Nonintrusive load monitoring
Nonintrusive load monitoring (NILM), nonintrusive appliance load monitoring (NIALM),
Background and theory
Nonintrusive load monitoring was invented by
The basic process is described in U.S. patent 4,858,141. As shown in figure 1 from the patent, a digital AC monitor is attached to the single-phase power going into a residence. Changes in the voltage and current are measured (i.e. admittance measurement unit), normalized (scaler) and recorded (net change detector unit). A cluster analysis is then performed to identify when different appliances are turned on and off. If a 60-watt bulb is turned on, for example, followed by a 100-watt bulb being turned on, followed by the 60-watt bulb being turned off followed by the 100-watt bulb being turned off, the NIALM unit will match the on and off signals from the 60-watt bulb and the on and off signals from the 100-watt bulb to determine how much power was used by each bulb and when. The system is sufficiently sensitive that individual 60-watt bulbs can be discriminated due to the normal variations in actual power draw of bulbs with the same nominal rating (e.g. one bulb might draw 61 watts, another 62 watts).
The system can measure both
NILM systems can also identify appliances with a series of individual changes in power draw. These appliances are modeled as
Applications
- "Extremely cost-effective" load identification[5]
- Cheap detection of startup transients, line or equipment faults, etc.[6][7]
- Perform surveys of both residential and commercial energy consumption.[8][9]
- Demand response system for use on the smart grid.[10]
- Monitor systems on-board ships for safe systems operation with fewer sensors.[11]
Privacy concerns
NILM can detect what types of appliances people have and their behavioral patterns. Patterns of energy use may indicate behavior patterns, such as routine times that nobody is at home, or embarrassing or illegal behavior of residents. It could, for example, reveal when the occupants of a house are using the shower, or when individual lights are turned on and off.[3]
If the NILM is running remotely at a utility or by a third party, the homeowner may not know that their behavior is being monitored and recorded.
A stand-alone in-home system, under the control of the user, can provide feedback about energy use, without revealing information to others. Drawing links between their behavior and energy consumption may help reduce energy consumption, improve efficiency, flatten peak loads, save money, or balance appliance use with green energy availability. However the use of a stand-alone system does not protect one from remote monitoring.
The accuracy and capability of this technology is still developing and is not 100% reliable in near-real-time, such that complete information is accumulated and analyzed over periods ranging from minutes to hours.
Software
- A framework for non-intrusive load monitoring and diagnostics (M. Eng. thesis) contains code listings for an implementation[12]
- Non-Intrusive Load Monitoring Toolkit (NILMTK) - An open source project written in Python[13]
See also
References
- doi:10.1109/5.192069.
- S2CID 207939102.
- ^ S2CID 41307271.
- ^ NALM bibliography 1980–1995
- ^ "The transient behavior of a typical electrical load is strongly". Archived from the original on 2008-12-15. Retrieved 2016-06-15.
- S2CID 23933111. Archived from the original(PDF) on 15 June 2016. Retrieved 2 December 2022.
- hdl:1959.13/1308922.
- .
- S2CID 27239912.
- S2CID 14088478.
- S2CID 12796256.
- ^ A framework for non-intrusive load monitoring and diagnostics (M. Eng. thesis)
- ^ Non-Intrusive Load Monitoring Toolkit (NILMTK)