Origin of the Vijayanagara Empire
The origin of the Vijayanagara Empire is a controversial topic in
Kannadiga origin theory
Scholars such as Rothermund,
The historian Saletore pointed out that even famous Telugu scholars such as Vallabharaya and
Kamath points out that almost half of the Vijayanagara Empire inscriptions, out of a total of 7,000 available to us, are in Kannada. The Kings used titles such as Bhashegetappuva rayara ganda, Moorurayaraganda and Arirayadatta which are pure Kannada language titles. Their remaining inscriptions are in Sanskrit, Telugu, and Tamil.
According to the historians Saletore, P.B. Desai and Henry Heras, the theory of capture of Harihara I and Bukka Raya I by the Sultan of Delhi and conversion to Islam is false and that the testimony of epigraphs proves that the area around
According to
Aiyangar opines that since the Kakatiya dynasty collapsed about 20 years before the demise of Veera Ballala III of Hoysala Empire in 1342 CE, and Hosapattana was established as a second capital by Veera Ballala III (which eventually became the capital of the Vijayanagara Empire) it would be impossible for Harihara, the founder of fledgling empire to attain such a high position in a short time without having close ties to Hoysala Empire.[29]
The Vijayanagara kings make their first appearance as Mahamandalesvaras from the year A. D. 1336 under Hoysalas, to believe that they were the feudatories of Ballala. As stated before Balappa-dannayaka, the nephew ot Ballala was the son-in-law ot Harihara 1. It is therefore probable that Ballala brought about this connection and instituted the Vijayanagara chiefs In the fort of Vijayanagara, for the defence of the northern frontiers.[30] Ballala, having given over the protection of his northern territories into the hands of Harihara and his brother, he directed his attention to the south,[31] Ferishta says, a new fort was raised in the northern frontiers of Ballala's dominions carried by the name of Beejanuggur (Vijayanagara) after his son Beeja. Ballala had a son by the name of Vira Virupaksha Ballala Deva. One inscription in the Yedatore Taiuk informs us that Ballala had a son named Hampe-Vodeyar. Hampe is still the name of the site of Vijayanagara. Hampe-Vodeyar may be the same as VIra-Virupaksha Ballala. Ballala was residing at a new residence called Viru-pakshapattana or Virupaksha-Hosadurga; evidently a derivation of his son's name. As mentioned ; , eviousiy Rice has identified this latter place with Hosadurga in Chitradroog District. Fr. Heras has, however, identified it with the city of Vijayanagara, the capital of the Vijayanagara Empire. Ferishta probably heard that the city was named after Ballala's son and hence deduced his name “Beeja" from the then current name of the city.[32] An inscription of A. D. 1380 gives the name of Virupaksha to the city of Vijayanagara. The temple of Virupaksha in that city indicates the original name. Virupaksha was also known as Hosadurga. Vijaya was not a new name to the Hoysalas. Ballala II is said to have made a fort called Vijayagir and once he was residing at Vijayapura or Hallavur. In A. D. 1354 Bukka I is said to have been residing at Hosapattana. All this epigraphical evidence may easily lead one to identify Virupaksha or Hosadurga with Vijayanagara. An inscription dated A. D. 1378 gives the description of the new town Hosapattana, which is the same as that of Vijayanagara "There, with the Tuhgabhadra as his foot-stool, and Hemakuta as his throne, he (Bukka) was seated like Virupaksha for the protection of the people of the earth” Vijayanagara is on the Tuhgabhadra, Hemakuta a hill in it, and Virupaksha its god.[33] Thus the Vijayanagara empire was founded by the Hoysala and its chieftains.
