Obligate carrier
An obligate carrier is an individual who may be clinically unaffected but who must carry a
X-linked Recessive
Inheritance
In
Females that are heterozygous for X-linked recessive disorders are obligate carriers, but can never be
Males only have one copy of any gene on the X-chromosome, and because they do not undergo X-inactivation, they only have the mutated gene. As a result, these types of diseases most commonly phenotypically affect males and rarely females.Hemophilia
Hemophilia, or haemophilia, is an X-linked recessive disorder that impairs the body's control over blood clotting. Haemophilia A and Haemophilia B arise from mutations in the genes for factor VIII and factor IX, respectively.[6] Females with this disease are almost exclusively unaffected, obligate carriers. The mutations can be passed on to offspring by mothers and fathers, but the phenotype is only expressed in males that inherit the mutation.[7] All daughters of a hemophiliac father are obligate carriers of the disease.
Autosomal Recessive
In an autosomal recessive disease, if an individual is heterozygous for the mutant allele, they are a carrier because the disease is recessive. If homozygous, they have the disease. All offspring of an affected individual are either heterozygous or homozygous for the mutated allele. Consequently, all unaffected (heterozygous) offspring of an affected individual are obligate carriers of the disease because they will necessarily carry the mutated allele.[8]
Detection
Due to the predictable patterns of heritable disorders, techniques can be used to detect past, present, and future disease prevalence in individuals among a family. Specifically,
References
- ^ "MedlinePlus: Genetics".
- ISBN 0-471-25154-2.
- PMID 23864971.
- PMID 22178198.)
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: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link - PMID 1093816.
- doi:10.1055/s-0037-1615621.)
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link - ^ "Heredity of hemophilia". Canadian Hemophilia Society. 11 April 2018. Retrieved 2 April 2021.
- ^ Tissot, Robert. "Autosomal Recessive Inheritance". Human Genetics. UIC. Retrieved 7 December 2015.
- ^ a b "Carrier Diagnosis". World Federation of Hemophilia. Retrieved 2 April 2021.
- PMID 8324863.