Madurai
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Madurai
Madura (colonial) | |
---|---|
UTC+5:30 (IST) | |
PIN | 625 xxx |
Telephone code | 0452 |
Website | maduraicorporation |
Madurai (
Madurai is closely associated with the
Madurai is an important industrial and educational hub in South Tamil Nadu. The city is home to various automobile,
It is one of the few towns and cities in List of AMRUT Smart cities in Tamil Nadu selected for AMRUT Schemes [16] from central government and the developmental activities are taken care by government of Tamil Nadu.[17]
Etymology
According to Iravatham Mahadevan, a 2nd-century BCE Tamil-Brahmi inscription refers to the city as matiray, an Old Tamil word meaning a "walled city".[18]
Madurai is one of the many temple towns in the state which is named after the groves, clusters or forests dominated by a particular variety of a tree or shrub and the same variety of tree or shrub sheltering the presiding deity. The region is believed to have been covered with Kadamba forest and hence called Kadambavanam.
Koodal means an assembly or congregation of scholarly people, referring to the three Tamil Sangams held at Madurai. Naanmadakoodal, meaning the junction of four towers, refers to the four major temples for which Madurai was known for.
History
The Buddhist text Mahavamsa mentions Madurai in the context of Prince Vijaya's (543–505 BCE) arrival in Sri Lanka with his 700 followers. According to the Mahavamsa, emissaries laden with precious gifts, jewels and pearls, were sent from Sri Lanka to Madurai of ancient Tamilakam. Their mission was to secure a bride for Prince Vijaya. The Pandyan King of Madurai agreed to the proposal. He not only sent his own daughter to marry Prince Vijaya but also requested other families to offer their daughters to marry the prince's ministers and retainers. So, along with the Princess and hundreds of maidens, craftsmen and a thousand families from the eighteen guilds were also sent to Sri Lanka.[8]
Madurai has been inhabited since at least the 3rd century BCE.
After the Sangam age, most of present-day Tamil Nadu, including Madurai, came under the rule of the
In 1801, Madurai came under the direct control of the
It was in Madurai, in 1921, that
In 1971, the municipality of Madurai was upgraded to a Municipal Corporation.[55] In 2011 the Corporation of Madurai expanded the area of its jurisdiction from seventy-two wards to one hundred wards, an increase in area from 51.82 square kilometres (12,810 acres) to 147.997 square kilometres (36,571 acres).[55]
Architecture
Madurai is built around the Koodal Azhagar temple and Meenakshi Temple, which acted as the geographic and ritual centre of the ancient city of Madurai. The city is divided into a number of concentric quadrangular streets around the temple.[56] Viswanatha Nayak (1529–64 CE), the first Madurai Nayak king, redesigned the city in accordance with the principles laid out by Shilpa Shastras (Sanskrit: śilpa śāstra, also anglicised as silpa sastra meaning rules of architecture) related to urban planning. These squares retain their traditional names of Aadi, Chittirai, Avani-moola and Masi streets, corresponding to the Tamil month names and also to the festivals associated.[56]
The temple prakarams (outer precincts of a temple) and streets accommodate an elaborate festival calendar in which dramatic processions circumambulate the shrines at varying distances from the centre. The temple chariots used in processions are progressively larger in size based on the size of the concentric streets.[57] Ancient Tamil classics record the temple as the centre of the city and the surrounding streets appearing liken a lotus and its petals.[21] The city's axes were aligned with the four-quarters of the compass, and the four gateways of the temple provided access to it. The wealthy and higher echelons of the society were placed in streets close to the temple, while the poorest were placed in the fringe streets. With the advent of British rule during the 19th century, Madurai became the headquarters of a large colonial political complex and an industrial town; with urbanisation, the social hierarchical classes became unified.[56]
Geography and climate
The Corporation of Madurai has an area of 147.97 square kilometres or 57.13 square miles.[58]
Madurai is located at 9°56′N 78°07′E / 9.93°N 78.12°E.
