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{{Short description|Ahmad Shah's campaigns}}
{{Short description|Ahmad Shah's campaigns}}
{{Infobox military conflict
⚫
'''The Battle of Qarawal''' was fought Between the Sikhs under the command of [[Charat Singh]] against the [[Afghanistan|Afghan]] forces lead by [[Ahmad Shah Durrani|Ahmad Shah Abdali]] and his [[Kalat, Pakistan|Kalat]] ally [[Khanate of Kalat|Nasir Khan]].It was in this battle that Afghan and Kalati forces were able to defeat the Sikhs and force them to withdraw to Amritsar.{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Battle of Qarawal
| conflict = Battle of Qarawal
| width =
| width =
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| caption =
| caption =
| date = 1764
| date = 1764
| place = Qarawal
| place = Qarawal (near Lahore)
| map_type =
| map_type =
| map_relief =
| map_relief =
Line 17: Line 17:
| result = [[Durrani Empire|Afghan]] victory
| result = [[Durrani Empire|Afghan]] victory
| combatant1 = [[File:Abdali flag.png|40px]][[Durrani Empire]]<br>{{flagicon image|FlagofKalat.svg}} [[Khanate of Kalat]]
| combatant1 = [[File:Abdali flag.png|40px]][[Durrani Empire]]<br>{{flagicon image|FlagofKalat.svg}} [[Khanate of Kalat]]
| combatant2 = [[File:Kattar Dhal Talwar.jpg|23px]][[Bhangi Misl]]
| combatant2 = [[File:Kattar Dhal Talwar.jpg|23px]][[Sukerchakia Misl]]
| commander1 = [[Ahmad Shah Durrani]]<br>{{flagicon image|FlagofKalat.svg}}[[Khanate of Kalat|Nasir Khan]]<br>Gahram Khan{{KIA}}<br>Ahmad Khan{{KIA}}
| commander1 = [[Ahmad Shah Durrani]]<br>{{flagicon image|FlagofKalat.svg}}[[Mir Nasir Khan I|Nasir Khan]]<br>Gahram Khan{{KIA}}<br>Ahmad Khan{{KIA}}
| commander2 = [[Charat Singh]]<ref>{{Cite book|last=Gupta|first=Hari Ram|title= Studies In Later Mughal History Of The Punjab 1707-1793|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.73329/page/n202/mode/2up|publisher= ‎ Sang-e-Meel Publications|isbn=9789693507560|pages=237–240|date=2000}}</ref>
| commander2 = [[Charat Singh]]<ref>{{Cite book|last=Gupta|first=Hari Ram|title= Studies In Later Mughal History Of The Punjab 1707-1793|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.73329/page/n202/mode/2up|publisher= Sang-e-Meel Publications|isbn=9789693507560|pages=237–240|date=2000}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Singh|first=Ganda|title= Ahmad Shah Durrani: Father of Modern Afghanistan|publisher= Asia Publishing House and online by [[Cambridge University Press]]|pages=297|date=1959}}</ref>
| strength1 = 18,000 Durrani forces{{sfn|Gupta|2000|p=197-199}}<br>12,000 from Kalat{{sfn|Gupta|2000|p=197-199}} (Invasion force, unknown present at battle)
| strength1 = 18,000 Durrani forces{{sfn|Gupta|2000|p=197-199}}<br>12,000 from Kalat{{sfn|Gupta|2000|p=197-199}} (Invasion force, unknown present at battle)
| strength2 = Unknown
| strength2 = Unknown
Line 27: Line 27:
| campaignbox = {{Campaignbox Afghan-Sikh Wars}}
| campaignbox = {{Campaignbox Afghan-Sikh Wars}}
| partof = [[Afghan-Sikh wars]]
| partof = [[Afghan-Sikh wars]]
⚫
}}'''The Battle of Qarawal''' was fought between the [[Misl|Sikhs]] under the command of [[Charat Singh]] against the [[Afghanistan|Afghan]] forces led by [[Ahmad Shah Durrani|Ahmad Shah Abdali]] and his [[Kalat, Pakistan|Kalat]] ally [[Mir Nasir Khan I]].The battle resulted in a victory for the Afghan forces and forced the Sikhs to withdraw to Amritsar.
}}


