Stereotypic movement disorder
| Stereotypic movement disorder | |
|---|---|
| Specialty | Psychiatry  |
Stereotypic movement disorder (SMD) is a
Signs and symptoms
Common repetitive movements of SMD include head banging, arm waving, hand shaking, rocking and rhythmic movements, self-biting, self-hitting, and skin-picking;
Cause
The cause of stereotypic movement disorder is unknown.[4][5]
Diagnosis
Stereotyped movements are common in infants and young children; if the child is not distressed by movements and daily activities are not impaired, diagnosis is not warranted.
When diagnosing stereotypic movement disorder, DSM-5 calls for specification of:
- with or without self-injurious behavior;
- association with another known medical condition or environmental factor;
- severity (mild, moderate or severe).[1]
Classification
Stereotypic movement disorder is classified in the fifth revision of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) as a motor disorder, in the category of neurodevelopmental disorders.[1]
Differential diagnosis
Other conditions which feature repetitive behaviors in the differential diagnosis include
Stereotypic movement disorder is often misdiagnosed as tics or Tourette syndrome (TS).[6][7] Unlike the tics of TS, which tend to appear around age six or seven, repetitive movements typically start before age three,[1][8] are more bilateral than tics, and consist of intense patterns of movement for longer runs than tics. Tics are less likely to be stimulated by excitement. Children with stereotypic movement disorder do not always report being bothered by the movements as a child with tics might.[6][8]
Treatment
There is no consistently effective medication for SMD, and there is little evidence for any effective treatment.[6] In non-autistic habit reversal training may be useful [6] as well as decoupling.[9] No treatment is an option when movements are not interfering with daily life.[3]
Prognosis
Prognosis depends on the severity of the disorder. Recognizing symptoms early can help reduce the risk of self-injury, which can be lessened with medications. Stereotypic movement disorder due to head trauma may be permanent.[2]
Epidemiology
Although not necessary for the diagnosis, individuals with intellectual disability are at higher risk for SMD.[1] It is more common in boys, and can happen at any age[2]
References
- ^ ISBN 978-0-89042-555-8.
- ^ a b c "Stereotypic movement disorder". MedlinePlus. June 15, 2012. Retrieved October 6, 2013.
- ^ a b Ellis CR, Pataki C. "Childhood Habit Behaviors and Stereotypic Movement Disorder". Medscape. Retrieved October 6, 2013.
- ^ "Stereotypic movement disorder: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia". medlineplus.gov. Retrieved 2022-06-18.
- ^ "Primary (Non-Autistic) Motor Stereotypies". Johns Hopkins Medicine. Retrieved 2022-06-18.
- ^ PMID 19501335.
- ^ Ellis CR, Pataki C. "Background: Childhood Habit Behaviors and Stereotypic Movement Disorder". Medscape. Retrieved October 6, 2013.
- ^ Tourette Syndrome Foundation of Canada, and former member of the Tourette Syndrome AssociationMedical Advisory Board.
- PMID 31105537.
Further reading
- Freeman, RD; Soltanifar, A; Baer, S (Aug 2010). "Stereotypic movement disorder: easily missed". Dev Med Child Neurol. 52 (8): 733–8. S2CID 213050.