Scuticociliatosis
Scuticociliatosis is a severe and often fatal
Host range
Scuticociliatosis has been reported in a broad range of teleosts; it is best studied in those teleost fish commonly raised in aquaculture, where the disease is of significant economic impact. It has also been reported in seahorses, sharks, and crustaceans. The mortality rate is particularly high among flatfish, possibly due to their sedentary lifestyle involving skin-to-skin contact between individuals.[1]
Disease mechanism
Scuticociliatosis consists of overwhelming infection of an animal's body by any one of around 20 species of
Causative agents
The exact species of scuticociliate responsible for a given outbreak is often not identified. As a result, differences in virulence and disease course among different scuticociliates are not well characterized. In one study, infection by
Outbreaks
Scuticociliatosis outbreaks are recurring problems in
Scuticociliatosis due to Miamiensis avidus infection is believed to be responsible for a 2017 die-off of fish and leopard sharks found in the San Francisco Bay.[7]
Treatment and prevention
There is no treatment for scuticociliatosis once parasites have infected an animal's internal organs. In aquaculture settings, chemical treatment of the water to kill ciliates can be used in conjunction with antibiotics.[1]
References
- ^ ISBN 9781845938062.
- ^ .
- ^ ISBN 9784431551300.
- .
- doi:10.3354/dao02017.
- .
- ^ Shaban, Bigad; Witte, Rachel; Horn, Michael. "Thousands of Sharks, Other Sea Life Mysteriously Die in San Francisco Bay". NBC Bay Area. Retrieved 25 November 2017.