==Background==
==Background==
Following Ahmad Shah's sixth [[Indian campaign of Ahmad Shah Durrani|campaign]] and his withdrawal, the Sikhs took advantage of his absence by rising up against his rule. The Sikhs defeated the Afghans at [[Battle of Kasur (1763)|Kasur]] and much of the Jullunder doab was overrun by the Sikhs.{{sfn|Gupta|2000|p=195-196}} And early in January 1764, [[Battle of Sirhind (1764)|Sirhind also fell]] to Sikh control.{{sfn|Gupta|2000|p=196}}
Following Ahmad Shah's sixth [[Indian campaign of Ahmad Shah Durrani|campaign]] and his withdrawal, the Sikhs took advantage of his absence by expanding Sikh influence over the [[Punjab]]. The Sikhs defeated the Afghans at [[Battle of Kasur (1763)|Kasur]] and much of the [[Jalandhar]] [[Doaba]] was overrun by the Sikhs.{{sfn|Gupta|2000|p=195-196}} And early in January 1764, [[Battle of Sirhind (1764)|Sirhind also fell]] to Sikh control.{{sfn|Gupta|2000|p=196}}


Hearing news of this, Ahmad Shah was enraged and began mobilizing for another invasion of India. Ahmad Shah mobilized 18,000 men and also called upon Nasir Khan of Kalat.{{sfn|Gupta|2000|p=197}} Ahmad Shah and Nasir Khan marched their forces across the Punjab, with Nasir Khan crossing the Ravi river. The two forces united at [[Eminabad]].{{sfn|Gupta|2000|p=200}} The following day, Ahmad Shah marched to the Ravi river again, before marching on Lahore. Ahmad Shah then held a Durbar in the fort of [[Lahore]].{{sfn|Gupta|2000|p=200}}
Hearing news of this, Ahmad Shah was enraged and began mobilizing for another invasion of India. Ahmad Shah mobilized 18,000 men and also called upon Nasir Khan of Kalat.{{sfn|Gupta|2000|p=197}} Ahmad Shah and Nasir Khan marched their forces across the Punjab, with Nasir Khan crossing the Ravi river. The two forces united at [[Eminabad]].{{sfn|Gupta|2000|p=200}} The following day, Ahmad Shah marched to the Ravi river again, before marching on Lahore. Ahmad Shah then held a Durbar in the fort of [[Lahore]].{{sfn|Gupta|2000|p=200}}

⚫
The next morning, news arrived that the Sikhs had attacked Qarawal, with two of the sardars there, Gahram Khan and Ahmad Khan requesting immediate support. Ahmad Khan and his son were killed in the battle.{{sfn|Gupta|2000|p=201-202}}


⚫
The next morning, news arrived that the Sikhs had attacked Qarawal, with two of the sardars there, Gahram Khan and Ahmad Khan requesting immediate support. Ahmad Khan and his son were killed in the battle.{{sfn|Gupta|2000|p=201-202}}
==Battle==
==Battle==
Following this, Afghan reinforcements to the battle arrived under Nasir Khan, and fighting began. Nasir Khan himself came forward in the battle and begin skirmishing. Charat Singh then advanced to oppose him. However, Nasir Khan charged upon him, to which, Charat Singh fled to the safety of his troops.{{sfn|Gupta|2000|p=202}} During this, a Sikh gunner shot Nasir Khan's horse, killing it. Despite this, Nasir Khan returned to his troops unharmed, and his men chanted "Bismillah" for his safe return, and the Sikh gunner was also killed.{{sfn|Gupta|2000|p=202}}
Following this, Afghan reinforcements to the battle arrived under Nasir Khan, and fighting began. Nasir Khan himself came forward in the battle and begin skirmishing. Charat Singh then advanced to oppose him. However, Nasir Khan charged upon him, to which, Charat Singh fled to the safety of his troops.{{sfn|Gupta|2000|p=202}} During this, a Sikh gunner shot Nasir Khan's horse, killing it. Despite this, Nasir Khan returned to his troops unharmed, and his men chanted "Bismillah" for his safe return. Two of Nasir's servants, Muhammad Husain and Mir Mangah killed the Sikh gunner.{{sfn|Gupta|2000|p=202}}{{sfn|Singh|1959|p=299}}

