Gregory Breit: Difference between revisions

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| birth_name = Gregory Alfredovich Breit-Schneider
| birth_name = Gregory Alfredovich Breit-Schneider
| birth_date = {{birth date|mf=yes|1899|7|14}}
| birth_date = {{birth date|mf=yes|1899|7|14}}
| birth_place = [[Mykolaiv]], [[Kherson Governorate]], [[Russian Empire]] (now [[Mykolaiv]], [[Ukraine]])
| birth_place = [[Nikolayev]], [[Kherson Governorate]], [[Russian Empire]] (now [[Mykolaiv]], [[Ukraine]])
| death_date = {{death date and age|mf=yes|1981|9|13|1899|7|14}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|mf=yes|1981|9|13|1899|7|14}}
| death_place = [[Salem, Oregon]], US
| death_place = [[Salem, Oregon]], US
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| signature =
| signature =
}}
}}
'''Gregory Breit''' ({{lang-uk|Григорій Альфредович Брейт-Шнайдер}}, {{lang-ru|Григорий Альфредович Брейт-Шнайдер|Grigory Alfredovich Breit-Shneider}}; July 14, 1899 &ndash; September 13, 1981) was an American [[physicist]] born in [[Mykolaiv]], [[Russian Empire]] (now [[Mykolaiv]], [[Ukraine]]).<ref>{{cite journal|author=Hull, McAllister H. Jr.|title=Obituary: Gregory Breit|journal=Physics Today|date=October 1983|volume=36|issue=10|pages=102–104|url=http://www.physicstoday.org/resource/1/phtoad/v36/i10/p102_s1?bypassSSO=1|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130929102638/http://www.physicstoday.org/resource/1/phtoad/v36/i10/p102_s1?bypassSSO=1|url-status=dead|archive-date=2013-09-29|doi=10.1063/1.2915289|bibcode=1983PhT....36j.102H}}</ref> He was a professor at [[New York University]] (1929–1934), [[University of Wisconsin–Madison]] (1934–1947), [[Yale University]] (1947–1968), and [[University at Buffalo, The State University of New York|University at Buffalo]] (1968–1973).<ref>[http://www.nndb.com/people/957/000117606/ Gregory Breit, nndb biography]</ref> In 1921, he was [[Paul Ehrenfest]]'s assistant in [[Leiden University]].
'''Gregory Breit''' ({{lang-uk|Григорій Альфредович Брейт-Шнайдер}}, {{lang-ru|Григорий Альфредович Брейт-Шнайдер|Grigory Alfredovich Breit-Shneider}}; July 14, 1899 &ndash; September 13, 1981) was an American [[physicist]] born in [[Nikolayev]], [[Russian Empire]] (now [[Mykolaiv]], [[Ukraine]]).<ref>{{cite journal|author=Hull, McAllister H. Jr.|title=Obituary: Gregory Breit|journal=Physics Today|date=October 1983|volume=36|issue=10|pages=102–104|url=http://www.physicstoday.org/resource/1/phtoad/v36/i10/p102_s1?bypassSSO=1|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130929102638/http://www.physicstoday.org/resource/1/phtoad/v36/i10/p102_s1?bypassSSO=1|url-status=dead|archive-date=2013-09-29|doi=10.1063/1.2915289|bibcode=1983PhT....36j.102H}}</ref> He was a professor at [[New York University]] (1929–1934), [[University of Wisconsin–Madison]] (1934–1947), [[Yale University]] (1947–1968), and [[University at Buffalo, The State University of New York|University at Buffalo]] (1968–1973).<ref>[http://www.nndb.com/people/957/000117606/ Gregory Breit, nndb biography]</ref> In 1921, he was [[Paul Ehrenfest]]'s assistant in [[Leiden University]].


