Naval stores
Naval stores are all liquid products derived from
The term naval stores originally applied to the organic compounds used in building and maintaining wooden
Presently, pine compounds produced by the
History
Colonial North America
The
Naval stores played a role during the American Revolutionary War. As Britain attempted to cripple French and Spanish capacities through blockade, they declared naval stores to be contraband. At the time Russia was Europe's chief producer of naval stores, leading to the seizure of 'neutral' Russian vessels. In 1780 Catherine the Great announced that her navy would be used against anyone interfering with neutral trade, and she gathered together European neutrals in the League of Armed Neutrality. These actions were beneficial for the struggling colonists as the British were forced to act with greater caution.[3]
Zallen tells in detail how turpentine (and rosin) are produced as naval stores.
The pine trees of North Carolina were well suited to camphine production. The business also provided additional need for slaves as production expanded. Backwoods became more productive. Slaves were often leased in winter when agriculture was slower. The value of many was protected by
Zallen reports that after
The major producers of naval stores in the 19th and 20th century were the United States of America, and France, where Napoleon encouraged planting of pines in areas of sand dunes. In the 1920s the United States exported eleven million gallons of spirits. By 1927, France exported about 20 percent of the world's resin.[5]
Separation techniques
Today naval stores are recovered from the tall oil byproduct stream of Kraft process pulping of pines in the US, though tapping of living pines remains common in other parts of the world. Turpentine and pine oil may be recovered by steam distillation of oleoresin or by destructive distillation of pine wood. Solvent extraction of shredded stumps and roots has become more common with the availability of inexpensive naphtha. Rosin remains in the still after turpentine and water have boiled off.[6]
See also
Footnotes
- ISBN 3527306730.
- ^ Greene, Jack P, Pursuits of Happiness, Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1988, pp. 144-145
- ^ Crosby, Alfred W., Jr., America, Russia, Hemp, and Napoleon, Ohio State University Press, 1965, pp. 8
- ^ Zallen, Jeremy (2019). American Lucifers: The Dark History of Artificial Light, 1750-1865. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press.
- ISBN 9780807129814.
- ISBN 0-442-20164-8pp.569-573
External links
- https://web.archive.org/web/20101009032732/http://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/organization/history/naval_stores.htm
- http://www.maritime.org/conf/conf-kaye-tar.htm
- http://www.fao.org/documents/show_cdr.asp?url_file=/docrep/V6460E/v6460e04.htm
- http://www.hchsonline.org/places/turpentine.html
- https://web.archive.org/web/20070928044420/http://www.unctv.org/exploringNC/episode308.html