Noise-cancelling headphones

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Bose QuietComfort 25 Acoustic Noise Cancelling Headphones with Carry Case.
Noise-cancelling headphones alongside a carry case

Noise-cancelling headphones are

headphones which, if they reduce ambient sounds at all, use techniques such as soundproofing
.

Noise cancellation makes it possible to listen to audio content without raising the volume excessively. In the aviation environment, noise-cancelling headphones increase the signal-to-noise ratio significantly more than passive noise attenuating headphones or no headphones, making hearing important information such as safety announcements easier.[1] Noise-cancelling headphones can improve listening enough to completely offset the effect of a distracting concurrent activity.[2]

Theory

Simplified graphical depiction of active noise reduction

To cancel the lower-

destructive interference). Most noise-cancelling headsets in the consumer market generate the noise-cancelling waveform in real time with analogue technology. In contrast, other active noise and vibration control products use soft real-time digital processing. According to an experiment conducted to test how lightweight earphones reduced noise as compared to commercial headphones and earphones, lightweight headphones achieved better noise reduction than normal headphones. The experiment also supported that in-ear headphones worked better at reducing noise than outer-ear headphones.[3]

Cancellation focuses on constant droning sounds like road noise and is less effective on short/sharp sounds like voices or breaking glass. It also is ineffective in eliminating higher frequency noises like the sound of spraying. Noise-cancelling headphones often combine sound isolation with ANC to maximize the sound reduction across the frequency spectrum. Noise cancellation can also be used without sound isolation to make wanted sounds (such as voices) easier to hear. Noise cancellation to eliminate ambient noise is never passive because of the circuitry required, so references to passive noise cancellation actually are referring to products featuring sound isolation.

To prevent higher-frequency noise from reaching the ear, most noise-cancelling headphones depend on sound isolation or soundproofing. Higher-frequency sound has a shorter wavelength, and cancelling this sound would require locating devices to detect and counteract it closer to the listener's eardrum than is currently technically feasible or would require digital algorithms that would complicate the headphone's electronics.[4]

Noise-cancelling headphones specify the amount of noise they can cancel in terms of decibels. This number may be useful for comparing products but does not tell the whole story, as it does not specify noise reduction at various frequencies.

In aviation

By the 1950s,

headsets are now commonly available.[5][6]

In 1989,

NiCad batteries (with a claimed battery life of 8 hours) or by power from the aircraft. Series I aviation headsets are distinguished by the clear windows on the earcups or by noting that the on/off switch and volume control are located on the separate control module.[7]

Several airlines provide noise-cancelling headphones in their business and first-class cabins. Bose started supplying American Airlines with noise-cancelling headphones in 1999 and started offering the "Quiet Comfort" line for the general consumer in 2000. Noise cancelling is particularly effective against aircraft engine noise.[citation needed][7]

As a sleeping aid

Noise-cancellation headphones have been used as sleeping aids as well.[8] Both passive isolating and active noise-cancellation headphones or earplugs help to achieve a reduction of ambient sounds, which is particularly helpful for people suffering from insomnia or other sleeping disorders, for whom sounds such as cars honking and snoring impact their ability to sleep. For that reason, noise-cancelling sleep headphones and ear plugs are designed to cater to this segment of patients.[9]

In hospitals

The use of noise-cancelling headphones for patients in intensive care units has been implemented to reduce the amount of noise exposure that they face while in a hospital environment. Active noise control technology is shown to have a relationship with sleep disturbance, delirium, and morbidity, therefore bringing up concerns about lowering the levels of noise for patients receiving care.[10]

Health and safety

See also: Headphones § Health and safety

There is a general danger that listening to loud music in headphones can distract the listener and lead to injury and accidents.[11][12] Noise-cancelling headphones add extra risk. Several countries and states have made it illegal to wear headphones while driving or cycling.[13]

It is not uncommon to get a pressure-like feeling when using noise-cancelling headphones initially. This is caused by the lack of low-frequency sounds as being perceived as a pressure differential between the inner and outer ear.[14][15][16]

Autism

A December 2016 study from the Hong Kong Journal of Occupational Therapy found that noise-cancellation headphones helped children with autism spectrum disorder cope with behaviors related to hyper-reactivity and auditory stimuli.[17]

Drawbacks

The active noise control requires power, usually supplied by a USB port or a

battery that must occasionally be replaced or recharged. Without power, some models do not function as regular headphones. Any battery and additional electronics may increase the size and weight of the headphones compared to regular headphones. The noise-cancelling circuitry may reduce audio quality and add high-frequency hiss, although reducing the noise may result in higher perceived audio quality.[18]

See also

References

  1. doi:10.1016/j.ssci.2012.06.006
    .
  2. doi:10.1016/j.apacoust.2012.06.015
    .. Recognition and recall of audio information improved when 65 dB(A) background noise was blocked by noise-cancelling headphones, and performance was "no different" when listening with the headphones while at the same time working a mathematical puzzle, than while trying to listen to the same audio with neither puzzle nor headphones.
  3. doi:10.3390/app8071178
    .
  4. ISBN 9783540234302
    , Seite 431
  5. ^ US Grant, US2966549A. "Apparatus for improving intelligence under high ambient noise levels". patents.google.com.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  6. ^ McKinley, L., Richard. "Auditory and Acoustic Research and Development At Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL)" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on October 16, 2019.
  7. ^ a b How a "Genius" Engineer Designed the First Noise Cancelling Headsets. The Broadcast Bridge. 19 February 2015. Retrieved 2020-12-26.
  8. ^ Yu, Winnie & Smith, Michael W., MD (November 7, 2013). "Will a Gadget Help You Sleep?". WebMD.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  9. ^ Jonaely, Rosarito (March 5, 2018). "How to get quality sleep at night?". Scalar. University of Southern California.
  10. PMID 29043462
    .
  11. ^ Greenfield, Paige (25 June 2011). "Deaf to Danger: The Perils of Earbuds". ABC News. Archived from the original on 14 December 2013. Retrieved 20 June 2013.
  12. S2CID 25177965
    .
  13. ^ "Headphones as a Driving Distraction" (PDF). The Royal Society for the Prevention of Accidents. Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 September 2017. Retrieved 14 September 2017.
  14. ^ Noise Cancelling Headphones | Office for Science and Society - McGill University
  15. ^ Why Do Noise Canceling Headphones Hurt My Ears?
  16. ^ Noise Cancelling Headphones Pressure on Ears: Why It Happens and What
  17. SAGE Journals
    .
  18. ^ Beacham, Frank (August 17, 2016). "The Limits of Noise Cancelling Headphones for Professional Use". The Broadcast Bridge.
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