Spin-weighted spherical harmonics

In

. In particular, the spin-weighted spherical harmonics of spin weight s = 0 are simply the standard spherical harmonics:

${\displaystyle {}_{0}Y_{lm}=Y_{lm}\ .}$

Spaces of spin-weighted spherical harmonics were first identified in connection with the

.

Spin-weighted functions

Regard the sphere S² as embedded into the three-dimensional Euclidean space R³. At a point x on the sphere, a positively oriented orthonormal basis of tangent vectors at x is a pair a, b of vectors such that

${\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\mathbf {x} \cdot \mathbf {a} =\mathbf {x} \cdot \mathbf {b} &=0\\\mathbf {a} \cdot \mathbf {a} =\mathbf {b} \cdot \mathbf {b} &=1\\\mathbf {a} \cdot \mathbf {b} &=0\\\mathbf {x} \cdot (\mathbf {a} \times \mathbf {b} )&>0,\end{aligned}}}$

where the first pair of equations states that a and b are tangent at x, the second pair states that a and b are

, and the final equation that (x, a, b) is a right-handed basis of R³.

A spin-weight s function f is a function accepting as input a point x of S² and a positively oriented orthonormal basis of tangent vectors at x, such that

${\displaystyle f{\bigl (}\mathbf {x} ,(\cos \theta )\mathbf {a} -(\sin \theta )\mathbf {b} ,(\sin \theta )\mathbf {a} +(\cos \theta )\mathbf {b} {\bigr )}=e^{is\theta }f(\mathbf {x} ,\mathbf {a} ,\mathbf {b} )}$

for every rotation angle θ.

Following Eastwood & Tod (1982), denote the collection of all spin-weight s functions by B(s). Concretely, these are understood as functions f on C²\{0} satisfying the following homogeneity law under complex scaling

${\displaystyle f\left(\lambda z,{\overline {\lambda }}{\bar {z}}\right)=\left({\frac {\overline {\lambda }}{\lambda }}\right)^{s}f\left(z,{\bar {z}}\right).}$

This makes sense provided s is a half-integer.

Abstractly, B(s) is

CP¹. A section of the latter bundle is a function g on C²\{0} satisfying

${\displaystyle g\left(\lambda z,{\overline {\lambda }}{\bar {z}}\right)={\overline {\lambda }}^{2s}g\left(z,{\bar {z}}\right).}$

Given such a g, we may produce a spin-weight s function by multiplying by a suitable power of the hermitian form

${\displaystyle P\left(z,{\bar {z}}\right)=z\cdot {\bar {z}}.}$

Specifically, f = P^−sg is a spin-weight s function. The association of a spin-weighted function to an ordinary homogeneous function is an isomorphism.

The operator ð

The spin weight bundles B(s) are equipped with a

, after suitable identifications have been made,

${\displaystyle \partial :{\overline {\mathbf {O} (2s)}}\to {\mathcal {E}}^{1,0}\otimes {\overline {\mathbf {O} (2s)}}\cong {\overline {\mathbf {O} (2s)}}\otimes \mathbf {O} (-2).}$

Thus for f ∈ B(s),

${\displaystyle \eth f\ {\stackrel {\text{def}}{=}}\ P^{-s+1}\partial \left(P^{s}f\right)}$

defines a function of spin-weight s + 1.

Spin-weighted harmonics

Just as conventional spherical harmonics are the

on the sphere, the spin-weight s harmonics are the eigensections for the Laplace-Beltrami operator acting on the bundles E(s) of spin-weight s functions.

Representation as functions

The spin-weighted harmonics can be represented as functions on a sphere once a point on the sphere has been selected to serve as the North pole. By definition, a function η with spin weight s transforms under rotation about the pole via

${\displaystyle \eta \rightarrow e^{is\psi }\eta .}$

Working in standard spherical coordinates, we can define a particular operator ð acting on a function η as:

${\displaystyle \eth \eta =-\left(\sin {\theta }\right)^{s}\left\{{\frac {\partial }{\partial \theta }}+{\frac {i}{\sin {\theta }}}{\frac {\partial }{\partial \phi }}\right\}\left[\left(\sin {\theta }\right)^{-s}\eta \right].}$

This gives us another function of θ and φ. (The operator ð is effectively a covariant derivative operator in the sphere.)

An important property of the new function ðη is that if η had spin weight s, ðη has spin weight s + 1. Thus, the operator raises the spin weight of a function by 1. Similarly, we can define an operator ð which will lower the spin weight of a function by 1:

${\displaystyle {\bar {\eth }}\eta =-\left(\sin {\theta }\right)^{-s}\left\{{\frac {\partial }{\partial \theta }}-{\frac {i}{\sin {\theta }}}{\frac {\partial }{\partial \phi }}\right\}\left[\left(\sin {\theta }\right)^{s}\eta \right].}$

The spin-weighted spherical harmonics are then defined in terms of the usual spherical harmonics as:

${\displaystyle {}_{s}Y_{lm}={\begin{cases}{\sqrt {\frac {(l-s)!}{(l+s)!}}}\ \eth ^{s}Y_{lm},&&0\leq s\leq l;\\{\sqrt {\frac {(l+s)!}{(l-s)!}}}\ \left(-1\right)^{s}{\bar {\eth }}^{-s}Y_{lm},&&-l\leq s\leq 0;\\0,&&l<|s|.\end{cases}}}$

The functions _sY_lm then have the property of transforming with spin weight s.

