Template:Attached KML/List of power stations in New Zealand

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</Style> <StyleMap id="msn_forbidden33"> <Pair> <key>normal</key> <styleUrl>#sn_forbidden03</styleUrl> </Pair> <Pair> <key>highlight</key> <styleUrl>#sh_forbidden55</styleUrl> </Pair> </StyleMap> <Style id="sn_ylw-pushpin_copy30"> <IconStyle> <scale>1.1</scale> <Icon> <href>http://maps.google.com/mapfiles/kml/pushpin/ylw-pushpin.png</href> </Icon> <hotSpot x="20" y="2" xunits="pixels" yunits="pixels"/> </IconStyle> <LineStyle> <color>ffffffaa</color> </LineStyle> </Style> <Style id="sn_target1500"> <IconStyle> <Icon> <href>http://maps.google.com/mapfiles/kml/shapes/target.png</href> </Icon> </IconStyle> </Style> <Style id="sh_ylw-pushpin690"> <IconStyle> <scale>1.3</scale> <Icon> <href>http://maps.google.com/mapfiles/kml/pushpin/ylw-pushpin.png</href> </Icon> <hotSpot x="20" y="2" xunits="pixels" yunits="pixels"/> </IconStyle> <LineStyle> <color>7fffffff</color> </LineStyle> </Style> <StyleMap id="msn_arrow-reverse_copy8"> <Pair> <key>normal</key> <styleUrl>#sn_arrow-reverse_copy8</styleUrl> </Pair> <Pair> <key>highlight</key> <styleUrl>#sh_arrow-reverse_copy8</styleUrl> </Pair> </StyleMap> <Folder> <name>New Zealand Mapping</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description><![CDATA[As the years have rolled by, different coordinate systems have been used to report the same positions, so the location's data varies quite aside from any mistakes.

The New Zealand geodetic datum of 1949 is based on the size and shape of the earth of the International (Hayford) Ellipsoid as recommended by the International Geodetic and Geophysical union at the Madrid meeting of 1924, and its base point is the Mount Cook trigonometrical point in the foyer of what used to be the Dominion Museum in Wellington.

]]></description>

<Folder> <name>Misregistration</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <open>1</open> <description><![CDATA[The registration of an image with the coordinate grid is often out by some tens of metres, as can be seen when different images of the same place are viewed. As well, the images often are not taken from directly overhead (as can be seen for images of tall chimneys such as at New Plymouth and Huntly) and so the correct projection on to the nominal coordinate spheroid is in doubt, especially when the ground surface is well above the spheroid surface. Distortions are noticeable between ridges and gullies, especially when some above-surface feature is visible in the image, such as an electricity transmission line spanning the valley.

A different sort of misregistration was visible south east of Opotiki where what appeared to be the full width of an image strip of about twenty kilometres east-west has been repeated in a stripe about half a kilometre north-south, shifted north the half kilometre, most visibly in the sliced paths of the Waioeka and Otara rivers, and obliterating the Opotiki aerodrome. This was replaced by a proper image in September 2009.

]]></description>

<Placemark> <name>Petone Overbridge</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>In the 2009 imagery, the Petone overbridge is misaligned across an image boundary - the east side is about twenty-five yards south of the west side, and there is ghosting on the east side of the join.</description> <LookAt> <longitude>174.8628</longitude> <latitude>-41.2257</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>-1.0869</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>1383.4674</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_cross-hairs0</styleUrl> <Point> <altitudeMode>absolute</altitudeMode> <coordinates>174.8598,-41.2240,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Folder> <name>Arthur's Pass</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description><![CDATA[Arthur's Pass substation has not been moved, but the images showing it have been registered such that its apparent position has varied over an east-west span of ~sixty metres. Similarly, the imagery showing the Petone road overbridge has a similar offset but north-south across image boundaries. In 2011 a unified image replaced the seam.

There is nothing special about the Arthur's Pass substation in this regard, it is just an example that was noticed. Another is for the Wanganui and Blink Bonnie substations. In short, positions are good only to about a hundred metres, despite the apparent precision of the image and the numbers generated by the software. Some, one imagines, might be smack on, but, which ones?

]]></description>

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</LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_cross-hairs1</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>171.5691,-42.9490,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> </Folder> <Folder> <name>Fraser</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>The power station by the south bank has not moved.</description> <Placemark> <name>14/4/2005</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <LookAt> <gx:TimeStamp><when>2005-04-14</when> </gx:TimeStamp> <gx:ViewerOptions> <gx:option name="historicalimagery"></gx:option> <gx:option enabled="0" name="sunlight"></gx:option> <gx:option enabled="0" name="streetview"></gx:option> </gx:ViewerOptions> <longitude>169.3011</longitude> <latitude>-45.2057</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>3.8989</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>210.7850</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#m_ylw-pushpin8</styleUrl> <Point> <gx:drawOrder>1</gx:drawOrder> <coordinates>169.3013,-45.2059,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>16/2/2007</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <LookAt> <gx:TimeStamp><when>2007-02-16</when> </gx:TimeStamp> <gx:ViewerOptions> <gx:option name="historicalimagery"></gx:option> <gx:option enabled="0" name="sunlight"></gx:option> <gx:option enabled="0" name="streetview"></gx:option> </gx:ViewerOptions> <longitude>169.3018</longitude> <latitude>-45.2058</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>3.8984</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>217.9328</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#m_ylw-pushpin8</styleUrl> <Point> <gx:drawOrder>1</gx:drawOrder> <coordinates>169.3022,-45.2060,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>23/11/2010</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <LookAt> <gx:TimeStamp><when>2010-11-23</when> </gx:TimeStamp> <gx:ViewerOptions> <gx:option name="historicalimagery"></gx:option> <gx:option enabled="0" name="sunlight"></gx:option> <gx:option enabled="0" name="streetview"></gx:option> </gx:ViewerOptions> <longitude>169.3018</longitude> <latitude>-45.2058</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>3.8984</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>217.9328</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#m_ylw-pushpin8</styleUrl> <Point> <gx:drawOrder>1</gx:drawOrder> <coordinates>169.3023,-45.2060,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>9/12/2011</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <LookAt> <gx:TimeStamp><when>2011-12-09</when> </gx:TimeStamp> <gx:ViewerOptions> <gx:option name="historicalimagery"></gx:option> <gx:option enabled="0" name="sunlight"></gx:option> <gx:option enabled="0" name="streetview"></gx:option> </gx:ViewerOptions> <longitude>169.3018</longitude> <latitude>-45.2058</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>3.8984</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>217.9328</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#m_ylw-pushpin8</styleUrl> <Point> <gx:drawOrder>1</gx:drawOrder> <coordinates>169.3023,-45.2059,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> </Folder> <Placemark> <name>Bluff signpost, nominal location.</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>AA signpost with directions and distances. The sign reads 46°36'54"S 168°21'26"E and is on land. This location is not the southernmost point of the South Island: both locally, and off to the East are more southerly locations.</description> <styleUrl>#msn_icon602</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>168.3572,-46.6150,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Bluff Signpost</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>The signpost reads 46°36'54"S 168°21'26"E</description> <LookAt> <longitude>168.3575</longitude> <latitude>-46.6141</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>0.0005</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>302.3795</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_palette-3</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>168.3571,-46.6134,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> </Folder> <Folder> <name>Grid centre positions</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>The coordinates assigned to the centre of the grid are chosen so that negative numbers will not arise for positions in the area of interest, thus the centre position is not given the location (0,0).</description> <Placemark> <name>National (metre) Grid Centre.</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <open>1</open> <description>The NZMG centre is at 2510000E,6023150N at 41°S 173°E but that translates to 40°59'53.80"S 173°0'0.51"E (or 40.9983°S 173.0001°E) in the WGS84 system, which does not put longitude zero through the benchmark at Greenwich..</description> <styleUrl>#msn_palette-30</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>173.0001,-40.9983,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>National (metre) Grid Centre, nominal location</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>Nominal location is 41°S 173°E. Metre grid location is 2,510,000 East 6,023,150 North. Map sheets are scaled at 1:50,000 and are labelled NZMS 260</description> <styleUrl>#msn_cross-hairs00</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>173,-41,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>National (yard) Grid North Island Centre point</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>Nominal location is 175°30'E 39°S Yard grid location is 300,000 East, 400,000 North. Map sheets are scaled 1:63,360 (inch to a mile) and are labelled NZMS 1</description> <styleUrl>#msn_palette-31</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>175.5,-39,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>National (yard) Grid South Island Centre point</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>Nominal location is 171°30'E 44°S Yard grid location is 500000 500000. Map sheets are scaled 1:63,360 (inch to a mile) and are labelled NZMS 1</description> <styleUrl>#msn_palette-3_copy21</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>171.5,-44,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> </Folder> <Folder> <name>Base Point</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>In the foyer of what used to be the Dominion Museum (currently occupied by a metastasizing Massey University) is a compass rose in the floor with a brass plug in the centre. This Mount Cook trigonometrical point is the base for New Zealand mapping, and its latitude and longitude were determined in 1870. Subsequently, the same position has been assigned other location names.</description> <Placemark> <name>1870 Survey</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>41°17'59.3"S 174°46'34.65"E is the location determined in 1870 by Henry Jackson, Chief Surveyor, for the base point for New Zealand mapping.</description> <LookAt> <longitude>174.7763</longitude> <latitude>-41.2998</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>-2.664066399934187e-014</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>617.4321</range> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_icon600</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>174.7763,-41.2998,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>NZGD49</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description><![CDATA[41°18'4.7507"S 174°46'35.8432"E is the location given for the Mt. Cook initial station in terms of the New Zealand Geodetic Datum 1949, based on the International Hayford Spheroid:

