cityscape, 12(2), 67–84.
- Vladeck, F. (2012). "The Next Generation of Senior Services: Responding to Health Reform." Care Management Journals, 13(1), 37–41.
Notes
References
- ^ "Staff Bios: Michael Hunt". University of Wisconsin–Madison.
- U.S. Department of Health and Human Services). Archivedfrom the original on April 14, 2009. Retrieved December 15, 2015.
- ^ "Yuppies and Dinks give way to Norcs". thebuzz.beesnees.com.au. 2012-04-04.
Further reading
- "Health Indicators: A Proactive and Systematic Approach to Healthy Aging". Cityscape (a journal of the U.S. Dept. of Housing and Urban Development). July 19, 2010.
- "Integrating Community Services Within a NORC: The Park La Brea Experience". Cityscape (a journal of the U.S. Dept. of Housing and Urban Development). July 19, 2010.
- Moeller, Philip (February 27, 2009). "More Seniors Opting for Nontraditional Retirement Communities". U.S. News & World Report.
- Moeller, Philip (October 7, 2009). "Unique Haven for an Aging America". U.S. News & World Report.
- Span, Paula (September 25, 2009). "When the Neighborhood Is the Retirement Village". The New York Times.
External links
- "Health Indicators – Advancing Healthy Aging in your Community". Aging Health Indicators. Archived from the original on 2011-06-23.
- "NORC Blueprint – A Guide to Community Action and resource for developing effective NORC programs". Norc Blueprint.