As is typical for Tamil Nadu, Madurai has a tropical savanna climate (Köppen Aw/As), although it borders closely upon a hot semi-arid climate (BSh).[citation needed]
Madurai is hot and dry for eight months of the year. Cold winds are experienced during February and March as in the neighbouring
Temperatures during summer generally reach a maximum of 42 °C or 107.6 °F and a minimum of 26.3 °C or 79.3 °F, although temperatures up to 43 °C or 109.4 °F are not uncommon.[66] Winter temperatures range between 29.6 °C or 85.3 °F and 18 °C or 64.4 °F. A study based on the data available with the Indian Meteorological Department on Madurai over a period of 62 years indicate rising trend in atmospheric temperature over Madurai city, attributed to urbanisation, growth of vehicles and industrial activity.[66] The maximum temperature of 42 °C or 107.6 °F for the decade of 2001 to 2010 was recorded in 2004 and in 2010.[66]
Climate data for Madurai, India (1981-2010) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 39.1 (102.4) |
38.5 (101.3) |
41.7 (107.1) |
42.1 (107.8) |
44.5 (112.1) |
42.2 (108.0) |
40.6 (105.1) |
40.0 (104.0) |
39.8 (103.6) |
40.0 (104.0) |
38.0 (100.4) |
37.0 (98.6) |
44.5 (112.1) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 30.8 (87.4) |
33.3 (91.9) |
36.0 (96.8) |
37.2 (99.0) |
37.9 (100.2) |
37.2 (99.0) |
36.5 (97.7) |
36.2 (97.2) |
35.1 (95.2) |
33.1 (91.6) |
30.6 (87.1) |
30.0 (86.0) |
34.5 (94.1) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 19.6 (67.3) |
21.5 (70.7) |
23.4 (74.1) |
25.6 (78.1) |
26.3 (79.3) |
26.2 (79.2) |
25.9 (78.6) |
25.5 (77.9) |
24.6 (76.3) |
23.7 (74.7) |
22.7 (72.9) |
21.3 (70.3) |
23.9 (75.0) |
Record low °C (°F) | 15.6 (60.1) |
14.5 (58.1) |
16.9 (62.4) |
19.4 (66.9) |
17.8 (64.0) |
17.8 (64.0) |
19.4 (66.9) |
20.6 (69.1) |
18.5 (65.3) |
18.9 (66.0) |
17.2 (63.0) |
16.7 (62.1) |
14.5 (58.1) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 8.5 (0.33) |
11.0 (0.43) |
18.3 (0.72) |
60.1 (2.37) |
80.6 (3.17) |
34.3 (1.35) |
56.9 (2.24) |
93.9 (3.70) |
121.5 (4.78) |
185.8 (7.31) |
147.2 (5.80) |
51.3 (2.02) |
569.4 (22.42) |
Average precipitation days | 0.8 | 1.1 | 1.2 | 3.3 | 4.0 | 2.2 | 2.9 | 4.6 | 6.6 | 9.7 | 6.8 | 3.4 | 46.6 |
Average relative humidity (%)
|
77 | 77 | 76 | 72 | 70 | 68 | 70 | 71 | 71 | 76 | 78 | 78 | 74 |
Average ultraviolet index | 7 | 7 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 7 | 7 | 6 | 6 | 7 |
Source 1: Indian Meteorological Department Mean data from 1981–2010[67][68] | |||||||||||||
Source 2: Weather Atlas[69] |
Demographics
Year | Pop. | ±% |
---|---|---|
1951 | 361,781 | — |
1961 | 424,810 | +17.4% |
1971 | 549,114 | +29.3% |
1981 | 820,891 | +49.5% |
1991 | 940,989 | +14.6% |
2001 | 928,869 | −1.3% |
2011 | 1,017,865 | +9.6% |
Source: |
According to
According to the religious census of 2011, Madurai had 85.83% Hindus, 8.54% Muslims, 5.18% Christians and 0.47% others.[77] Tamil is the main language, and the standard dialect is the Madurai Tamil dialect, and is spoken by 89.0% of the population.[78] Saurashtra, is the largest minority language which is spoken by 5.4% of the population. Other significant minority languages include Telugu (2.7%) and Urdu (1.5%).[79] Roman Catholics in Madurai are affiliated with the Roman Catholic Diocese of Madurai,[80] while Protestants are affiliated with the Madurai-Ramnad Diocese of the Church of South India.[81]
In 2001, Slum-dwellers comprise 32.6 per cent of the total population, much higher than the national average of 15.05 per cent.[82][83] The increase in growth rate to 50 per cent from 1971 to 1981 is due to the city's upgrade to a municipal corporation in 1974 and the subsequent inclusion of 13 Panchayats into the corporation limits. The decline in the population growth rate between 1981 and 2001 is due to the bifurcation of Madurai district into two, Madurai and Dindigul in 1984, and the subsequently of part of the city into the Theni district in 1997. The compounded annual growth rate dropped from 4.10 per cent during 1971–81 to 1.27 per cent during 1991–2004.[84]
Administration and politics
Municipal Corporation Officials | |
---|---|
Mayor | Mrs.Indirani Ponvasanth[85] |
Commissioner | Visagan[86] |
Deputy Mayor | seat vacant[87] |
Members of Legislative Assembly | |
Madurai Central |
P.T.R. Palanivel Thiagarajan[88] |
Madurai East |
P.Moorthy[88] |
Madurai North |
G. Thalapathi[88] |
Madurai South |
M. Boominathan[88] |
Madurai West |
Sellur K. Raju[88] |
Thiruparankundram | [89] V. V. Rajan Chellappa |
Thirumangalam |
R.B .Udhayakumar[88] |
Members of Parliament | |
Madurai
|
S. Venkatesan[90] |
Virudhunagar
|
Manicka Tagore[91]
|