Semi-major axis 6,378,388 metres

Semi-minor axis 6,356,912 metres

Flattening 1/297

]]></description>

<styleUrl>#msn_icon60_copy12</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>174.7766,-41.3013,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>NZGD2000</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description><![CDATA[41°18'4"S 174°46'35"E is the location given for the Mt. Cook initial station in terms of the New Zealand Geodetic Datum 2000, which adopts the Geodetic Reference System 1980 (GRS80) spheroid:

Semi-major axis 6,378,137 metres

Semi-minor axis 6,356,752 metres

Flattening 1/298.2572

]]></description>

<styleUrl>#msn_icon60_copy25</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>174.7764,-41.3011,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Topographic map - NZGD49</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>41°18'3"S 174°46'36"E is the location as reported by the New Zealand Mapped software when set to use NZDG49. The grid reference is 2658795E 5988220N.</description> <LookAt> <longitude>174.7764</longitude> <latitude>-41.3011</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>-2.875939294954192e-014</heading> <tilt>5.841402233754156e-010</tilt> <range>123.6142</range> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_icon60_copy10</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>174.7767,-41.3008,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Topographic map - WGS84</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>41°17'57"S 174°46'37"E is the location reported by the New Zealand Mapped software, when set to deliver WGS84/NZGD2000 locations. The grid reference is 2658795E 5988220N</description> <styleUrl>#msn_palette-3_copy3</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>174.7769,-41.2992,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Topographic map - flat earth usage</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description><![CDATA[41°18'11"S 174°46'41"E was obtained by transferring the location of the base point to the edges of the topographic map sheet via its grid lines. But, I forgot, the map grid is not aligned north/south and east/west, nor is the earth flat as is needed for a rectilinear grid.

The grid reference is 26587(95)E 59882(20)N, on NZMS260 sheet R27, 1979, edition 1, which uses the geodetic datum 1949 based on the international Hayford spheroid.

]]></description>

<styleUrl>#msn_icon60_copy13</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>174.7781,-41.3031,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Site location</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>41°17'58.58"S 174°46'36.56"E After a visit to the site, the corresponding Google Earth image position suggests this location.</description> <styleUrl>#msn_icon601</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>174.7768,-41.2996,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Royal Observatory, Greenwich</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description><![CDATA[This is the observation panel in the roof of the observatory below which lies the zenith telescope built in 1850 (first observations in January 1851) whose centre line was used by Sir George Biddell Airy to define Longitude Zero. In the courtyard a brass strip continues this line. Previous usages were by the first Astronomer Royal, John Flamsteed in 1675, Edmund Halley in 1725. In 1750 James Bradley began twenty years of observations that established a meridian that was used for mapmaking, then a century later Sir George Airy built a new telescope some nineteen feet away to the east...

GoogleEarth's reference system does not show this as being at longitude zero, which is depicted as being about a hundred yards off to the east, possibly attended by software glitches if the display includes the sign change...

]]></description>

<LookAt> <longitude>-0.0015</longitude> <latitude>51.4777</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>0.1082</heading> <tilt>7.67794104552394e-010</tilt> <range>50.0034</range> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_icon60</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>-0.0015,51.4778,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> </Folder> </Folder> <Folder> <name>Power Stations</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description><![CDATA[The locations with some attempt at classification, of the electric power stations that have generated for public supply. Often, only vague descriptions as to location are known, aside from those power stations that are altogether unknown.

Locations are as seen in the image, where it is possible to identify a power station. But, the registration of Google Earth's images is not always correct (see Misregistration under New Zealand Mapping), and the coordinate system used by Google Earth does not place longitude zero on the benchmark at Greenwich.

Electricity was first known via the rubbing of amber ("electron" in Greek), which displaced tiny amounts of charge but at a high voltage. The first low voltage but large charge manipulations were produced by chemical recations, in Voltaic piles, or batteries, though electrochemistry was employed in Baghdad in 230BC. Then in 1820, Hans Christian Ørsted noticed that an electric current could affect a compass needle. In 1831 Michael Faraday reversed this relationship by rotating a copper disc between the poles of a strong magnet, thereby producing electric current not via chemical action. This soon led to various designs for an electric dynamo, or generator.

Aside from telegraphy (1861, Dunedin to Port Chalmers), telephones and electrochemistry, new practical applications included motors, and lighting via arcs, then incandescent filament lamps as improved by Edison and Swan. Nikola Tesla (a real "mad" scientist) developed the first workable alternating current systems which soon overshadowed the earlier established direct current systems because of the easy stepping up or down of voltage via transformers: high voltage and low current greatly reduces transmission loss.

So, by the 1880s, there was considerable ferment in the industrial world over the possible uses of electricity, and promoters of varying levels of probity and electrical ability in a still-developing field seemed everywhere. Lectures, demonstrations and proposals were many, and in N.Z. the miners especially were easily capable of the required engineering.

There were temporary demonstrations such as in Wellington at a jeweller's shop (somewhere) in Lambton Quay in April 1879, a floodlit football game in the Basin Reserve in June, a demonstration at the Christchurch exhibition in July 1880, and so on. Even travelling circuses! Some private residences were being lit, but primacy is not clearly recorded amongst claims from Invercargill, Wellington, and Auckland.

]]></description>

<Folder> <name>Main</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <open>1</open> <description>These are the long-established and major power stations.</description> <Folder> <name>Cobb</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description><![CDATA[Over decades an astounding variety of activity. See The Cobb, by A.K.Blair, and http://www.ipenz.org.nz/heritage/itemdetail.cfm?itemid=394]]></description> <Placemark> <name>Round</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description><![CDATA[1948, temporary dam 12' high, near here, stone walls with peat between. Noone was going to backpack concrete to here!

Blasted away in 1955.

]]></description>

<LookAt> <longitude>172.5348</longitude> <latitude>-41.0772</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>0.9783</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>10175.4234</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_forbidden13</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>172.4964,-41.0532,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Cobb</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>1947, December. Near here a temporary dam, enlarged in December 1948. 10' high, with flashboards allowing another foot of storage. Constructed of logs bound by wire with clay and boulders. Then blasted open in 1955.</description> <LookAt> <longitude>172.5160</longitude> <latitude>-41.0625</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>0.9809</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>6408.9008</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#m_ylw-pushpin1010</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>172.5206,-41.0565,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Halley</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>1947, 16'th December. Temporary earth dam, 30' high, drowned by the Cobb dam in 1955. Located to take advantage of a greywacke outcrop on the eastern side, and the upstream side of the shingle fan Sylvester Creek. Lake Halley was full by the 26'th December, and with a drought in January 1948 water was drawn down; no appreciable rain until Easter when there came a large flood!</description> <LookAt> <longitude>172.6532</longitude> <latitude>-41.1199</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>0.8908</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>1488.3430</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#m_ylw-pushpin1001</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>172.6564,-41.1224,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Sylvester</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <open>1</open> <description>1951/1952 summer: three earth dams across the outlet of the Little Sylvester lake..</description> <LookAt> <longitude>172.6274</longitude> <latitude>-41.1093</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>0.4068</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>1526.7019</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_forbidden13</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>172.6272,-41.1090,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Sylvester</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description><![CDATA[1946/7 small earth dam somewhere around here, later enlarged to add 18' of storage to lake Sylvester. The State Hydro staff were determined that this project would offer more storage than lake Halley as constructed by the Ministry of Works. In April 1950 a pump was introduced to use the Venturi effect to drag water out of the lake for the benefit of the Cobb hydro generators. A 11 kV line supplied power for two 50HP electric motors, delivering 12,000 gallons/minute for the water shortage of January 1951. Enthusiastic pumping, with the pumps first in parallel then in series would lower the lake by 60' below the syphon level. A season's pumping would enable the additional production of £25,000 worth of electricity, all during times of general shortage and expensive diesel generation.

Ceased use in 1955 when at last the Cobb dam was ready.

