Smart material
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Smart materials, also called intelligent or responsive materials,electroactive polymers (EAPs).[4][page needed][5][page needed][6][page needed][7][page needed][8][page needed][9][page needed]
Types
There are a number of types of smart material, of which are already common. Some examples are as following:
- Piezoelectric materials are materials that produce a voltage when stress is applied. Since this effect also applies in a reverse manner, a voltage across the sample will produce stress within sample. Suitably designed structures made from these materials can, therefore, be made that bend, expand or contract when a voltage is applied.
- Shape-memory alloys and shape-memory polymers are materials in which large deformation can be induced and recovered through temperature changes or stress changes (pseudoelasticity). The shape memory effect results due to respectively martensitic phase change and induced elasticity at higher temperatures.
- Photovoltaic materials or optoelectronics convert light to electrical current.
- Electroactive polymers(EAPs) change their volume by voltage or electric fields.
- Magnetostrictive materials exhibit a change in shape under the influence of magnetic field and also exhibit a change in their magnetization under the influence of mechanical stress.
- Magnetic shape memoryalloys are materials that change their shape in response to a significant change in the magnetic field.
- Smart inorganic polymersshowing tunable and responsive properties.
- pH-sensitive polymers are materials that change in volume when the pH of the surrounding medium changes.[10]
- Temperature-responsive polymersare materials which undergo changes upon temperature.
- Halochromic materials are commonly used materials that change their color as a result of changing acidity. One suggested application is for paints that can change color to indicate corrosion in the metal underneath them.
- photochromic materials, which change colour in response to light—for example, light-sensitive sunglassesthat darken when exposed to bright sunlight.
- Ferrofluids are magnetic fluids (affected by magnets and magnetic fields).
- Photomechanical materials change shape under exposure to light.
- Polycaprolactone (polymorph) can be molded by immersion in hot water.
- Self-healing materials have the intrinsic ability to repair damage due to normal usage, thus expanding the material's lifetime.
- Dielectric elastomers (DEs) are smart material systems which produce large strains (up to 500%) under the influence of an external electric field.
- Magnetocaloric materialsare compounds that undergo a reversible change in temperature upon exposure to a changing magnetic field.
- Smart self-healing coatings heal without human intervention.[11][12]
- Thermoelectric materials are used to build devices that convert temperature differences into electricity and vice versa.
- Chemoresponsive materials change size or volume under the influence of external chemical or biological compound.[13]
See also
- Smart polymer
- Programmable matter
- Sensors
- Actuators
- Artificial muscles
- Thermally induced shape-memory effect (polymers)
References
- ISBN 9783319768885.
- ISSN 0040-1951.
- ISSN 2214-7853.
- ISBN 978-0-85404-335-4.
- ISBN 9780471177807.
- ISBN 9780470559741.
- ISBN 978-0-470-05982-1.
- ISBN 978-3-540-71967-0.
- ISBN 9781420043723.
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- ^ Chemoresponsive Materials /Stimulation by Chemical and Biological Signals, Schneider, H.-J.; Ed:, (2015)The Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge https://dx.doi.org/10.1039/97817828822420
External links
- Smart Materials Book Series, Royal Society of Chemistry