Smohalla
Smohalla (Dreamer) (circa 1815 - 1895) was a
Biography
Born between 1815 and 1820 in the
Following political conflicts with the
It is said that he then set forth on a journey. According to this account, he traveled as far south as Mexico, returning by way of Arizona, Utah and Nevada where he is said to observed
Already known as a medicine man, the teachings he acquired at this time established him as a prophet. Smohalla exhorted his followers, eventually numbering about 2,000, to return to the ways of their ancestors and to relinquish the teachings and goods of the intruders.[3] One of the best known of a series of prophets in the area, he revived the Washani Religion and the Washat Dance (religion) traditions while introducing other features from his dream or vision. Washani followers believed in the superiority of God and Mother Earth.[4] Adherents included the famous Chief Joseph and his Nez Percé followers as well as Native people from other tribes in the region, such as the Wanapum. One of Smohalla's chief supporters and assistant was Kotiakan, a Yakama prophet, who helped him in the revitalization movement.
Despite government opposition and interference, Smohalla practiced his religion until the end of his life. After his death in 1895, he was succeeded by his son Yoyouni (also Yo-Yonan), then by his nephew Puck Hyah Toot. They carried the Smohallan beliefs into the twentieth century.
See also
Notes
- ^ "Smohalla, the Washani, and Religion as a Factor in Northwestern Indian History." Clifford E. Trafzer and Margery Ann Beach. American Indian Quarterly, Vol. 9, No. 3, American Indian Prophets: Religious Leaders and Revitalization Movements (Summer, 1985), pp. 309-324.
- ^ Dreamer-Prophets of the Columbia Plateau: Smohalla and Skolaskin.Ruby, Robert H., and John A. Brown. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1989, p. 27.
- ^ See: "Smohalla Speaks" in: American Indian Prose and Poetry: The Winged Serpent. An Anthology edited by Margot Astrov. 1946. Capricorn Books Edition, 1962, p. 85.
- ^ "The Waptashi Prophet and the Feather Religion: Derivative of the Washani." Margery Ann Beach. American Indian Quarterly, Vol. 9, No. 3, American Indian Prophets: Religious Leaders and Revitalization Movements (Summer, 1985), pp. 325-333.
References
- Ruby, Robert H., and John A. Brown. Dreamer-Prophets of the Columbia Plateau: Smohalla and Skolaskin. Norman: ISBN 0-8061-3430-5
- Hirschfelder, Arlene and Paulette Molin. Encyclopedia of Native American Religions. Checkmark Books. ISBN 0-8160-3949-6
- Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 25 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 275.