]]></description>

<LookAt> <longitude>172.6452</longitude> <latitude>-41.1168</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>0.9057</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>10329.8999</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#m_ylw-pushpin1010</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>172.6348,-41.1080,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Cobb weir</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>1944, April. Temporary weir that was raised by sandbags, etc. in February 1952 replaced by a proper cofferdam during construction of the high dam.</description> <LookAt> <longitude>172.6834</longitude> <latitude>-41.1138</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>0.3699</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>2422.8214</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_forbidden07</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>172.6870,-41.1042,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Cobb dam</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <open>1</open> <description>Initially impeded by a weir, occasionally topped by sandbags. In 1956 the weir was replaced by a much larger earth dam. The initial idea had been for a concrete dam, but what appeared to be rock outcrops were in fact giant boulders in glacial rubble.</description> <LookAt> <longitude>172.6871</longitude> <latitude>-41.1022</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>0.9885</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>1123.4567</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_forbidden11</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>172.6875,-41.1038,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Cobb tunnel</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>Inlet somewhere around here, presumably.</description> <styleUrl>#msn_ylw-pushpin0300</styleUrl> <LineString> <tessellate>1</tessellate> <coordinates> 172.6877,-41.1040,0 172.7135,-41.0945,0 172.7138,-41.0943,0 172.7147,-41.0943,0 172.7159,-41.0943,0 172.7161,-41.0942,0 172.7165,-41.0929,0 172.7169,-41.0920,0 172.7176,-41.0918,0 172.7193,-41.0906,0 172.7198,-41.0905,0 172.7201,-41.0902,0 172.7207,-41.0898,0 172.7219,-41.0891,0 172.7224,-41.0888,0 172.7239,-41.0885,0 172.7265,-41.0878,0 172.7271,-41.0877,0 172.7287,-41.0876,0 172.7300,-41.0872,0 172.7320,-41.0864,0 </coordinates> </LineString> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Cobb</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description><![CDATA[1944, June. 12 MW from four Pelton wheels, 1876' head. Construction started in 1935 on the tunnel and long pipeline from the Cobb reservoir.

1956 a proper earth dam was constructed, raising the head to 1950' and two more Pelton wheels added 20 MW.

]]></description>

<styleUrl>#msn_target9</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>172.7325,-41.0861,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> </Folder> <Folder> <name>Coleridge</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description><![CDATA[Construction began in 1911, the first scheme resulting from the Aid to Water Power Works act of 1910, further establishing the government's intention to keep large hydro projects away from private profit. This created the Hydroelectric Branch of the Public Works Department for direct work, and the overseeing of contracted work. The large job of drilling the tunnel in difficult ground was let to J. McWilliams, but this failed in dissension and dangerous working conditions, so was taken over by the Public Works Department.

Lake Coleridge drained into the Harper river just before its confluence with the Wilberforce river. This exit was impeded slightly, and the head was 490'. The initial capacity was 4·5 MW from three turbines, and a fourth was added in 1917. Additions and refurbishments followed.

In 1930 the Acheron river was diverted to flow into lake Coleridge's headwaters. A canal diverts the Harper river to flow into Lake Coleridge. In 1977 another canal captured part of the flow of the Wilberforce river. The intake for this is via a gravel berm, that is reconstructed after every flood.

See also http://www.ipenz.org.nz/heritage/itemdetail.cfm?itemid=58

]]></description>

<Placemark> <name>Acheron Dam</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>1930, December. Constructed during a severe drought. Diverts water into Lake Coleridge. There is no canal/pipeline etc. shown on the topological map though a dam is marked and a blue line running from the dam to a stream looks likely.</description> <styleUrl>#msn_forbidden51</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>171.6404,-43.3518,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Acheron canal</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>Suspected route.</description> <styleUrl>#msn_ylw-pushpin1900</styleUrl> <LineString> <tessellate>1</tessellate> <coordinates> 171.6401,-43.3520,0 171.6391,-43.3524,0 171.6382,-43.3530,0 171.6376,-43.3536,0 171.6367,-43.3542,0 171.6355,-43.3549,0 171.6353,-43.3555,0 171.6346,-43.3561,0 171.6337,-43.3565,0 171.6321,-43.3570,0 171.6318,-43.3573,0 171.6313,-43.3574,0 171.6308,-43.3573,0 171.6286,-43.3563,0 171.6276,-43.3557,0 171.6273,-43.3556,0 171.6259,-43.3551,0 171.6257,-43.3549,0 171.6254,-43.3546,0 171.6253,-43.3543,0 171.6251,-43.3540,0 171.6250,-43.3539,0 171.6251,-43.3534,0 171.6248,-43.3529,0 171.6244,-43.3527,0 171.6243,-43.3524,0 171.6242,-43.3522,0 171.6239,-43.3520,0 171.6239,-43.3516,0 171.6236,-43.3511,0 171.6235,-43.3510,0 171.6231,-43.3506,0 171.6227,-43.3506,0 171.6225,-43.3506,0 171.6224,-43.3505,0 171.6222,-43.3505,0 171.6220,-43.3503,0 171.6219,-43.3501,0 171.6216,-43.3492,0 171.6214,-43.3489,0 171.6211,-43.3485,0 171.6207,-43.3480,0 171.6202,-43.3477,0 171.6199,-43.3474,0 171.6198,-43.3470,0 171.6195,-43.3466,0 </coordinates> </LineString> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Harper intake</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description><![CDATA[1921, March. A small dam made from bags of shingle held by a wire net diverted the flow of the Harper river via a canal into Lake Coleridge, a hurried response to the drought of 1920 plus increasing demand. Before a more substantial dam could be constructed, a flood swept aside the dam as well as forming a new channel. Work on a more substantial dam upstream was washed away in a flood in April 1922 and another in July damaged the channel's embankments, not repaired until September. In February 1923 the new dam was ready to confront the Harper river's whims, which in 1926 destroyed the dam blocking the outlet from lake Coleridge into the Hraper river. Its replacement raised the lake level.

Subsequent to the importation of mammals such as deer, goats and bunnies, erosion has meant that these rivers carry a colossal load of shingle, forcing continual attention to low dams.

]]></description>

<LookAt> <longitude>171.4631</longitude> <latitude>-43.2176</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>-2.4461</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>430.6128</range> <altitudeMode>relativeToGround</altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_arrow-reverse07</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>171.4614,-43.2171,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Harper canal</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>Diverts the water of the Harper river, along with its shingle.</description> <styleUrl>#msn_ylw-pushpin200000</styleUrl> <LineString> <tessellate>1</tessellate> <coordinates> 171.4614,-43.2171,0 171.4604,-43.2173,0 171.4597,-43.2175,0 171.4590,-43.2176,0 171.4584,-43.2178,0 171.4579,-43.2181,0 171.4575,-43.2185,0 171.4573,-43.2189,0 171.4571,-43.2194,0 171.4571,-43.2198,0 171.4573,-43.2205,0 171.4583,-43.2248,0 171.4590,-43.2266,0 171.4592,-43.2275,0 171.4594,-43.2288,0 171.4598,-43.2310,0 171.4601,-43.2330,0 </coordinates> </LineString> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Wilberforce intake</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>1977. Part of the flow of the Wilberforce river is captured and conducted by canal to Lake Coleridge. The diversion dam at the intake is just a mound of river gravel: the scheme relies on a bulldozer and its driver being permanently available to rebuild after each flood.</description> <LookAt> <longitude>171.4215</longitude> <latitude>-43.2045</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>-2.4177</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>1859.7492</range> <altitudeMode>relativeToGround</altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_arrow-reverse011</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>171.4205,-43.2038,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Wilberforce canal</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>Conveys some of the flow of the Wilberforce river towards the Harper embankment.</description> <styleUrl>#msn_ylw-pushpin4000</styleUrl> <LineString> <tessellate>1</tessellate> <coordinates> 171.4258,-43.2018,0 171.4264,-43.2016,0 171.4268,-43.2015,0 171.4273,-43.2015,0 171.4279,-43.2016,0 171.4283,-43.2018,0 171.4310,-43.2029,0 171.4316,-43.2030,0 171.4320,-43.2031,0 171.4334,-43.2032,0 171.4343,-43.2034,0 171.4351,-43.2036,0 171.4356,-43.2039,0 171.4361,-43.2042,0 171.4364,-43.2046,0 171.4366,-43.2049,0 171.4366,-43.2054,0 171.4349,-43.2129,0 171.4347,-43.2137,0 171.4350,-43.2164,0 </coordinates> </LineString> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Harper embankment</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>Except for seepage, blocks the Harper River for the Wilberforce catch. Previously, lake Coleridge had drained to the Harper river; this flow has been reversed.</description> <LookAt> <longitude>171.4346</longitude> <latitude>-43.2205</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>0.0157</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>613.4208</range> <altitudeMode>relativeToGround</altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_forbidden8</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>171.4348,-43.2194,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Oakden canal</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>Conveys water from the Wilberforce river, and whatever passed the Harper diversion.</description> <styleUrl>#msn_ylw-pushpin10000</styleUrl> <LineString> <tessellate>1</tessellate> <coordinates> 171.4372,-43.2226,0 171.4418,-43.2284,0 171.4426,-43.2293,0 171.4430,-43.2297,0 171.4437,-43.2302,0 171.4445,-43.2305,0 171.4460,-43.2310,0 </coordinates> </LineString> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Coleridge intake</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <LookAt> <longitude>171.5479</longitude> <latitude>-43.3431</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>-0.2474</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>32.0608</range> <altitudeMode>relativeToGround</altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_arrow-reverse12</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>171.5480,-43.3430,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Coleridge penstocks</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>Tunnel, then two sets of pipe lines down to the power station.</description> <styleUrl>#msn_ylw-pushpin21000</styleUrl> <LineString> <tessellate>1</tessellate> <coordinates> 171.5480,-43.3430,0 171.5329,-43.3585,0 171.5270,-43.3639,0 </coordinates> </LineString> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Coleridge</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description><![CDATA[Construction began 1911, opened 25'th November 1914 with three turbines, to initial difficulties. 490' head. Commercial organisations had been unable to meet the demand for a reliable power supply system and by then the electricity supply had become a matter of national importance, so the state was called upon to deliver what commerce couldn't.

