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Fourth Battle of Kawanakajima
Part of the Nagano )
Result	Uesugi Tactical Victory Takeda Strategic Victory

Belligerents Takeda forces Uesugi forcesCommanders and leaders Takeda Shingen
Yamamoto Kansuke †
Kōsaka Masanobu and others Uesugi Kenshin
Kakizaki Kageie
Uesugi Norimasa
Murakami Yoshikiyo and othersStrength

1st battle 10,000 2nd battle 12,000

3rd battle 23,000

4th battle 20,000

1st battle 8,000 2nd battle 8,000

3rd battle 10,000

4th battle 13,000Casualties and losses 4,000+ Wounded or Dead
Takeda Nobushige
Morozumi Torasada
Yamamoto Kansuke
Hajikano Tadatsugu 3,000+ Wounded or Dead
Shida Yoshitoki
Shoda Sadataka

The battles of Kawanakajima (川中島の戦い, Kawanakajima no tatakai) were fought in the

.

The five major battles took place in 1553, 1555, 1557, 1561 and 1564. The best known and most severe among them was fought on September 10, 1561.

The battles started after Shingen conquered Shinano Province, expelling Murakami Yoshikiyo and Ogasawara Nagatoki, who subsequently turned to Kenshin for help.^[1]

The first battle

In the First Battle of Kawanakajima, in June 1553, Takeda Shingen penetrated far into the Kawanakajima plain, his vanguard encountering the forces of Uesugi Kenshin at a shrine to Hachiman. They disengaged, and met up again a few kilometers away in the Siege of Shioda castle at 8-12 September, where Takeda forces has taken Wada and Takashima, then slaughtered the entire garrison as a warning to the remnants of Murakami forces in 10 September. Yoshikiyo Murakami was besieged in Shioda and put up brave resistance here before he retreated in 12 September and allowing Takeda forces to seize about 16 Shinano outposts

The second battle

In 1555, the second battle of Kawanakajima, also known as the Battle of Saigawa, began when Takeda Shingen returned to Kawanakajima, advancing up to the Sai River. He made camp on a hill to the south of the river, while Uesugi Kenshin was camped just east of the

temple, which provided him an excellent view of the plain. However, the Kurita clan, allies of the Takeda, held Asahiyama fortress a few kilometers to the west; they menaced the Uesugi right flank. Kurita Kakuju's defenses were bolstered by 3000 Takeda warriors.

Kenshin launched a number of attacks against the Asahiyama fortress, but all were repulsed. Eventually he moved his army onto the plain, redirecting his attention on Takeda's main force. However, rather than attacking, both armies waited, for months, for the other to make a move. Finally, battle was avoided as both leaders retired to deal with domestic affairs in their home provinces.

The third battle

The third battle took place in 1557 when Takeda Shingen captured a fortress called Katsurayama, overlooking the Zenkō-ji temple from the north-west. He then attempted to take Iiyama castle, but withdrew after Uesugi Kenshin led an army out of Zenkō-ji.

The fourth battle

Chikuma River

(left).

The fourth battle resulted in greater casualties for both sides, as a percentage of total forces, than any other battle in the

, of Kenshin's move.

Shingen left Kōfu with 16,000 men, acquiring 4,000 more as he traveled through Shinano Province, approaching Kawanakajima on the west bank of the Chikumagawa (

. At that time, Kansuke formed a strategy that he believed would prove effective against Kenshin.

Kōsaka Danjo Masanobu left Kaizu with 8,000 men, advancing up Saijoyama under cover of night, intending to drive Kenshin's army down to the plain where Takeda Shingen would be waiting with another 8,000 men in kakuyoku, or "crane's wing", formation. However, whether via spies in Kaizu or scouts looking down from Saijoyama, Kenshin guessed Shingen's intentions, and led his own men down to the plain. Kenshin descended from Saijoyama by its western flanks. Instead of fleeing Kosaka's dawn attack, Uesugi Kenshin's army crept down the mountain, quietly using bits of cloth to deaden the noise of the horse's hooves. With the beginning of dawn, Shingen's men found Kenshin's army ready to charge at them—as opposed to fleeing from the mountain, as expected.