The municipality of Madurai was constituted on 1 November 1866 as per the Town Improvement Act of 1865.[47] The municipality was headed by a chairperson and elections were regularly conducted for the post except during the period 1891 to 1896, when no elections were held due to violent factionalism. During the early years of independent India, the Madurai municipality was dominated by reformists of the Indian National Congress.[92] Madurai was upgraded to a municipal corporation on 1 May 1971 as per the Madurai City Municipal Corporation Act, 1971.[93] It is the second oldest municipal corporation in Tamil Nadu, after Chennai.[94] The functions of the municipality are devolved into six departments: General, Engineering, Revenue, Public Health, Town planning, and the Computer Wing. All these departments are under the control of a Municipal Commissioner, who is the supreme executive head.[95] The legislative powers are vested in a body of 100 members, one each from the 100 wards. The legislative body is headed by an elected Mayor assisted by a Deputy Mayor.[96] The corporation received several awards in 2008 for implementing development works.[97]
The city of Madurai is represented in the
Law and order is enforced by the
Transport
The National Highways
Education
Madurai has been an academic centre of learning for Tamil culture, literature, art, music and dance for centuries.
The American College is the oldest college in Madurai, and was established in 1881 by American Christian missionaries.[140] The Lady Doak College, established in 1948, is the oldest women's college in Madurai.[141] Thiagarajar College (established in 1949), Madura College (established in 1889),[142] Fatima College is a women's general degree college[143] (established in 1953),[144] Sourashtra College (established in 1967) and M.S.S. Wakf Board College (established in 1964), Tamil Nadu Polytechnic College ( established in 1946),[145] are the oldest educational institutions of the city. Madurai Kamaraj University (originally called Madurai University), established in 1966, is a state-run university which has 109 affiliated arts and science colleges in Madurai and neighbouring districts. There are 47 approved institutions of the university in and around the city, consisting of autonomous colleges, aided colleges, self-financing colleges, constituent colleges, evening colleges and other approved institutions.[146]
There are seven polytechnical schools and five
Economy
Madurai was traditionally an agrarian society, with rice paddies as the main crop. Cotton crop cultivation in the regions with black soil in Madurai district was introduced during the
With the advent of
Madurai is promoted as a tier II city for
Religious sites
The
Culture and tourism
Madurai is popularly called Thoonga Nagaram meaning the city that never sleeps, on account of the active night life.
The Eco park, situated in Tallakulam, features fountains and lighting in trees using optical fibres.
The people of Madurai celebrate numerous festivals, which include Meenakshi Tirukkalyanam, the Chittirai Festival and the
Jallikattu is the most popular historical sport in Tamil Nadu, which is a part of the Pongal festival (harvest festival) celebrated during January. The bull taming event is held in the villages surrounding Madurai when people from the neighbouring villages throng the open grounds to watch man and bull pitting their strength against each other.[168] Although the event was banned by the Supreme Court of India in 2014, large protests in 2017 led to the sport's reinstatement.[184] Santhanakoodu festivals in Madurai are celebrated on various days during the Islamic calendar year to commemorate Islamic saints.[185]
Media and utility services
The city hosts several radio stations, including the state-owned
Electricity supply to the city is regulated and distributed by the
About 400 metric tonnes of solid waste are collected from the city every day by door-to-door collection, and the subsequent source segregation and dumping is carried out by the sanitary department of the Corporation of Madurai All the major channels in Madurai are linked by the corporation to receive the flood water from primary, secondary and tertiary drains constructed along the roadsides to dispose of rain water. The sewer system was first established by the British in Madurai in 1924 to cover the core city area, which covers 30 per cent of the present city area. It was further expanded in 1959 and 1983 by a corporation plan. The 2011 Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission covered 90 per cent of households with underground drainage system.[203]
Madurai comes under the Madurai telecom district of the
A regional passport office was opened on 17 December 2007 and caters to the needs of nine districts.[206] The city is served by the Government Rajaji Hospital.[207] A branch of All India Institutes of Medical Sciences in Thoppur, in the outskirts of the city, is set to be completed by 2022 as per Central government press release.[208]
See also
Footnotes
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