Telugu origin theory
Historians such as Robert Sewell, Dallapiccola, M.H. Ramasarma, Y. Subbarayalu, N. Venkataramanayya and B. Suryanarain Rao have attested the
Historians Venkataramanayya and Ramasarma supported the conclusions of Sewell based on his research and the information provided by the
According to Gribble, Muslim scholars of the time, such as
According to Venkataramanaya, Kaapaya and Bukka had actively collaborated with each other to ward off the Muslim threat, probably because of their close association in the court of
Other theories of origin
A popular account says that the Hampi region was part of a
Notes
- B.A. Saletore, Henry Herasand Kamath in Kamath (2001), p158
- ^ Karmarkar (1947), p30
- ^ a b c Kulke and Rothermund (2004), p188
- ^ G.S.Gai and S.K. Aiyangar in Durga Prasad, p191
- ^ Rice (1897), p345
- ^ The Empire of Vijayanagara arose out of the ruins of the Hoysala Empire as a new phoenix bird out of the ashes of its progenitor (William Coelho 1949, p08)
- ^ Karnataka : Homeland of the empire (M .H Rama Sharma 1971, p33)
- ^ West (1877), p. 637
- ^ Several grants were made by the founders Harihara I and Bukka I to the Shringeri monastery in 1346 and Vidyaranya did use his influence to secure critical financial support for the brothers of the Sangama dynasty (Kamat 2001, p160-161)
- ^ Vidyaranya's blessings and proximity, and the influence of monastic order of Shringeri helped in providing legitimacy to the founding kings of a new empire (Kulke and Rothermund 2004, p188)
- ^ Quote:"The founding king was an officer under King Ballala" (West 1877, p637)
- Kannadigasby origin" (Karmarkar 1947, p30)
- ^ Quote:"According to William Coelho and Henry Heras" (Kamath 2001, p129)
- ^ Eaton (2006), p42
- ^ Kamath (2001), p160-161
- ^ Ibn Batuta gave a graphic description of his end of Veera Ballala III. The greatest hero in the dark political atmosphere of South India (Kamath 2001, p130).
- ^ Saletore in Kamath (2001), p159. Saletore wrote Social and political life in Vijayanagar Empire, 1934
- ^ Desai in Kamath (2001), p159
- ^ a b c Kamath (2001), p159
- ^ Kamath (2001), p158
- ^ Kamath (2001), p157
- ^ G.S. Gai in Arthikaje. "The Vijayanagara Empire". History of Karnataka. outKarnataka.com. Retrieved 17 July 2007.
- ^ Appadurai in The Place of Kannada and Tamil in Indias National culture (INTAMM 1997).
- Herasin Kamath (2001), p159. Heras wrote Aravidu Dynasty of Vijayanagar Empire, 1927
- ^ a b Desai, Saletore and Henry Heras in Kamath 2001, p158
- ^ ISBN 9780199777648.
- ISBN 978-0-521-25484-7
- ISBN 978-0-231-54241-8.
- ISBN 978-1313440158.
- ^ Coelho, p. 262.
- ^ Coelho, p. 263.
- ^ Coelho, p. 260.
- ^ Coelho, p. 261.
- ^ ISBN 9780716521372.
- ^ ISBN 9788120608603.
- ISBN 0-521-77055-6
- ^ H. Kulke, "Reflections on the historiography of early Vijayanagara and Sringeri", in: Vijayanagara: City and Empire, Vol I, 1985, by A. Dallapiccola and S. Z. Ave, Stuttgart,pp. 120–143
- ^ Francis Buchanan, Travels in Southern India, Mysore, vol. III, East India Company, London, 1807, Buchanan, p. 110
- ^ J. R. Pantulu, "Krishna Raya or The Story of the Karnatak Kingdom", The Quarterly Journal of the Andhra Historical Research Society, Vol. II, Pts. 3 and 4, Rajamundry, 1927, pp. 204–219
- ^ Dames, Mansel Longworth (1918). Book of Duarte Barbosa. p. 204.
