Sone
The sone (
Definition and conversions
According to Stevens' definition, a loudness of 1 sone is equivalent to 40
sone 1 2 4 8 16 32 64 phon 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
At frequencies other than 1 kHz, the loudness level in phons is calibrated according to the frequency response of human
Loudness N in sones (for LN > 40 phon):[5]
or loudness level LN in phons (for N > 1 sone):
Corrections are needed at lower levels, near the threshold of hearing.
These formulas are for single-frequency sine waves or narrowband signals. For multi-component or broadband signals, a more elaborate loudness model is required, accounting for critical bands.
To be fully precise, a measurement in sones must be specified in terms of the optional suffix G, which means that the loudness value is calculated from frequency groups, and by one of the two suffixes D (for direct field or free field) or R (for room field or diffuse field).
Example values
 |
Description Sound pressure Sound pressure level Loudness pascal dB re 20 μPa sone Threshold of pain ~ 100 ~ 134 ~ 676 Hearing damage during short-term effect ~ 20 ~ 120 ~ 256 Jet, 100 m away 6 ... 200 110 ... 140 128 ... 1024 Jackhammer, 1 m away / nightclub ~ 2 ~ 100 ~ 64 Hearing damage during long-term effect ~ 6×10−1 ~ 90 ~ 32 Major road, 10 m away 2×10−1 ... 6×10−1 80 ... 90 16 ... 32 Passenger car, 10 m away2×10−2 ... 2×10−1 60 ... 80 4 ... 16 TV set at home level, 1 m away ~ 2×10−2 ~ 60 ~ 4 Normal talking, 1 m away 2×10−3 ... 2×10−2 40 ... 60 1 ... 4 Very calm room 2×10−4 ... 6×10−4 20 ... 30 0.15 ... 0.4 Rustling leaves, calm breathing ~ 6×10−5 ~ 10 ~ 0.02 Auditory thresholdat 1 kHz2×10−5 0 0
See also
References
- ^ Stanley Smith Stevens: A scale for the measurement of the psychological magnitude: loudness. See: Psychological Review. 43, Nr. 5, APA Journals, 1936, pp. 405–416
- ISBN 978-0-470-51633-1.
- ISBN 978-3-540-29603-4.
- ISBN 978-3-540-70601-4.
- ^
Hugo Fastl and Eberhard Zwicker (2007). Psychoacoustics: facts and models (3rd ed.). Springer. p. 207. ISBN 978-3-540-23159-2.