⚫
As the rest of the Durrani reinforcements came into battle, the Sikhs were [[rout]]ed from the battlefield, and fled from the battle at night.{{sfn|Gupta|2000|p=202-203}}{{Unreliable source?|date=July 2023}}


⚫
As the rest of the Durrani reinforcements came into battle, The Sikhs were [[rout|routed]] from the battlefield, and fled from the battle at night.{{sfn|Gupta|2000|p=202-203}}
==Aftermath==
==Aftermath==
{{Main|Battle of Darbar Sahib (1764)}}
{{Main|Battle of Darbar Sahib (1764)}}
Following this victory, Ahmad Shah advised Nasir Khan to not fight again in the front ranks of battle.{{sfn|Gupta|2000|p=203}}After his battle with Charat Singh,Ahmad Shah received news that the Sikhs had retreated to the city of [[Amritsar]].Ahmad Shah and the Afghan forces entered Amritsar on December 1, 1764.It was at Amritsar that he would get into a skirmish with [[Baba Gurbaksh Singh]] along with 29 other Sikh defenders at [[Golden Temple|Shri Harmandir Sahib]].It was in this skirmish that all 30 Sikh defenders were killed and the Shri Harmandir Sahib was destroyed under the orders of Ahmad Shah.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Harbans |url=https://archive.org/details/TheEncyclopediaOfSikhism-VolumeIiE-l/page/131/mode/2up |title=The Encyclopedia of Sikhism Volume II E-L |publisher=Punjabi University,Patiala |year=2011 |isbn=81-7380-204-1 |edition=3rd |pages=131–132}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Gupta |first=Hari |url=https://archive.org/details/HistoryOfTheSikhsVol.IiEvolutionOfSikhConfederacies1707-69/page/n229/mode/2up |title=History Of The Sikhs Vol. II Evolution Of Sikh Confederacies (1707-69) |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers Pvt. Ltd. |year=2007 |isbn=978-81-215-0248-1 |pages=216}}</ref>
Following this victory, Ahmad Shah advised Nasir Khan to not fight again in the front ranks of battle.{{sfn|Gupta|2000|p=203}}{{sfn|Singh|1959|p=299}} After his battle with Charat Singh, Ahmad Shah received news that the Sikhs had retreated to the city of [[Amritsar]]. Ahmad Shah and the Afghan forces entered Amritsar on December 1, 1764.It was at Amritsar that he would get into a skirmish with [[Baba Gurbaksh Singh]] along with 29 other Sikh defenders at [[Golden Temple|Shri Harmandir Sahib]].It was in this skirmish that all 30 Sikh defenders were killed and the Shri Harmandir Sahib was destroyed under the orders of Ahmad Shah.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Harbans |url=https://archive.org/details/TheEncyclopediaOfSikhism-VolumeIiE-l/page/131/mode/2up |title=The Encyclopedia of Sikhism Volume II E-L |publisher=Punjabi University,Patiala |year=2011 |isbn=81-7380-204-1 |edition=3rd |pages=131–132}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Gupta |first=Hari |url=https://archive.org/details/HistoryOfTheSikhsVol.IiEvolutionOfSikhConfederacies1707-69/page/n229/mode/2up |title=History Of The Sikhs Vol. II Evolution Of Sikh Confederacies (1707-69) |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers Pvt. Ltd. |year=2007 |isbn=978-81-215-0248-1 |pages=216}}</ref>


== References ==
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:18th century in the Durrani Empire]]
[[Category:Military history of India]]
[[Category:Battles involving the Sikh Confederacy]]
[[Category:Battles involving the Durrani Empire]]
[[Category:1764 in India]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1764]]