==Biography==
==Biography==
He was born in the city of [[Mykolaiv]] in the family of the book publisher Alfred Schneider. After the death of his mother in 1911, his father left for the [[United States of America]]. Until 1915, Gregory studied at the Mykolaiv Oleksandrivska gymnasium. In 1915, he followed his father to [[USA]]. He studied at [[Johns Hopkins University]]: in 1918 he obtained a Bachelor degree, in 1920 a Master degree, and in 1921 he earned a PhD in physics. In 1921-1922, he worked as a researcher at [[Leiden University]].
He was born in the city of [[Nikolayev]] in the family of the book publisher Alfred Schneider. After the death of his mother in 1911, his father left for the [[United States of America]]. Until 1915, Gregory studied at the Nikolayev Oleksandrivska gymnasium. In 1915, he followed his father to [[USA]]. He studied at [[Johns Hopkins University]]: in 1918 he obtained a Bachelor degree, in 1920 a Master degree, and in 1921 he earned a PhD in physics. In 1921-1922, he worked as a researcher at [[Leiden University]].
In 1922-1923, he was a research fellow at [[Harvard University]]. From 1923 to 1924, he was an assistant professor at the [[University of Minnesota]]. In 1925, while at the [[Carnegie Institution of Washington]], Breit joined with [[Merle Tuve]] in using a pulsed radio transmitter to determine the height of the [[ionosphere]], a technique important later in [[radar]] development.<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Breit | first1=G. | last2=Tuve | first2=M. A. | title=A Test of the Existence of the Conducting Layer | journal=Physical Review | publisher=American Physical Society (APS) | volume=28 | issue=3 | date=1926-09-01 | issn=0031-899X | doi=10.1103/physrev.28.554 | pages=554–575| bibcode=1926PhRv...28..554B }}</ref>
In 1922-1923, he was a research fellow at [[Harvard University]]. From 1923 to 1924, he was an assistant professor at the [[University of Minnesota]]. In 1925, while at the [[Carnegie Institution of Washington]], Breit joined with [[Merle Tuve]] in using a pulsed radio transmitter to determine the height of the [[ionosphere]], a technique important later in [[radar]] development.<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Breit | first1=G. | last2=Tuve | first2=M. A. | title=A Test of the Existence of the Conducting Layer | journal=Physical Review | publisher=American Physical Society (APS) | volume=28 | issue=3 | date=1926-09-01 | issn=0031-899X | doi=10.1103/physrev.28.554 | pages=554–575| bibcode=1926PhRv...28..554B }}</ref>


Revision as of 16:33, 21 April 2024

Gregory Breit
Григорій Альфредович Брейт-Шнайдер
University of Wisconsin
  • Yale University
    • Doctoral advisorJoseph S. Ames
    Doctoral students

    Gregory Breit (

    University at Buffalo (1968–1973).[2] In 1921, he was Paul Ehrenfest's assistant in Leiden University
    .

    Biography

    He was born in the city of

    USA. He studied at Johns Hopkins University: in 1918 he obtained a Bachelor degree, in 1920 a Master degree, and in 1921 he earned a PhD in physics. In 1921-1922, he worked as a researcher at Leiden University
    . In 1922-1923, he was a research fellow at
    Carnegie Institution of Washington, Breit joined with Merle Tuve in using a pulsed radio transmitter to determine the height of the ionosphere, a technique important later in radar development.[3]

    Together with Eugene Wigner, Breit gave a description of particle resonant states with the relativistic Breit–Wigner distribution in 1929, and with Edward Condon, he first described proton-proton dispersion. He is also credited with deriving the Breit equation.[4] The Breit frame of reference is named after him.[5] He was one of the first to notice the zitterbewegung (jittery motion) in the solutions of the Dirac equation.[6][7]

    In 1934, together with

    National Research Council that American scientists observe a policy of self-censorship due to the possibility of their work being used for military purposes by enemy powers in World War II.[8]

    During the early stages of the war, Breit was chosen by

    Robert Oppenheimer, who was later appointed to scientific director of the entire project (Project Y
    ).

    In 2014, experimentalists proposed a way to validate an idea by Breit and

    John A. Wheeler that matter formation could be achieved by interacting light particles ("Breit–Wheeler process").[9]

    Breit was associate editor of the Physical Review four times (1927-1929, 1939-1941, 1954-1956, and 1961-1963).

    He was elected in 1923 a Fellow of the American Physical Society.[10] He was awarded the Franklin Medal in 1964. In 1967, he was awarded the National Medal of Science.[11]

    References

    1. doi:10.1063/1.2915289. Archived from the original
      on 2013-09-29.
    2. ^ Gregory Breit, nndb biography
    3. ISSN 0031-899X
      .
    4. ^ Bethe, H. A., and E. E. Salpeter; Quantum Mechanics of One- and Two-Electron Atoms, Plenum Press, 1977, p. 181
    5. ISBN 978-981-02-4553-5
      .
    6. PMID 16587362
      .
    7. S2CID 124404090
      .
    8. ISSN 0031-9228
      .
    9. ^ "Press release: Scientists discover how to turn light into matter after 80-year quest". Imperial College London. 19 May 2014.
    10. ^ "APS Fellow Archive". American Physical Society. (search on year=1923 and institution=University of Minnesota)
    11. ^ National Science Foundation - The President's National Medal of Science

    External links

    Archival collections

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