Upon completion, there was talk that after the capital cost had been repaid (initial estimate was £23·2 per HP, as built £45·8), further generation would be free...

Additional turbines in 1917, 1922 and 1925, however the Alexander Turbull Library has image 1/1-007252-G provisionally dated 1914 that clearly shows four turbines and generators.

]]></description>

<styleUrl>#msn_target424</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>171.5269,-43.3641,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Coleridge tailrace</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>2012?, 3 MW</description> <LookAt> <longitude>171.5289</longitude> <latitude>-43.3654</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>-0.8333</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>971.7935</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target107</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>171.5269,-43.3660,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> </Folder> <Folder> <name>Clutha Hydro</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description><![CDATA[Long narrow lakes in the deeply incised river channel of the Clutha river. Some outlet control on lakes Hāwea, Wānaka and Wakatipu.

Around 1900 there were about a hundred gold-mining dredges working the Otago rivers and then digging into the riverbanks. The richest stretch was from the Cromwell gorge to the Molyneux/Roxburgh gorge. The earliest dredges in the rivers were powered by the current, then came coal power then as the cost of coal and the magnitude of the ground shift increased, electricity from various hydropower schemes sustained the activity.

The Molyneux worked from Clyde to the lower Kawerau river, ceasing in 1942 after poor returns.

The Austral-N.Z. worked the Lowburn (upper Clutha), ceasing in January 1952.

The Alexandra worked the Roxburgh gorge, Alexandra flats and Earnscleugh plains, ceasing in March 1963.

Although these last two could have continued, land available for disruption was becoming too expensive.

]]></description>

<Placemark> <name>Kawerau gate</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>Originally built to allow the upper reach of the Kawerau river to drain, exposing a riverbed surely rich with gold (as speculators in the company's stock told each other between outcries), but alas, the water level was maintained from the Shotover river junction just a little way downriver. A surveyor (said surveyor R.E. McLean) had not been consulted.</description> <LookAt> <longitude>168.7327</longitude> <latitude>-45.0318</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>0.0121</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>2745.5524</range> <altitudeMode>relativeToGround</altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_forbidden112</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>168.7329,-45.0285,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Hawea</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>Control gate on the outlet. A small generator is proposed.</description> <LookAt> <longitude>169.2500</longitude> <latitude>-44.6102</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>-0.3491</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>659.0376</range> <altitudeMode>relativeToGround</altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_forbidden520</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>169.2509,-44.6102,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Clyde</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description><![CDATA[1993, 480 MW from four 120 MW turbines, 335' head. Water use constraints limit the total generation to 432 MW, though every one of the four generators have managed over 120 MW and total generation has exceeded 480 MW, as recorded in the half-hourly data series of the "Gnash" system.

Last large dam built (and largest concrete dam), and not by the MOW. After the abandonment of the expansion plan for the Comalco aluminium smelter, its justification was changed to sustaining the likelihood of there being surplus hydro power capacity in non-dry years, thereby not discouraging the supply of vast amounts of energy to the Comalco aluminium smelter at below cost. Once construction was committed, immense cost overruns arose due to belated appreciation of unstable ground upstream, the dam itself having a vertical slide joint in the hope of reducing disruption should the Dunstan fault line beneath join the category "previously thought inactive".

Considerations of possibilities began in 1973, and over the years there was turbulence and confusion, for instance reducing the capacity from 612 MW to 432 MW. See for example http://mightyclutha.blogspot.co.nz/2009/03/clyde-dam-shocking-facts.html

]]></description>

<styleUrl>#msn_target46</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>169.3064,-45.1801,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Roxburgh</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>1962, 320 MW from eight turbines, 150' head.</description> <styleUrl>#msn_target355</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>169.3223,-45.4763,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> </Folder> <Folder> <name>Huntly</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description><![CDATA[1982-1985 construction for four 250 MW steam turbines, coal-fired and river-cooled, later converted to allow gas-firing.

2004, June. 50 MW gas turbine, exhausting straight to the air with no cooling requirement.

2007, June. 385 MW two-cycle system (gas-fired turbines, exhaust heat producing steam for a steam turbine) thereby wasting only half the fuel's energy while the single-cycle steam turbines (wasting two thirds) were relegated to coal firing.

]]></description>

<Placemark> <name>Huntly coal conveyor</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>Coal from the Rotowaro mine (now open-cast) is conveyed by truck over a private road to this depot, thence by conveyor. Presumably there is a good reason why either the trucks or the conveyor do not handle the whole journey even though there is a coal stockpile area adjacent to the power station. Imported coal (from Indonesia) is delivered by rail to the Rotowara end of the conveyor, there is no attempt at barge delivery via the Waikato.</description> <styleUrl>#msn_ylw-pushpin02200</styleUrl> <LineString> <tessellate>1</tessellate> <coordinates> 175.1160,-37.5415,0 175.1245,-37.5388,0 175.1449,-37.5430,0 175.1472,-37.5445,0 175.1497,-37.5444,0 </coordinates> </LineString> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Huntly Main</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description><![CDATA[1982-5 1000 MW via four 250 MW three-stage steam turbines running at 1000°F and 2,300 pounds/square inch, the fourth commissioned in 1985. Justified and built under the banner "Security of Supply during Dry Years", the station started operation in 1982, which proved to be a dry year. Satisfaction was offset by the demonstration thereby that during dry times, river levels are low, and, the intake grid for the power station's cooling water was too high so that the station could not be run at full power during times of low flow.

  But, the Waikato river is fully controlled by dams, so its flow could be raised by drawing down the lakes. Except that this flow came through hydropower dams, whose generation meant that Huntly's power was thereby unnecessary.
  Subsequently, the intake was lowered, but there are also constraints as to the allowable raising of the river's temperature, which are especially restrictive during low flow conditions. Later still, a set of fan-boosted air coolers sufficient to cool the exhaust from one steam turbine was added.

Originally fuelled from a nearby coal bed, but difficulties with the coal supply and the development of the Maui gas discovery on the basis of pay, whether used or not, led to Huntly being converted to run mostly on natural gas though when gas-fired, some fuel oil is used for "fireball stabilisation". With the turn of the millennium, exhaustion of this resource was more prominently in sight and natural gas acquired a higher value so coal returned to favour and about half was imported.

A year's operation burns coal in the millions of tons. Aside from the CO₂ produced, coal contains toxic metals in the parts per million range (though amounts vary by source and from a given source, whether the coal came from the middle or boundaries of a seam), thus mercury, arsenic, antimony, etc. are released in ton quantities.

]]></description>

<styleUrl>#msn_target274</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>175.1498,-37.5445,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Huntly Peak</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description><![CDATA[2004, June. 50 MW gas turbine, exhausting straight to the air with no cooling requirement. This is a General Electric LM6000 turboshaft gas turbine rated at 54610 HP (40740 kW) but a design speed of 3600rpm. To produce power at 50cps a 60/50 gearbox is required. Various options allow an increase to 50 MW. Thermal efficiency is about 42% and water sprays are used to reduce the production of oxides of nitrogen - the brief "hot" time (unlike in a furnace) freezes the production of NO_x at the high-temperature equilibrium, as with the internal combustion engine.]]></description> <LookAt> <longitude>175.1484</longitude> <latitude>-37.5436</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>-3.5525</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>210.9702</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target135</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>175.1481,-37.5440,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Huntly Gas</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description><![CDATA[2007, June. 385 MW gas-fired gas and steam turbines: two stage, with the exhaust from the gas turbine producing steam.

To condense the steam from the second generator, having learnt that the river is a limited resource, the designers chose to expel heat into the air instead thereby adding further mist to the often misty area.

]]></description>

<LookAt> <longitude>175.1484</longitude> <latitude>-37.5436</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>-3.5525</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>210.9702</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target1701</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>175.1484,-37.5430,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> </Folder> <Folder> <name>Kawerau</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <open>1</open> <description><![CDATA[In 1953 the Kawerau township was founded for the new pulp and paper mill that was to use geothermal energy to process timber from the nearby Kiangaroa pine forest that had been planted as a work project during the Great Depression. Aside from providing the forests, the state also funded rail and road connections plus port facilities at Mount Maunganui, and added a monopoly guarantee.

The forests, geothermal wells, pipelines and factory site involve a tangle of ownership and activities: "Kraft" mills and chemical-thermo-mechanical pulp mills. The major employers are/were Tasman Pulp&Paper and Caxton Paper mill, and Fletcher Forests (a subsidiary of Fletcher Challenge that owned Tasman until Dr. Deane took control: see http://www.converge.org.nz/watchdog/97/7.htm ) that operated a timber mill nearby. Carter Holt Harvey bought Caxton in 1988.

