Superman (gene)

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Superman is a plant gene in

the ABC model of flower development in a variety of ways.[4]

Gene function

Superman encodes a

Carpels. Superman normally restricts the effect of another gene called (APETALA3) in the fourth whorl, leaving APETALA3 expression only present in the second and third whorls.[6] APETALA3 is a gene normally associated with the development of a stamen in the third whorl,[7] so by its restriction, we allow for the development of other organs in the fourth whorl (such as the Pistil
).

A mutation which completely removes superman gene function would result in flowers that carry extra

homozygous mutation than a heterozygous mutation.[8]

Interaction with the ABC model of flower development

The gene which Superman interacts with (APETALA3) is a member of the B-Function group of the ABC model of flower development,[7] which is typically responsible for the development of Stamen and Petals. Other important members of the ABC model of flower development include APETALA1, APETALA2, AGAMOUS, and PISTILATA.[9] Superman has not been found to interact with any of these other genes. SUPERMAN (SUP) and SUPERMAN-like genes such as APETALA2 work as a protein complex regulators with other corepressors known as TOPLESS (TPL) and a Histone Deacetylase 19 (HD19) in order to repress transcriptional functions in plants [10]

Epigenetic changes to Superman

Superman has been found to undergo to

epialleles, which are a set of altered versions of the Superman gene lacking function.[11] Whereas most cases of cytosine methylation in plants tend to happen in the Promoter of transcription, the cytosine methylation of Superman happens within the gene, just after the promoter.[6] The exact location of the methylation varies, but defines which clk epiallele we define the plant as having; so far there are 7 identified clk epialleles (numbered clk1-clk7).[11]

These Clark Kent alleles can be inherited, but often, through mutation, will revert to the natural gene at a rate of about 3% per generation.[12]

References

  1. ^ "Gene Model: SUP". The Arabidopsis Information Resource (TAIR). 2006-02-01. Retrieved 2007-01-23.
  2. ^ "Clever Arabidopsis gene names". Clever gene names. Mikael Niku and Mikko Taipale. 2005-12-03. Archived from the original on 2006-12-31. Retrieved 2007-01-23.
  3. ^
    PMID 11828022
    .
  4. ^
    PMID 15020746
    .
  5. S2CID 205482851
    .
  6. ^
    S2CID 20083628
    .
  7. ^
    PMID 8565821
    .
  8. PMID 1352237
    .
  9. PMID 23093420
    .
  10. ^ Krogan, N. T., Hogan, K., & Long, J. A. (2012). APETALA2 negatively regulates multiple floral organ identity genes in Arabidopsis by recruiting the co-repressor TOPLESS and the histone deacetylase HDA19. Development, dev-085407.
  11. ^
    PMID 9262479
    .
  12. PMID 12407189
    .
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