- ^ Durga Prasad, "History of the Andhras" Archived 13 March 2007 at the Wayback Machine
- ISBN 0-521-26693-9
- ^ a b c N. Venkataramanayya, The Early Muslim expansion in south India, University of Madras Press, Madras, 1942
- ^ M. H. Ramasarma, The History of the Vijayanagar Empire, Vol. I, Bombay
- ISBN 81-206-0860-7
- ^ B. V. Sreenivasa Rao, Notes on Vijayanagara, Journal of the Andhra Historical Research Society, Vol. 25, 1958–60, pp. 155–177
- ^ Y. Subbarayalu, "The Revenue System of the Vijayanagara State", The Vijayanagara Heritage, Ed. Ramamurthy J.R, Sri Vidya Vijayanagara Hampi Heritage Trust, Anegondi, Hospet, 1996, pp. 75–80
- ^ J. D. B. Gribble, History of the Deccan, 1896, Luzac and Co., London
- ^ B. R. Gopal, "The Gozalavidu Inscription of Bukkaraya", Journal of the Karnataka University, Vol. 7, Dharwad, 1971, pp. 174–183
- ^ N. Venkataramanayya, "Vijayanagara: Origin of the City and the Empire", Bulletin of the Department of Ancient History and Archaeology, Madras University, Madras, 1931
- ^ N. Venkararamanayya, "The Founders of Vijayanagara Before the Foundation of the City", Journal of the Oriental Research, Vol. 12, Pt. 2, Madras, 1938, pp. 221–223
- ^ Telugu Vignana Sarvaswamu, Volume 2, History, Telugu University, Hyderabad
- ^ M. Somasekhara Sarma, A Forgotten Chapter of Andhra History, 1945, Andhra University, Waltair
- ^ K. A. Nilakanta Sastri and N. Venkataramanayya; Further Sources of Vijayanagara History, 1946, Vol. II, University of Madras, Madras
- ^ Hampi – A Travel Guide, 2003, p27
References
- William Coelho, The Hoysala Vamsa, Digital Library India, (Reprinted 1949)
- M.H. Rama Sharma The History Of The Vijayanagara Empire (Reprinted 1917)
- Suryanath U. Kamat, A Concise History of Karnataka from Pre-historic Times to the Present, Jupiter books, MCC, Bangalore, 2001 (Reprinted 2002) OCLC: 7796041
- K.A. Nilakanta Sastri, History of South India, From Prehistoric times to fall of Vijayanagara, 1955, OUP, New Delhi (Reprinted 2002), ISBN 0-19-560686-8
- N. Venkataramanayya, The Early Muslim expansion in south India.
- Durga Prasad, History of the Andhras Till 1565 A.D., P. G. Publishers, Guntur
- Hampi, A Travel Guide, Department of Tourism, India, Good Earth publication, New Delhi 2003 ISBN 81-87780-17-7
- Karmarkar, A.P. (1947), Cultural History of Karnataka: Ancient and Medieval, Karnataka Vidyavardhaka Sangha, Dharwad OCLC 8221605
- Arthikaje. "The Vijayanagara empire". History of karnataka. OurKarnataka.Com. Retrieved 31 December 2006.
- Richard M. Eaton, ISBN 0-521-25484-1
- Hermann Kulke and Dietmar Rothermund, A History of India, fourth edition, Routledge, 2004, ISBN 0-415-32919-1
- Rice, B.L. (2001) [1897]. Mysore Gazetteer Compiled for Government-vol 1. New Delhi, Madras: Asian Educational Services. ISBN 81-206-0977-8.
- West, E.W. (1877), History of Bombay Karnataka, Musalman and Maratha A.D. 1300–1818, Asian Educational Services, New Delhi, Madras (Reprinted 1989), ISBN 978-81-206-0468-1
External links
- History of Karnataka, Mr. Arthikaje
- A Forgotten Empire (Vijayanagara): a contribution to the history of India (Translation of the "Chronica dos reis de Bisnaga" written by Domingos Paes and Fernão Nunes about 1520 and 1535, respectively, with a historical introduction by Robert Sewell).Free Download from Project Gutenberg