In 1960 a steam turbine was installed to generate electricity, just after the opening of the Wairakei power station. This was a small part of the plant's complex processes. Around 1990, two ORMAT generators were installed on the periphery of the paper mill to capture heat from otherwise wasted hot water effluent to generate a few megawatts, and in 2008 outside the paper mill a 100 MW steam turbine was installed.

]]></description>

<Placemark> <name>Kawerau Mill</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description><![CDATA[The paper mill uses around 210 MW worth of geothermal steam to supply about a quarter of its need for process steam, most of the rest via burning "black liquor". Presumably, wood waste is involved as well. Three generators combine to supply 39 MW of electricity. 18.7 MW mostly in normal operation, a second of 12·7 MW as needed, fed from boiler steam.

In 1960 a 10 MW steam turbine/generator fed from geothermal steam was installed (somewhere near), and in 1968 its exhaust steam was captured for an additional "black liquor" evaporator instead of being emitted directly to the atmosphere. Only about ten percent of the inlet steam's energy was caught as electricity...

]]></description>

<LookAt> <longitude>176.7202</longitude> <latitude>-38.0745</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>-2.9258</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>754.2349</range> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target1000</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>176.7202,-38.0745,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Kawerau TG1</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description><![CDATA[1989, two 1·28 MW isopentane turbines, also given the name TOI for "Tarawera Ormat Installation". These cool brine from a steam separator plant 21, from 180°C to 108°C. Air-cooled condenser.

2014 Decommissioned.

]]></description>

<styleUrl>#msn_target1220</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>176.7223,-38.0648,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Kawerau TG2</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>1993, two isopentane turbines running one 3·8 MW generator. There is some mention of supplementary firing... Heat comes from brine (as with its neighbour?) and achieves a brine outlet temperature of 95°C. Air-cooled condenser.</description> <styleUrl>#msn_target122</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>176.7199,-38.0631,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Kawerau KA24</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description><![CDATA[2008, September. 9 MW, somewhere around on the west bank of the Tarawera river in the Parish of Matata 39A2A lot owned by the Savage Papakainga Land Trust with disputes. Supplied by the nearby KA24 well (on 39A 2B 2B 2A land) that also supplies tke TG2 plant to the SW, the ORMAT system is variously rated 9, 9·2, 9·4 or even 10 MW but since September 2009 the power output has been reduced to 7 MW due to the fine pumice coming up with the flow, also provoking closedowns to clear the filters. Plans for a new well... in 2011 a pipeline links to well KA19.

The station was built by Geothermal Developments Limited (GDL), then with various disputes in progress, sold to Eastland in January 2010.

]]></description>

<LookAt> <longitude>176.7261</longitude> <latitude>-38.0593</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>-0.0062</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>1993.2397</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#ms_ylw-pushpin</styleUrl> <Point> <altitudeMode>absolute</altitudeMode> <coordinates>176.7251,-38.0579,19.0213</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Kawerau</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>2008, July, 90 MW expected but reclassified to 100 MW on completion of testing, 2'nd September 2008. One steam turbine, low temperature. Two stages of steam "flashing" from the geothermal supply. Air cooling, reinjection of waste water. Somewhere near here.</description> <LookAt> <longitude>176.7255</longitude> <latitude>-38.0636</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>-0.0037</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>1338.9279</range> <altitudeMode>relativeToGround</altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target08</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>176.7270,-38.0629,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Kawerau Te Ahi O Maui</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description><![CDATA[2018, October? 25 MW, possibly near here. Connected to the national grid. A daily take of 15,000 tonnes of geothermal fluid from wells TP-1 and TP-2 is permitted for 35 years. The ORMAT system uses about 180 tonnes of pentane as the working fluid. Re-injection of "nearly 100%" is claimed.

The station is a partnership between Eastland Generation Limited and the Kawerau A8D Ahu Whenua Trust.

]]></description>

<LookAt> <longitude>176.7150</longitude> <latitude>-38.0693</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>-0.4276</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>1785.4035</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#m_ylw-pushpin</styleUrl> <Point> <gx:drawOrder>1</gx:drawOrder> <coordinates>176.7140,-38.0675,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> </Folder> <Folder> <name>Manapouri</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description><![CDATA[1969, 14'th September. Seven 100 MW turbines with 580' head (slightly affected by the tidal variation at Deep Cove of ±7') could not be run over ~590 MW lest back pressure flood the power house. A second tailrace tunnel was commissioned in May 2002, and the turbines were refurbished to 120 MW.

In 1904 P.S. Hay's report noted the enormous amount of power that would be available that could be used for electro-chemical processes but "It is not likely for scenic reasons that a high dam would be built at Manapouri. The present beauty of the lake is worth preserving to the fullest extent".

]]></description>

<Placemark> <name>Te Anau control</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>Although the lake is large, only a small range of heights is allowed, corresponding to the small natural variation.</description> <styleUrl>#msn_forbidden070</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>167.6862,-45.4408,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Waiau dam</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>Rather than at or near the lake outlet, the dam was built below the junction with the Mararoa river. The natural flow of the Waiau river was deep, swift and steady as the two large lakes smoothed out variations. Only floods on tributaries brought down gravel, in amounts small compared to the river's flow, so unlike other rivers the Waiau was not choked by gravel from erosion accelerated by the reduction of ground cover caused by bunnies, goats and deer, not to mention farming practices.</description> <LookAt> <longitude>167.6934</longitude> <latitude>-45.6184</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>3.6897</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>2801.3493</range> <altitudeMode>relativeToGround</altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_forbidden52</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>167.6897,-45.6157,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Manapouri</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description><![CDATA[1969, 14'th September. Seven 100 MW turbines with 580' head (slightly affected by the tidal variation at Deep Cove of ±7') could not be run over ~590 MW lest back pressure flood the power house. A second tailrace tunnel was commissioned in May 2002, and the turbines were refurbished to 120 MW for a nominal 840 MW.

The power house is deep underground, at sea leve. The first power was generated 14'th September 1969, completed September 1971.

]]></description>

<styleUrl>#msn_target48</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>167.2767,-45.5215,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Manapouri tunnels</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>A second tailrace tunnel was completed 5'th May 2002.</description> <styleUrl>#msn_ylw-pushpin0210</styleUrl> <LineString> <tessellate>1</tessellate> <coordinates> 167.2760,-45.5209,0 167.1688,-45.4749,0 </coordinates> </LineString> </Placemark> </Folder> <Folder> <name>Mangahao</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description><![CDATA[1924, 3'rd November. 19·2 MW, 896' head. Initially three 4·8 MW and two 2·4 MW Pelton wheels, but there have been replacements and refurbishments.

The Mangahao power station uses water that would flow into the Mangahao river and off to the Wairarapa, but the power station is on the other side of the divide, on the Mangaore stream by the junction with the Mangatangi stream across from the Mangaore village.

Dams on the headwaters of the Mangahao river (that drains to the Wairarapa at Mangahao near Pahiatua) form two lakes; from the lower there is a tunnel to a third dam and lake, but on the headwaters of the Tokomaru river (that drains to the Manawatu); thence a tunnel and pipeline down to the power house on the banks of the Mangatangi stream by Mangaore, all in the ever-clouded Tararua Ranges.

See also http://www.ipenz.org.nz/heritage/itemdetail.cfm?itemid=430

]]></description>

<Placemark> <name>Mangahao upper</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>No. 1 Reservoir.</description> <LookAt> <longitude>175.4786</longitude> <latitude>-40.6264</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>-0.0185</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>1803.0918</range> <altitudeMode>relativeToGround</altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_forbidden40</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>175.4786,-40.6262,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Mangahao lower</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>No. 2 reservoir.</description> <LookAt> <longitude>175.4941</longitude> <latitude>-40.6068</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>-0.0286</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>1411.6404</range> <altitudeMode>relativeToGround</altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_forbidden011</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>175.4962,-40.6022,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Arapeti</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>No. 3 reservoir on the Tokomaru river..</description> <LookAt> <longitude>175.4843</longitude> <latitude>-40.5857</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>-0.0222</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>1542.6717</range> <altitudeMode>relativeToGround</altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_forbidden43</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>175.4830,-40.5860,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Mangahao tunnel</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>No. 1. No sign of the inlet nor outlet. Bidirectional flow: excess water in the third dam flows back through the tunnel to the second dam for release down the Mangahao river. It would otherwise be spilled into the Tokomaru river.</description> <styleUrl>#msn_ylw-pushpin83</styleUrl> <LineString> <tessellate>1</tessellate> <coordinates> 175.4952,-40.6020,0 175.4859,-40.5895,0 </coordinates> </LineString> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Mangahao tunnel</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>No. 2 tunnel, then pipeline. No sign of the inlet.</description> <styleUrl>#msn_ylw-pushpin0400</styleUrl> <LineString> <tessellate>1</tessellate> <coordinates> 175.4804,-40.5872,0 175.4583,-40.5867,0 175.4556,-40.5852,0 175.4540,-40.5844,0 175.4534,-40.5838,0 175.4529,-40.5819,0 175.4526,-40.5810,0 175.4525,-40.5804,0 175.4511,-40.5790,0 175.4502,-40.5781,0 175.4502,-40.5771,0 </coordinates> </LineString> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Mangahao</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description><![CDATA[1924, 896' head. 3'rd November opening, construction beginning in 1919 and completed at the end of 1924 with the first power just before Christmas; first usage of 110 kV transmission lines. Delays were caused by flooding and fatalities. Three 4·8 MW plus two 2·4 MW Pelton wheels to give 19·2 MW made it the largest hydro-electric power station in NZ. By 1927, it was no longer enough to meet demand, which had been heavily promoted. Refurbishment to 38 MW completed in July 1994 by replacing the three Pelton wheels by one Francis turbine of 26 MW, and rewinding the generators of the other two Pelton wheels to give 6 MW each.

