Sequoia (supercomputer)
PFLOPS | |
Cost | US$250 million[1] (undisclosed by IBM[2]); equivalent to $339 million in 2023 |
---|---|
Purpose | Nuclear weapons, astronomy, energy, human genome, and climate change |
IBM Sequoia was a
On June 14, 2012, the
As of November 2017[update], Sequoia had dropped to sixth place on the TOP500 ranking, while it was at third position on June 17, 2013, behind Tianhe-2 and Titan.[6]
Record-breaking science applications have been run on Sequoia, the first to cross 10 petaflops of sustained performance. The cosmology simulation framework HACC achieved almost 14 petaflops with a 3.6 trillion particle benchmark run,[7] while the Cardioid code,[8][9] which models the electrophysiology of the human heart, achieved nearly 12 petaflops with a near real-time simulation.
The entire supercomputer runs on Linux, with CNK running on over 98,000 nodes, and Red Hat Enterprise Linux running on 768 I/O nodes that are connected to the Lustre filesystem.[10]
Dawn prototype
IBM built a prototype, called "Dawn", capable of 500
Purpose
Sequoia was used primarily for
Design
Node architecture
Sequoia was a
Job scheduler
LLNL used the SLURM job scheduler, also used by the Dawn prototype and China's Tianhe-IA, to manage Sequoia's resources.[12]
Filesystem
LLNL uses Lustre as the parallel filesystem, and has ported ZFS to Linux as the Lustre OSD (Object Storage Device) to take advantage of the performance and advanced features of the filesystem.[13]
In September 2011, NetApp announced that the DoE had selected the company for 55 PB of storage.[14][15]
Power usage
The complete system drew about 7.8 MW of power, but had a unprecedented energy efficiency, performing 2068 Mflops/watt, about 6 times as efficient as Dawn, and more than 2.5 times as efficient as the June 2011 Top 500 leader.[16]
Application
In January 2013, Sequoia set the record for the first supercomputer using more than one million computing cores at a time for a single application. The Stanford Engineering's Center for Turbulence Research (CTR) used it to solve a complex fluid dynamics problem – the prediction of noise generated by a supersonic jet engine.[17][18]
See also
- IBM Mira
- Blue Gene
- IBM Roadrunner
- TOP500
References
- ^ Brodkin, John (June 18, 2012). "With 16 petaflops and 1.6M cores, DOE supercomputer is world's fastest". Ars Technica. Retrieved August 17, 2019.
- ^ "IBM US nuke-lab beast 'Sequoia' is top of the flops". The Register.
- ^ NNSA awards IBM contract to build next generation supercomputer, February 3, 2009
- ^ "TOP500 Press Release: Lawrence Livermore's Sequoia Supercomputer Towers above the Rest in Latest TOP500 List". TOP500. July 14, 2012. Archived from the original on August 7, 2012.
- ^ Naveena Kottoor (June 18, 2012). "BBC News – IBM supercomputer overtakes Fujitsu as world's fastest". BBC News.
- ^ "China's Tianhe-2 Supercomputer Takes No. 1 Ranking on 41st TOP500 List". TOP500. June 17, 2013.
- ].
- ^ "Cardioid Cardiac Modeling Project".
- ^ "Venturing into the Heart of High-Performance Computing Simulations".
- ^ "IBM supercomputer overtakes Japan's Fujitsu as world's fastest". TechSpot. June 18, 2012.
- ^ Dawn Ranking History Archived December 1, 2010, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Multi-Petascale Computing on the Sequoia Architecture Archived August 7, 2011, at the Wayback Machine June 17, 2009
- ^ ZFS on Linux for Lustre Archived October 31, 2014, at the Wayback Machine April 13, 2011, Brian Behlendorf, LLNL
- ^ U.S. Department of Energy Selects NetApp as the Storage Foundation for One of the World’s Most Powerful Supercomputers, September 28, 2011
- YouTube, April 24, 2012, RichReport
- ^ The Top500 List – June 2011
- ^ "Stanford Researchers Break Million-core Supercomputer Barrier"Standford Engineering, January 25, 2013.
- YouTube, January 30, 2013.