Uesugi's forces attacked in waves, in a "Kuruma Gakari" formation, in which every unit is replaced by another as it becomes weary or destroyed. Leading the Uesugi vanguard was one of Uesugi's Twenty-Eight Generals, Kakizaki Kageie. Kakizaki's unit of mounted samurai clashed into Takeda Nobushige's unit, resulting in the unfortunate loss of Nobushige. While the Kakuyoku formation held surprisingly well, the Takeda commanders eventually fell, one by one. Seeing that his pincer plan had failed, Yamamoto Kansuke charged alone into the mass of Uesugi samurai, suffering upwards of 80 bullet wounds before retiring to a nearby hill and committing seppuku.

Eventually, the Uesugi forces reached the Takeda command post, and one of the most famous single combats in Japanese history ensued. Uesugi Kenshin himself burst into the headquarters, attacking Takeda Shingen who, unprepared for such an event, parried with his signalling fan as best as he could, and held Kenshin off long enough for one of his retainers, Hara Osumi-no-Kami, to spear Kenshin's mount and drive him off.

The Takeda main body held firm, despite fierce rotating attacks by the Uesugi. Obu Saburohei fought back against Kakizaki's samurai. Anayama Nobukumi destroyed Shibata of Echigo, and forced the Uesugi main force back to the Chikumigawa.

Meanwhile, Kosaka's stealth force reached the top of Saijoyama and, finding the Uesugi position deserted, hurried down the mountain to the ford, taking the same path they had expected the fleeing Uesugi to take. After desperate fighting, they punched their way through the 3000 Uesugi warriors defending the ford (under the command of Uesugi general, Amakazu Kagemochi), and pressed on to aid Takeda's main force. The Kosaka force then attacked the retreating Uesugi from the rear. Takeda Shingen's many great generals, including his younger brother Takeda Nobushige and great uncle Murozumi Torasada were killed in the field.

In the end, the Uesugi army suffered around 3000 losses, while the Takeda had about 4000 casualties. The chronicles seem to indicate that the Takeda made no effort to stop the Uesugi from retreating after the battle, burning the encampment at Saijoyama, returning to Zenkoji, and then to Echigo Province.

The fifth battle

In 1564, Shingen and Kenshin met for the fifth and final time on the plain of Kawanakajima. Their forces skirmished for 60 days, and then both withdrew.

In popular culture

The rivalry between the two warlords was documented in the Japanese movie

.

As the fourth battle between Shingen and Kenshin was the most famous among all of them, it is one of the early stages in the Samurai Warriors series. Because of the 1-on-1 fight between Shingen and Kenshin, Shingen's weapon is a dansen uchiwa (signalling fan).

In Sengoku Basara anime the 1st battle ends in a stalemate,the 2nd battle ends both Uesugi and Takeda forces retreating in the face of Hiseyoshi's forces,and the 3rd battle ends with Takeda victory. Shingen was going to execute Kenshin, when Ieyasu arrives to offer their alliance for his dream.

In both PC games Shogun: Total War, and its sequel, Total War: Shogun 2, one of the historical battles is the fourth Kawanakajima.

The five battles are referenced in Pokémon Conquest (Pokémon + Nobunaga's Ambition in Japan), in which Kenshin and Shingen share a similar rivalry and settle it with a bet: the first to take five kingdoms from their opponent is the victor. Shingen carries a war fan at all times in the game.

It is featured in the climax of the film Samurai Banners.

References

• Sansom, George (1961). A History of Japan: 1334–1615. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press.
• Turnbull, Stephen (1998). The Samurai Sourcebook. London: Cassell & Co.
• Turnbull, Stephen (2002). War in Japan: 1467–1615. Oxford: Osprey Publishing.