Across the Mangaore stream is the Mangaore road and Mangaore village.

]]></description>

<styleUrl>#msn_target192</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>175.4502,-40.5768,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> </Folder> <Placemark> <name>Matahina</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description><![CDATA[72 MW via two turbines, 200' head. Despite decades of experience with difficult ground in volcanic areas, geologists asserted a good base, hundreds of feet thick. Untrusting engineers drilled test holes and found otherwise, further confiming surveyor R.E.McLean's opinion of geologists as having rock more solid in their skulls than underfoot. And on filling in 1967 leaks prompted immediate repairs.

Although an earth fill dam is resistant to earthquakes (or even strengthened, as in the Altai earthquake of 1952) the Edgecumbe earthquakes of 1:35 p.m. then 1:42 p.m., 2'nd March 1987 caused sufficient damage that following the winter high-demand period the dam was decommissioned for a year. Then on reassessment of the earthquake risk (the dam being sited in the Waiohau fault zone, across faults now considered non-inactive) the dam was decommissioned a decade later in 1997-1998 for further strengthening.

]]></description>

<styleUrl>#msn_target198</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>176.8141,-38.1140,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Mokai</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description><![CDATA[1999, December. 55 MW Geothermal, 300°C, 50 atmospheres pressure. A 29 MW steam turbine exhausts to four 6 MW ORMAT plants, with a further two heated by brine from the steam separators. That might add to 65, but there is a large internal load for pumping, etc. Waste fluids (brine and condensate) are reinjected, waste gases (CO₂, etc.) are vented to the atmosphere. Exhaust heat is also sent to the twelve hectares of glasshouse NNE with talk of expansion to twenty or fifty hectares of tomatoes and capsicums, and as well to the Miraka dairy factory.

2002, April: Mokai II, adding 38 MW, further modifications in 2007.

Power output has varied with the steam supply and additional wells: 56 MW in 1999, 95 MW in 2005, 112 MW since 2007, and...

]]></description>

<styleUrl>#msn_target14</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>175.9276,-38.5319,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Folder> <name>Monowai</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description><![CDATA[1925. A control gate at the lake outlet, then downriver a small dam at the start of the canal then pipeline to the power house on the bank of the Waiau river.

The control gate raised the lake and no trees were removed beforehand; the drowned trees yet remain unrotted, and heaven averts its eyes.

See also http://www.ipenz.org.nz/heritage/itemdetail.cfm?itemid=544

]]></description>

<Placemark> <name>Monowai outlet</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <styleUrl>#msn_forbidden7</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>167.5228,-45.8118,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Monowai diversion</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <styleUrl>#msn_forbidden151</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>167.5917,-45.7801,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Monowai canal</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <styleUrl>#msn_ylw-pushpin200</styleUrl> <LineString> <tessellate>1</tessellate> <coordinates> 167.5919,-45.7804,0 167.5927,-45.7806,0 167.5933,-45.7806,0 167.5999,-45.7799,0 167.6005,-45.7798,0 167.6011,-45.7799,0 167.6015,-45.7799,0 167.6021,-45.7799,0 167.6024,-45.7799,0 167.6031,-45.7798,0 167.6150,-45.7772,0 167.6152,-45.7772,0 167.6154,-45.7771,0 167.6159,-45.7768,0 167.6161,-45.7766,0 167.6166,-45.7760,0 167.6166,-45.7756,0 </coordinates> </LineString> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Monowai</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>1925, May two turbines for 4 MW, a third in 1927 for 6 MW, 154' head. In 2007 refurbishment to three 2·6 MW turbines.</description> <styleUrl>#msn_target99</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>167.6167,-45.7756,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> </Folder> <Placemark> <name>Ohaaki</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description><![CDATA[1989. Planned to generate 100 MW from about 420 MW of heat in 20,000 tons of water an hour from production wells on both sides of the river. The water and condensed steam flashed from it is reinjected. Air cooling via a large tower, as further heat and chemical pollution of the Waikato was disallowed. Non-condensing gases (CO₂ and H₂S mostly) are vented through the cooling tower. Two 11·2 MW high-pressure turbines from Wairakei, plus two 46·9 MW intermediate pressure turbines add to 116·2 MW. Some hot water is diverted to nearby kilns for wood drying.

Production has fallen to ~30 MW, rising to ~60 MW with additional wells.

See also http://www.ipenz.org.nz/heritage/itemdetail.cfm?itemid=96

]]></description>

<styleUrl>#msn_target120</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>176.2936,-38.5277,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Otahuhu A</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description><![CDATA[1968, 180 MW. Originally named Otara. Four 45 MW gas turbines (jet engines) fuelled by natural gas from Kapuni for base load, diesel for peak load. Turbine one was cooled by fresh water circulated through cooling towers, turbines 2-4 by salt water from the Otara creek. These generators were later numbered as units three to six. Two 46·75 MW added in 1978, numbered one and two; Olympus jet engines from Rolls Royce as used on the Concorde feed into a Curtiss-Wright power turbine. Thermal efficiency is 29-30%, better at higher load.

Decommissioned in 1999, but revived for the 2001 Auckland power crisis.

Now unpowered (and not connected to their turbine), with the generators spinning synchronised with the system frequency for complex reasons.

2013, November 30: decommissioned.

]]></description>

<LookAt> <longitude>174.8650</longitude> <latitude>-36.9521</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>-0.0226</heading> <tilt>4.340557571806365e-011</tilt> <range>640.8483</range> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target020</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>174.8655,-36.9511,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Otahuhu B</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>Two-cycle: gas turbines, exhaust heat to a boiler for a steam turbine., both turbines on the one shaft. 380 MW, commissioned December 1999.</description> <LookAt> <longitude>174.8650</longitude> <latitude>-36.9521</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>-0.0226</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>640.8489</range> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target81010</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>174.8628,-36.9503,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Folder> <name>Tongariro system</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>Many rivers have their headwaters captured, some would otherwise convey their flow undisturbed by turbines. Many canals and tunnels are involved. Thence to lake Taupo and the Waikato.</description> <Placemark> <name>Whakapapa dam</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <LookAt> <longitude>175.4679</longitude> <latitude>-39.1193</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>0.1288</heading> <tilt>5.885256766404053e-012</tilt> <range>980.6348</range> <altitudeMode>relativeToGround</altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_forbidden_copy8</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>175.4674,-39.1183,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Whakapapa intake</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <LookAt> <longitude>175.4665</longitude> <latitude>-39.1181</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>-1.7844</heading> <tilt>1.715528854900086e-011</tilt> <range>340.3689</range> <altitudeMode>relativeToGround</altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_arrow-reverse_copy14</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>175.4674,-39.1181,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Whakapapa</name> <visibility>0</visibility>

<description><![CDATA[Tunnel, Whakapapa river to emerge via a short pipeline then channel to lake Te Whaiau. Intakes along the way at:

