Social Credit Party of Canada split, 1963
In 1963, the
Founding a new party
The Social Credit Party had been represented in Parliament in one form or another from 1935 until the 1958 election, when the Progressive Conservatives under John Diefenbaker won the biggest majority government in Canadian history. All 19 Socred MPs lost their seats.
Caouette, a social credit adherent since 1939, did much to build a strong base for the movement in Quebec while it was out of Parliament. He founded the Ralliement des créditistes du Canada as the party's Quebec branch. By 1961, his following had grown to the point that he felt he should succeed Solon Earl Low as party leader. At the ensuing leadership convention, Caouette lost to Thompson, who had the support of the leader of the party's most powerful branch, Alberta Premier Ernest Manning. Whatever the case, when the party returned to Parliament Hill in the 1962 election, its dynamics were greatly altered. Of the 29 Social Credit MPs, only four—including Thompson—came from the party's traditional heartland in western Canada. The other 25 came from Quebec, including Caouette. More or less by default, Caouette became the party's deputy leader.
Thompson and Caouette never got along very well, and their relationship became even chillier after the 1963 election. The party held onto all of its seats in Quebec, but lost four seats in English Canada.
The Quebec créditistes considered Caouette, not Thompson, to be their true leader. Eventually, Caouette came to believe that since the party was strongest in Quebec nationally, he should be its leader. However, Thompson refused to give way.
Matters came to a head at the annual meeting of the Quebec wing of the party in Granby, Quebec, held on 1 September 1963. The 600 delegates in attendance voted to establish a new party. The vote was held after virtually no discussion by a show of hands. Approximately three-quarters of the delegates supported the motion to:
- no longer recognize Thompson as party leader; and
- ask the party's Quebec Members of Parliament(MPs) to name a parliamentary leader until a leadership convention could be held.
The convention also voted to appoint a ten-member committee to consider forming an affiliated party to contest provincial elections.[1]
After the vote, 16 of the party's 19 Quebec MPs met to consider approval of the motion. Ten of the MPs approved it immediately, while six deferred approval pending discussions with their constituents.
Caouette then gave a 55-minute speech to the convention saying that the results were the basis for forming an “efficient national Social Credit movement”.
On the Saturday of the convention, Caouette had given a 90-minute speech in which he described Thompson as a “marionette” for Manning. He also dropped a bombshell: he claimed that in 1960, ten minutes before the leadership vote, Manning had instructed him to “tell your people to vote for Thompson because the West will never accept a Roman Catholic French Canadian leader”.[1]
Thompson's response to the split in his party was limited at first: “Quebec doesn’t quite run me yet, nor the country.”[1] The following day, he said that the Social Credit Party would now have wider acceptance throughout Canada than it had before because of Caouette's departure.[2]
On 2 September 1963, seven Quebec MPs announced that they would be supporting Caouette's breakaway faction:
The Thompson loyalists said that they had been elected to work in the interests of party policies throughout the country under Thompson's leadership, and that that mandate would remain intact until the next election. Further, they said that the positions of party leader and deputy leader could only be determined by a national convention. They announced that they would establish a new branch of the National Social Credit Association in Quebec to replace Caouette's Ralliement des créditistes, which had been serving in that role. They also said that they expected that they would be expelled from the Ralliement.[4]
Caouette met with 14 Quebec Socred MPs on 2 September 1963 to start work on creating the new party, saying, “Eventually we will attempt to make this a national party and take it across Canada to protect French Canadians in every province.”
Caouette again called for a new national convention of the Social Credit Party of Canada to choose a new leader, and announced that the Thompson loyalists in the Quebec caucus would not be expelled from the Ralliement des creditistes. Caouette said that Thompson did not care about the French Canadian view of politics, and was afraid of embracing social credit doctrine, for which there was more support in Quebec than in the rest of Canada.[6]
On 10 September 1963, Lucien Plourde, MP for Quebec West, declared his support for Caouette,[7] bringing the Ralliement caucus to 13. The Thompson faction was now reduced to 11 MPs, one less than the minimum for a party to be a recognized group in the Commons, which meant that Caouette—and not Thompson—would receive an extra $4,000 per year in compensation (worth about $29,700 in 2011 dollars[8]), and be given priority in speaking in the House.[9][10] As a measure of how much the party's dynamics had changed, seven of the Social Credit Party's 11 MPs were from Quebec.
Reaction in the rest of Canada
W. A. C. Bennett, the Socred Premier of British Columbia, had supported Caouette's bid for the leadership of the national party in 1960. However, following the split, Bennett declared his support for Thompson, albeit in a less than convincing way: “I am for making unity, not disunity. What’s-his-name [Thompson] was elected national leader at the national convention and he is the national leader.”[11]
The rejection of Thompson's leadership by the Quebec wing of the party was supported by a group of rebels in the
A separatist element?
There is evidence that support for the split came, in part, from a
For his part, Caouette walked a thin line between federalism and separatism. He made no secret of his strong nationalist views, but maintained that he wanted to work within the spirit and letter of Confederation: “Let us not burn our bridges. It is not the time for le Ralliement des créditistes to be separatists, but rather to win recognition for the French fact within Canada.”[12] Caouette said that he would fight for the recognition of French Canada's aspirations within Confederation on the basis of a partnership with the other nine provinces, “But if this partnership cannot be brought about, I shall become the more ardent separatist in Quebec.”[13]
Resolution
Thompson's Social Credit Party continued to stagnate, electing only five MPs to the House of Commons in the 1965 federal election – one up from the 1962 and 1963 performance in English Canada. Bennett, leader of the party's second-most powerful provincial branch, cut off his party's financial and organizational support to the federal party in order to pressure the national Social Credit Party to reconcile with Caouette's wing.[14] Meanwhile, the Alberta wing also failed to give its federal counterpart material and organizational support. Manning, was concerned at the leftward drift of Canadian politics and urged Thompson to negotiate a merger between Social Credit and Robert Stanfield's Progressive Conservatives. Thompson attempted this but was unsuccessful.
Facing the loss of their seats, in 1967,
Notes
- ^ a b c Dufresne, Bernard, “Quebec’s Socreds vote to Disown Thompson”, Globe and Mail, 2 September 1963, p.1
- ^ Globe and Mail, “7 in Quebec Give Support to Thompson”, 3 September 1963, p. 1
- ^ Dufresne, Bernard, “7 in Quebec Give Support to Thompson”, Globe and Mail, 3 September 1963, p. 1
- ^ a b Montreal Gazette, 11 September 1963, "Vote of Quebec MP to Caouette's group Gives Power Balance", p.1
- ^ Dufresne, Bernard, “In the Separatist Shadow”, Globe and Mail, 3 September 1963, p. 7
- ^ Dufresne, 3 September 1963
- ^ Globe and Mail, “Creditiste MPs Outweigh Socreds”, 11 September 1963, p.41
- ^ Bank of Canada. "Bank of Canada inflation calculator". Bankofcanada.ca. Retrieved 2012-01-07.
- ^ Globe and Mail, 11 September 1963
- ^ Montreal Gazette, 11 September 1963
- ^ Globe and Mail, “Bennett Forgets ‘What’s His Name’”, 6 September 1963
- ^ a b Dufresne, 2 September 1963.
- ^ Dufresne, “In the Separatist Shadow”, Globe and Mail, 3 September 1963, p. 7
- ^ "Socred leader resigns, lack of support cited", Globe and Mail, March 10, 1967
See also
- Social Credit
- Social Credit Party of Canada
- Ralliement des créditistes
- Canadian social credit movement