Other important properties include the following:

${\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\eth \left({}_{s}Y_{lm}\right)&=+{\sqrt {(l-s)(l+s+1)}}\,{}_{s+1}Y_{lm};\\{\bar {\eth }}\left({}_{s}Y_{lm}\right)&=-{\sqrt {(l+s)(l-s+1)}}\,{}_{s-1}Y_{lm};\end{aligned}}}$

Orthogonality and completeness

The harmonics are orthogonal over the entire sphere:

${\displaystyle \int _{S^{2}}{}_{s}Y_{lm}\,{}_{s}{\bar {Y}}_{l'm'}\,dS=\delta _{ll'}\delta _{mm'},}$

and satisfy the completeness relation

${\displaystyle \sum _{lm}{}_{s}{\bar {Y}}_{lm}\left(\theta ',\phi '\right){}_{s}Y_{lm}(\theta ,\phi )=\delta \left(\phi '-\phi \right)\delta \left(\cos \theta '-\cos \theta \right)}$

Calculating

These harmonics can be explicitly calculated by several methods. The obvious recursion relation results from repeatedly applying the raising or lowering operators. Formulae for direct calculation were derived by Goldberg et al. (1967). Note that their formulae use an old choice for the Condon–Shortley phase. The convention chosen below is in agreement with Mathematica, for instance.

The more useful of the Goldberg, et al., formulae is the following:

${\displaystyle {}_{s}Y_{lm}(\theta ,\phi )=\left(-1\right)^{l+m-s}{\sqrt {\frac {(l+m)!(l-m)!(2l+1)}{4\pi (l+s)!(l-s)!}}}\sin ^{2l}\left({\frac {\theta }{2}}\right)e^{im\phi }\times \sum _{r=0}^{l-s}\left(-1\right)^{r}{l-s \choose r}{l+s \choose r+s-m}\cot ^{2r+s-m}\left({\frac {\theta }{2}}\right)\,.}$

A Mathematica notebook using this formula to calculate arbitrary spin-weighted spherical harmonics can be found here.

With the phase convention here:

${\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}{}_{s}{\bar {Y}}_{lm}&=\left(-1\right)^{s+m}{}_{-s}Y_{l(-m)}\\{}_{s}Y_{lm}(\pi -\theta ,\phi +\pi )&=\left(-1\right)^{l}{}_{-s}Y_{lm}(\theta ,\phi ).\end{aligned}}}$

First few spin-weighted spherical harmonics

Analytic expressions for the first few orthonormalized spin-weighted spherical harmonics:

Spin-weight s = 1, degree l = 1

${\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}{}_{1}Y_{10}(\theta ,\phi )&={\sqrt {\frac {3}{8\pi }}}\,\sin \theta \\{}_{1}Y_{1\pm 1}(\theta ,\phi )&=-{\sqrt {\frac {3}{16\pi }}}(1\mp \cos \theta )\,e^{\pm i\phi }\end{aligned}}}$

Relation to Wigner rotation matrices

${\displaystyle D_{-ms}^{l}(\phi ,\theta ,-\psi )=\left(-1\right)^{m}{\sqrt {\frac {4\pi }{2l+1}}}{}_{s}Y_{lm}(\theta ,\phi )e^{is\psi }}$

This relation allows the spin harmonics to be calculated using recursion relations for the D-matrices.

Triple integral

The triple integral in the case that s₁ + s₂ + s₃ = 0 is given in terms of the 3-j symbol:

${\displaystyle \int _{S^{2}}\,{}_{s_{1}}Y_{j_{1}m_{1}}\,{}_{s_{2}}Y_{j_{2}m_{2}}\,{}_{s_{3}}Y_{j_{3}m_{3}}={\sqrt {\frac {\left(2j_{1}+1\right)\left(2j_{2}+1\right)\left(2j_{3}+1\right)}{4\pi }}}{\begin{pmatrix}j_{1}&j_{2}&j_{3}\\m_{1}&m_{2}&m_{3}\end{pmatrix}}{\begin{pmatrix}j_{1}&j_{2}&j_{3}\\-s_{1}&-s_{2}&-s_{3}\end{pmatrix}}}$

See also

• Spherical basis

References

• Dray, Tevian (May 1985), "The relationship between monopole harmonics and spin-weighted spherical harmonics", J. Math. Phys., 26 (5), American Institute of Physics: 1030–1033,
  doi:10.1063/1.526533
  .
• Eastwood, Michael; Tod, Paul (1982), "Edth-a differential operator on the sphere", Mathematical Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society, 92 (2): 317–330,
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  .
• MR 0114876
  ; (1963) Representations of the rotation and Lorentz groups and their applications (translation). Macmillan Publishers.
• Goldberg, J. N.; Macfarlane, A. J.; Newman, E. T.; Rohrlich, F.; Sudarshan, E. C. G. (November 1967), "Spin-s Spherical Harmonics and ð", J. Math. Phys., 8 (11), American Institute of Physics: 2155–2161,
  doi:10.1063/1.1705135
  (Note: As mentioned above, this paper uses a choice for the Condon-Shortley phase that is no longer standard.)
• doi:10.1063/1.1931221
  .
• Wu, Tai Tsun; Yang, Chen Ning (1976), "Dirac monopole without strings: monopole harmonics", Nuclear Physics B, 107 (3): 365–380,
  MR 0471791
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