Okupata

Taurewa

Tawhitikuri

Mangatepopo

]]></description>

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There is a proposal to divert this water to a pipeline and generate about 8 MW.</description> <styleUrl>#msn_ylw-pushpin300</styleUrl> <LineString> <tessellate>1</tessellate> <coordinates> 175.6537,-39.0131,0 175.6562,-39.0164,0 175.6563,-39.0165,0 175.6582,-39.0178,0 175.6586,-39.0180,0 175.6588,-39.0183,0 175.6591,-39.0186,0 175.6600,-39.0203,0 175.6603,-39.0206,0 175.6606,-39.0209,0 175.6610,-39.0210,0 175.6613,-39.0212,0 175.6617,-39.0212,0 175.6648,-39.0213,0 175.6651,-39.0213,0 175.6653,-39.0214,0 175.6654,-39.0216,0 175.6660,-39.0224,0 175.6663,-39.0226,0 175.6666,-39.0227,0 175.6715,-39.0233,0 175.6718,-39.0234,0 175.6721,-39.0235,0 175.6723,-39.0236,0 175.6725,-39.0237,0 175.6727,-39.0241,0 175.6754,-39.0291,0 175.6755,-39.0292,0 175.6757,-39.0294,0 175.6759,-39.0296,0 175.6762,-39.0297,0 175.6907,-39.0361,0 </coordinates> </LineString> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Whangaehu Bund</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>Built 2002. Should a slurry of volcanic ash surge down the Whangaehu river, this should prevent or reduce slopover into the Waikato stream and thence to the Tongariro river upstream of the Rangipo dam. The Rangipo power station was out of service for months to repair the turbines damaged by abrasion due to volcanic ash in the water after just a few hours of exposure at the start of the four months of eruptions in 1995-96.</description> <LookAt> <longitude>175.6688</longitude> <latitude>-39.2959</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>0.0950</heading> <tilt>2.877132329614038e-011</tilt> <range>961.9767</range> <altitudeMode>relativeToGround</altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_forbidden3</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>175.6684,-39.2948,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Waihianoa</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>Underground aqueduct entering the Mangaio tunnel. Many small streams that would otherwise drain south are swallowed, and via the continuation as the Mangaio tunnel, their water is delivered to lake Moawhango. Although the aqueduct passes under the Whangaehu river (whose water is too acidic, as it drains the crater lake of mount Ruapehu, and may also be too rich in abrasive volcanic ash), with a concrete shield above, violent floods could break it.</description> <styleUrl>#msn_ylw-pushpin07</styleUrl> <LineString> <tessellate>1</tessellate> <coordinates> 175.6249,-39.3803,0 175.6254,-39.3814,0 175.6261,-39.3817,0 175.6274,-39.3816,0 175.6278,-39.3813,0 175.6279,-39.3813,0 175.6282,-39.3813,0 175.6293,-39.3819,0 175.6297,-39.3828,0 175.6298,-39.3830,0 175.6300,-39.3831,0 175.6303,-39.3832,0 175.6306,-39.3832,0 175.6308,-39.3832,0 175.6311,-39.3831,0 175.6314,-39.3830,0 175.6317,-39.3827,0 175.6326,-39.3823,0 175.6336,-39.3820,0 175.6343,-39.3837,0 175.6348,-39.3839,0 175.6350,-39.3840,0 175.6351,-39.3840,0 175.6399,-39.3841,0 175.6408,-39.3833,0 175.6415,-39.3831,0 175.6418,-39.3834,0 175.6420,-39.3839,0 175.6426,-39.3842,0 175.6424,-39.3848,0 175.6424,-39.3852,0 175.6427,-39.3862,0 175.6431,-39.3870,0 175.6434,-39.3872,0 175.6437,-39.3872,0 175.6441,-39.3870,0 175.6443,-39.3868,0 175.6449,-39.3859,0 175.6465,-39.3854,0 175.6476,-39.3854,0 175.6485,-39.3858,0 175.6490,-39.3863,0 175.6512,-39.3874,0 175.6516,-39.3875,0 175.6521,-39.3875,0 175.6528,-39.3874,0 175.6541,-39.3871,0 175.6545,-39.3869,0 175.6549,-39.3866,0 175.6551,-39.3863,0 175.6555,-39.3861,0 175.6559,-39.3860,0 175.6564,-39.3860,0 175.6577,-39.3867,0 175.6579,-39.3868,0 175.6582,-39.3868,0 175.6586,-39.3868,0 175.6606,-39.3865,0 175.6613,-39.3866,0 175.6625,-39.3869,0 175.6655,-39.3870,0 175.6659,-39.3871,0 175.6660,-39.3871,0 175.6663,-39.3872,0 175.6670,-39.3880,0 175.6672,-39.3881,0 175.6674,-39.3882,0 175.6675,-39.3882,0 175.6677,-39.3882,0 175.6716,-39.3882,0 175.6734,-39.3883,0 175.6771,-39.3878,0 175.6810,-39.3877,0 175.6841,-39.3865,0 175.6858,-39.3850,0 175.6861,-39.3849,0 175.6868,-39.3853,0 175.6883,-39.3859,0 175.6887,-39.3860,0 175.6905,-39.3865,0 175.6927,-39.3870,0 175.6929,-39.3870,0 175.6977,-39.3865,0 175.6997,-39.3864,0 175.7076,-39.3865,0 </coordinates> </LineString> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Wahianoa intake</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <LookAt> <longitude>175.6412</longitude> <latitude>-39.3832</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>0.0159</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>248.0456</range> <altitudeMode>relativeToGround</altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_arrow-reverse_copy12</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>175.6413,-39.3831,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Makahikatoa intake?</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <LookAt> <longitude>175.6662</longitude> <latitude>-39.3875</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>7.68188609418206e-005</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>229.9870</range> <altitudeMode>relativeToGround</altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_arrow-reverse_copy10</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>175.6660,-39.3871,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Mangaio</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>Tunnel extension of the Waihianoa aqueduct to lake Moawhango.</description> <styleUrl>#msn_ylw-pushpin_copy14</styleUrl> <LineString> <tessellate>1</tessellate> <coordinates> 175.7076,-39.3865,0 175.7219,-39.3828,0 </coordinates> </LineString> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Mangaio</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>2008, May. 2 MW from 170' head. Power generated goes to the 33 kV Moawhango-Tokaanu transmission line.</description> <LookAt> <longitude>175.7227</longitude> <latitude>-39.3829</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>0.0607</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>210.2073</range> <altitudeMode>relativeToGround</altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target5000</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>175.7229,-39.3830,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Moawhango dam</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>1979, April lake filled. Blocks flow that would otherwise have run south to the Rangitikei river.</description> <LookAt> <longitude>175.7546</longitude> <latitude>-39.4088</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>-3.7368</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>737.0002</range> <altitudeMode>relativeToGround</altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_forbidden53</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>175.7537,-39.4059,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Moawhango intake</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>Tunnel to the Rangipo dam.</description> <LookAt> <longitude>175.7694</longitude> <latitude>-39.3784</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>-3.7461</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>397.7915</range> <altitudeMode>relativeToGround</altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_arrow-reverse_copy2</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>175.7686,-39.3773,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Moawhango tunnel</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>1979. Tunnel, lake Moawhango to the Rangipo intake. At 4 a.m 24'th April 1975 a volcanic lahar came down the Mangatoetoenui stream which joins the Tongariro river just above the Rangipo dam, flooding the tunnel's outlet. Fortunately, the tunnellers were out of the tunnel for "smoko".</description> <styleUrl>#msn_ylw-pushpin014</styleUrl> <LineString> <tessellate>1</tessellate> <coordinates> 175.7686,-39.3773,0 175.8004,-39.2332,0 175.7771,-39.2121,0 </coordinates> </LineString> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Waihohonu intake</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>Tunnel to the Rangipo dam.</description> <LookAt> <longitude>175.7689</longitude> <latitude>-39.2059</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>-3.7459</heading> <tilt>1.464361744607459e-011</tilt> <range>461.8756</range> <altitudeMode>relativeToGround</altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_arrow-reverse_copy1</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>175.7694,-39.2053,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Tunnel, Waihohonu stream to Rangipo dam.</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <styleUrl>#msn_ylw-pushpin_copy34</styleUrl> <LineString> <tessellate>1</tessellate> <coordinates> 175.7693,-39.2054,850 175.7772,-39.2111,850 </coordinates> </LineString> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Rangipo dam</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>No generation here. Merely a waystation adding to the Tongariro river the capture from the Moawhango river and a nearby stream before it drops to the Tongariri river lower down.</description> <LookAt> <longitude>175.7798</longitude> <latitude>-39.2117</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>-3.7528</heading> <tilt>6.755190582837428e-012</tilt> <range>581.0439</range> <altitudeMode>relativeToGround</altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_forbidden_copy12</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>175.7786,-39.2098,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Rangipo intake</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>Tunnel to the underground Rangipo power station.</description> <LookAt> <longitude>175.7790</longitude> <latitude>-39.2102</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>7.6245</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>72.9794</range> <altitudeMode>relativeToGround</altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_arrow-reverse000</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>175.7791,-39.2103,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Rangipo tunnel</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>Rangipo dam collection to Rangipo underground power house.</description> <styleUrl>#msn_ylw-pushpin_copy8</styleUrl> <LineString> <tessellate>1</tessellate> <coordinates> 175.7791,-39.2103,0 175.7901,-39.2089,0 175.8137,-39.1767,0 175.8341,-39.1652,0 175.8354,-39.1560,0 175.8361,-39.1552,0 </coordinates> </LineString> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Rangipo</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>1983, two 60 MW generators in an underground power house, head 788'.</description> <styleUrl>#msn_target344</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>175.8361,-39.1551,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Rangipo tailrace</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>Tunnel from the Rangipo underground power house to Beggs Pool.</description> <styleUrl>#msn_ylw-pushpin_copy19</styleUrl> <LineString> <tessellate>1</tessellate> <coordinates> 175.8361,-39.1552,0 175.8347,-39.1413,0 175.8319,-39.1390,0 175.8300,-39.1345,0 175.8263,-39.1309,0 175.8239,-39.1303,0 </coordinates> </LineString> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Beggs Pool dam</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>Second dam on the Tongariro river, for the Poutu intake.</description> <LookAt> <longitude>175.8223</longitude> <latitude>-39.1298</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>-3.7797</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>239.6564</range> <altitudeMode>relativeToGround</altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_forbidden_copy00</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>175.8225,-39.1291,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Poutu intake</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>Tunnel, then canal.</description> <LookAt> <longitude>175.8221</longitude> <latitude>-39.1296</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>-3.7795</heading> <tilt>2.454547563544875e-011</tilt> <range>145.6960</range> <altitudeMode>relativeToGround</altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_arrow-reverse010</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>175.8220,-39.1293,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Poutu tunnel</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>Beggs Pool dam to the start of the Poutu canal.</description> <styleUrl>#msn_ylw-pushpin_copy37</styleUrl> <LineString> <tessellate>1</tessellate> <coordinates> 175.8220,-39.1293,0 175.8166,-39.1056,0 </coordinates> </LineString> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Poutu canal</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>From the Poutu tunnel to upstream of the Poutu dam.</description> <styleUrl>#msn_ylw-pushpin_copy31</styleUrl> <LineString> <tessellate>1</tessellate> <coordinates> 175.8166,-39.1056,0 175.8165,-39.1049,0 175.8165,-39.1048,0 175.8164,-39.1047,0 175.8163,-39.1046,0 175.8141,-39.1026,0 175.8138,-39.1023,0 175.8115,-39.0990,0 175.8112,-39.0986,0 175.8108,-39.0983,0 175.8105,-39.0981,0 175.8101,-39.0978,0 175.8096,-39.0976,0 175.8057,-39.0959,0 175.8052,-39.0957,0 175.8047,-39.0953,0 175.8022,-39.0932,0 175.8019,-39.0928,0 175.8016,-39.0924,0 175.8015,-39.0919,0 175.8013,-39.0911,0 175.8012,-39.0907,0 175.8010,-39.0904,0 175.8007,-39.0901,0 175.8005,-39.0899,0 175.8002,-39.0897,0 175.7998,-39.0896,0 175.7995,-39.0894,0 175.7989,-39.0893,0 175.7968,-39.0891,0 175.7964,-39.0890,0 175.7959,-39.0889,0 175.7935,-39.0881,0 175.7931,-39.0880,0 175.7926,-39.0879,0 175.7922,-39.0879,0 175.7917,-39.0879,0 175.7913,-39.0879,0 175.7883,-39.0882,0 175.7881,-39.0882,0 175.7879,-39.0882,0 175.7876,-39.0881,0 175.7869,-39.0873,0 175.7867,-39.0871,0 175.7867,-39.0869,0 175.7869,-39.0852,0 175.7869,-39.0849,0 175.7868,-39.0847,0 175.7866,-39.0844,0 175.7864,-39.0842,0 175.7862,-39.0841,0 175.7860,-39.0840,0 175.7858,-39.0839,0 175.7828,-39.0830,0 175.7826,-39.0829,0 175.7824,-39.0828,0 175.7822,-39.0826,0 175.7818,-39.0821,0 175.7816,-39.0819,0 175.7814,-39.0817,0 175.7812,-39.0816,0 175.7809,-39.0815,0 175.7774,-39.0806,0 175.7769,-39.0806,0 175.7765,-39.0806,0 175.7761,-39.0807,0 175.7757,-39.0808,0 175.7753,-39.0809,0 175.7750,-39.0808,0 175.7748,-39.0808,0 175.7745,-39.0807,0 175.7743,-39.0806,0 175.7741,-39.0804,0 175.7739,-39.0802,0 175.7737,-39.0799,0 175.7732,-39.0786,0 175.7729,-39.0782,0 175.7726,-39.0778,0 175.7712,-39.0767,0 175.7709,-39.0765,0 175.7698,-39.0760,0 </coordinates> </LineString> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Poutu dam</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>Blocks the Pouto river that otherwise drains lake Rotoaira into the Tongariro river. Instead, water is directed to Tokaanu.</description> <LookAt> <longitude>175.7700</longitude> <latitude>-39.0763</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>-3.7364</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>243.8251</range> <altitudeMode>relativeToGround</altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_forbidden_copy9</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>175.7699,-39.0757,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Tokaanu intake</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <LookAt> <longitude>175.7140</longitude> <latitude>-39.0204</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>-3.7011</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>203.7547</range> <altitudeMode>relativeToGround</altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_arrow-reverse_copy4</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>175.7139,-39.0203,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Tokaanu</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>Tunnel, Rotoaira to Tokaanu penstocks.</description> <styleUrl>#msn_ylw-pushpin00000</styleUrl> <LineString> <tessellate>1</tessellate> <coordinates> 175.7139,-39.0203,0 175.7599,-38.9831,0 175.7650,-38.9829,0 </coordinates> </LineString> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Penstocks, Tokaanu</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <styleUrl>#msn_ylw-pushpin_copy30</styleUrl> <LineString> <tessellate>1</tessellate> <coordinates> 175.7654,-38.9828,0 175.7681,-38.9812,0 </coordinates> </LineString> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Tokaanu</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>1973, four 60 MW generators 682' head. Special fast-acting flow control on the hydro turbines for first response to load changes.</description> <styleUrl>#msn_target332</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>175.7682,-38.9811,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> </Folder> <Placemark> <name>Southdown</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>1997, 170 MW. Gas-fired steam turbine, exhaust steam to adjacent industries.</description> <styleUrl>#msn_target702</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>174.8275,-36.9275,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Stratford B</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description><![CDATA[Stratford A used single-cycle gas turbines. On a new site in 1996 construction started on two-cycle generation: gas turbine of 240 MW, exhaust heat producing steam for a second turbine of 120 MW. This design has the generator between the two turbines, all on one shaft.

