quantum system is not realistic because it should be completely isolated while, in practice, it is influenced by the coupling to an environment, which typically has a large number of degrees of freedom (for example an atom interacting with the surrounding radiation field). A complete microscopic description of the degrees of freedom of the environment is typically too complicated. Hence, one looks for simpler descriptions of the dynamics of the open system. In principle, one should investigate the unitary dynamics of the total system, i.e. the system and the environment, to obtain information about the reduced system of interest by averaging the appropriate observables over the degrees of freedom of the environment. To model the dissipative effects due to the interaction with the environment, the Schrödinger equation is replaced by a suitable master equation, such as a Lindblad equation or a stochastic Schrödinger equation in which the infinite degrees of freedom of the environment are "synthesized" as a few quantum noises. Mathematically, time evolution in a Markovian open quantum system is no longer described by means of one-parameter groups
of unitary maps, but one needs to introduce quantum Markov semigroups.
Definitions
Quantum dynamical semigroup (QDS)
In general, quantum dynamical semigroups can be defined on von Neumann algebras, so the dimensionality of the system could be infinite. Let be a von Neumann algebra acting on Hilbert space, a quantum dynamical semigroup on is a collection of bounded operators on , denoted by , with the following properties:[5]
For all , the map is continuous with respect to the -weak topology on .
It is worth mentioning that, under the condition of complete positivity, the operators are -weakly continuous if and only if are normal.[5] Recall that, letting denote the convex cone of positive elements in , a positive operator is said to be normal if for every increasing net in with
least upper bound
in one has
for each in a
linear sub-manifold
of .
Quantum Markov semigroup (QMS)
A quantum dynamical semigroup is said to be identity-preserving (or conservative, or Markovian) if
(1)
where is the identity element. For simplicity, is called quantum Markov semigroup. Notice that, the identity-preserving property and positivity of imply for all and then is a
Carlen, Eric A.; Maas, Jan (September 2017). "Gradient flow and entropy inequalities for quantum Markov semigroups with detailed balance". Journal of Functional Analysis. 273 (5): 1810–1869.