Strong and weak typing

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In computer programming, one of the many ways that programming languages are colloquially classified is whether the language's type system makes it strongly typed or weakly typed (loosely typed). However, there is no precise technical definition of what the terms mean and different authors disagree about the implied meaning of the terms and the relative rankings of the "strength" of the type systems of mainstream programming languages.[1] For this reason, writers who wish to write unambiguously about type systems often eschew the terms "strong typing" and "weak typing" in favor of specific expressions such as "type safety".

Generally, a strongly typed language has stricter typing rules at

run time
) can also be strongly typed. In dynamically typed languages, values, rather than variables, have types.

A weakly typed language has looser typing rules and may produce unpredictable or even erroneous results or may perform implicit type conversion at runtime.[2] A different but related concept is latent typing.

History

In 1974, B. Liskov and S. Zilles defined a strongly-typed language as one in which "whenever an object is passed from a calling function to a called function, its type must be compatible with the type declared in the called function."[3] In 1977, K. Jackson wrote, "In a strongly typed language each data area will have a distinct type and each process will state its communication requirements in terms of these types."[4]

Definitions of "strong" or "weak"

A number of different language design decisions have been referred to as evidence of "strong" or "weak" typing. Many of these are more accurately understood as the presence or absence of

static type-checking, or dynamic type-checking
.

"Strong typing" generally refers to use of programming language types in order to both capture invariants of the code, and ensure its correctness, and definitely exclude certain classes of programming errors. Thus there are many "strong typing" disciplines used to achieve these goals.

Implicit type conversions and "type punning"

Some programming languages make it easy to use a value of one type as if it were a value of another type. This is sometimes described as "weak typing".

For example, Aahz Maruch observes that "

statically typed language and you use the syntactic features of the language to force the usage of one type as if it were a different type (consider the common use of void* in C). Coercion is usually a symptom of weak typing. Conversion, on the other hand, creates a brand-new object of the appropriate type."[5]

As another example, GCC describes this as type-punning and warns that it will break strict aliasing. Thiago Macieira discusses several problems that can arise when type-punning causes the compiler to make inappropriate optimizations.[6]

There are many examples of languages that allow

C# allow programs to define operators
to convert a value from one type to another with well-defined semantics. When a C++ compiler encounters such a conversion, it treats the operation just like a function call. In contrast, converting a value to the C type void* is an unsafe operation that is invisible to the compiler.

Pointers

Some programming languages expose pointers as if they were numeric values, and allow users to perform arithmetic on them. These languages are sometimes referred to as "weakly typed", since pointer arithmetic can be used to bypass the language's type system.

Untagged unions

Some programming languages support untagged unions, which allow a value of one type to be viewed as if it were a value of another type.

Static type-checking

In

Tony Hoare's early papers call this property security.[8]

Variation across programming languages

Some of these definitions are contradictory, others are merely conceptually independent, and still others are special cases (with additional constraints) of other, more "liberal" (less strong) definitions. Because of the wide divergence among these definitions, it is possible to defend claims about most programming languages that they are either strongly or weakly typed. For instance:

  • variables to have a declared type, and support the use of explicit casts of arithmetic values to other arithmetic types. Java, C#, Ada, and Pascal are sometimes said to be more strongly typed than C, a claim that is probably because C supports more kinds of implicit conversions, and allows pointer values to be explicitly cast while Java and Pascal do not. Java may be considered more strongly typed than Pascal as methods of evading the static type system in Java are controlled by the Java virtual machine's type system. C# and VB.NET are similar to Java in that respect, though they allow disabling of dynamic type checking by explicitly putting code segments in an "unsafe context". Pascal's type system has been described as "too strong", because the size of an array or string is part of its type, making some programming tasks very difficult. However, Delphi fixes this issue.[9][10]
  • dynamic typing
    paradigm used by the languages in this group.
  • The Lisp family of languages are all "strongly typed" in the sense that typing errors are prevented at runtime. Some Lisp dialects like Common Lisp or Clojure do support various forms of type declarations[11] and some compilers (CMU Common Lisp (CMUCL)[12] and related) use these declarations together with type inference to enable various optimizations and limited forms of compile time type checks.
  • Standard ML, F#, OCaml, Haskell, Go and Rust are statically type-checked, but the compiler automatically infers a precise type for most values.
  • Assembly language and Forth can be characterized as untyped. There is no type checking; it is up to the programmer to ensure that data given to functions is of the appropriate type.

See also

References

  1. ^ "What to know before debating type systems | Ovid [blogs.perl.org]". blogs.perl.org. Retrieved 2023-06-27.
  2. ^ "CS1130. Transition to OO programming. – Spring 2012 --self-paced version". Cornell University, Department of Computer Science. 2005. Archived from the original on 2015-11-23. Retrieved 2015-11-23.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  3. doi:10.1145/942572.807045
    .
  4. ISBN 3-540-08360-X
    .
  5. ^ Aahz. "Typing: Strong vs. Weak, Static vs. Dynamic". Retrieved 16 August 2015.
  6. ^ "Type-punning and strict-aliasing - Qt Blog". Qt Blog. Retrieved 18 February 2020.
  7. ^ Luca Cardelli, "Typeful programming"
  8. ^ Hoare, C. A. R. 1974. Hints on Programming Language Design. In Computer Systems Reliability, ed. C. Bunyan. Vol. 20 pp. 505–534.
  9. ^ InfoWorld. 1983-04-25. Retrieved 16 August 2015.
  10. ^ Kernighan, Brian (1981). "Why Pascal is not my favorite programming language". Archived from the original on 2012-04-06. Retrieved 2011-10-22.
  11. ^ "CLHS: Chapter 4". Retrieved 16 August 2015.
  12. ^ "CMUCL User's Manual: The Compiler". Archived from the original on 8 March 2016. Retrieved 16 August 2015.
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