Latest revision as of 17:04, 23 March 2024

Battle of Qarawal
Part of
Afghan-Sikh wars
Date1764
Location
Qarawal (near Lahore)
Result Afghan victory
Belligerents
Durrani Empire
Khanate of Kalat		 Sukerchakia Misl
Commanders and leaders
Ahmad Shah Durrani
Nasir Khan
Gahram Khan †
Ahmad Khan †		 Charat Singh[1][2]
Strength
18,000 Durrani forces[3]
12,000 from Kalat[3] (Invasion force, unknown present at battle)		 Unknown
Casualties and losses
Unknown Unknown

The Battle of Qarawal was fought between the

Kalat ally Mir Nasir Khan I
.The battle resulted in a victory for the Afghan forces and forced the Sikhs to withdraw to Amritsar.

Background

Following Ahmad Shah's sixth campaign and his withdrawal, the Sikhs took advantage of his absence by expanding Sikh influence over the Punjab. The Sikhs defeated the Afghans at Kasur and much of the Jalandhar Doaba was overrun by the Sikhs.[4] And early in January 1764, Sirhind also fell to Sikh control.[5]

Hearing news of this, Ahmad Shah was enraged and began mobilizing for another invasion of India. Ahmad Shah mobilized 18,000 men and also called upon Nasir Khan of Kalat.[6] Ahmad Shah and Nasir Khan marched their forces across the Punjab, with Nasir Khan crossing the Ravi river. The two forces united at Eminabad.[7] The following day, Ahmad Shah marched to the Ravi river again, before marching on Lahore. Ahmad Shah then held a Durbar in the fort of Lahore.[7]

The next morning, news arrived that the Sikhs had attacked Qarawal, with two of the sardars there, Gahram Khan and Ahmad Khan requesting immediate support. Ahmad Khan and his son were killed in the battle.[8]

Battle

Following this, Afghan reinforcements to the battle arrived under Nasir Khan, and fighting began. Nasir Khan himself came forward in the battle and begin skirmishing. Charat Singh then advanced to oppose him. However, Nasir Khan charged upon him, to which, Charat Singh fled to the safety of his troops.[9] During this, a Sikh gunner shot Nasir Khan's horse, killing it. Despite this, Nasir Khan returned to his troops unharmed, and his men chanted "Bismillah" for his safe return. Two of Nasir's servants, Muhammad Husain and Mir Mangah killed the Sikh gunner.[9][10]

As the rest of the Durrani reinforcements came into battle, the Sikhs were routed from the battlefield, and fled from the battle at night.[11][unreliable source?]

Aftermath

Main article: Battle of Darbar Sahib (1764)

Following this victory, Ahmad Shah advised Nasir Khan to not fight again in the front ranks of battle.[12][10] After his battle with Charat Singh, Ahmad Shah received news that the Sikhs had retreated to the city of Amritsar. Ahmad Shah and the Afghan forces entered Amritsar on December 1, 1764.It was at Amritsar that he would get into a skirmish with Baba Gurbaksh Singh along with 29 other Sikh defenders at Shri Harmandir Sahib.It was in this skirmish that all 30 Sikh defenders were killed and the Shri Harmandir Sahib was destroyed under the orders of Ahmad Shah.[13][14]

References

  1. ISBN 9789693507560
    .
  2. ^ Singh, Ganda (1959). Ahmad Shah Durrani: Father of Modern Afghanistan. Asia Publishing House and online by Cambridge University Press. p. 297.
  3. ^ a b Gupta 2000, p. 197-199.
  4. ^ Gupta 2000, p. 195-196.
  5. ^ Gupta 2000, p. 196.
  6. ^ Gupta 2000, p. 197.
  7. ^ a b Gupta 2000, p. 200.
  8. ^ Gupta 2000, p. 201-202.
  9. ^ a b Gupta 2000, p. 202.
  10. ^ a b Singh 1959, p. 299.
  11. ^ Gupta 2000, p. 202-203.
  12. ^ Gupta 2000, p. 203.
  13. ISBN 81-7380-204-1
    .
  14. ISBN 978-81-215-0248-1
    .
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