Construction was completed by January 1998, and the station commissioned some time in July 1998.

Also known as the Taranaki Combined Cycle power station, during various phases of ownership juggling.

]]></description>

<styleUrl>#msn_target167</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>174.3189,-39.3297,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Stratford C</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>2011, two 100 MW gas turbines. On the site of the earlier Stratford A power station and its gas reception facility, covering both.</description> <LookAt> <longitude>174.3192</longitude> <latitude>-39.3324</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>-0.7258</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>332.4258</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target188</styleUrl> <Point> <altitudeMode>absolute</altitudeMode> <coordinates>174.3187,-39.3322,266.9682</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Folder> <name>Waikaremoana</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description><![CDATA[The lake was formed by a giant landslide around 250BC, presumably triggered by a large earthquake. Water flows out of the lake through the rubble, but with the development of the Kaitawa station, many leaks were located by divers and then filled with barge loads of gravel and some grouting so that the main flow could be captured and fed to Kaitawa. Completion in 1946 led to the lowering of the lake by fifteen feet and reduced the leakage to a third of the nett flow from lake Waikaremoana.

All water, leaked or via the Kaitawa power station, flows to lake Kaitawa and because the natural outlet is dammed, thence to the Tuai power station, the first built, with work starting in 1920 under the Wairoa Power Board since the Public Works department didn't want to start just yet, Mangahao's generation being sufficient.

The Tuai power station discharges to lake Whakamarino, then, since its natural outlet is damned, and augmented by the capture of the Waikaretaheke that drains from lake Kaitawa, and the Mangaone diversion (any such canal is not indicated on the topographic map though the stream is named) of a stream to the south west, water flows to the Piripaua power station.

]]></description>

<LookAt> <longitude>177.1494</longitude> <latitude>-38.8229</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>-2.441181778934134e-014</heading> <tilt>1.072689702501605e-012</tilt> <range>8043.7517</range> </LookAt> <Placemark> <name>Kaitawa intake</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <LookAt> <longitude>177.1190</longitude> <latitude>-38.8000</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>-4.4004</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>603.4307</range> <altitudeMode>relativeToGround</altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_arrow-reverse80</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>177.1188,-38.7995,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Kaitawa pipeline</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <styleUrl>#msn_ylw-pushpin391</styleUrl> <LineString> <tessellate>1</tessellate> <coordinates> 177.1187,-38.7996,0 177.1189,-38.7997,0 177.1239,-38.8012,0 177.1299,-38.8027,0 177.1309,-38.8033,0 </coordinates> </LineString> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Kaitawa</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description><![CDATA[1948, 433' head. Two 16 MW generators; the first in April, the second in October. They were made in 1939 for the Dutch East Indies but never supplied, and after WW II was over, the project was abandoned. About a third of the flow from lake Waikaremoana is by seepage through the landslide rubble, despite various leak blockage.

1989 refurbishment of the turbines gave 20 MW each, but there was trouble with vibration, and mitigation attempts continue.

]]></description>

<styleUrl>#msn_target1411</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>177.1310,-38.8032,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Kaitawa outlet</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <LookAt> <longitude>177.1345</longitude> <latitude>-38.8033</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>-4.4101</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>746.8992</range> <altitudeMode>relativeToGround</altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_forbidden05</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>177.1319,-38.8030,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Tuai</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>Tunnel and pipeline.</description> <styleUrl>#msn_ylw-pushpin350</styleUrl> <LineString> <tessellate>1</tessellate> <coordinates> 177.1371,-38.8017,0 177.1401,-38.8019,0 177.1413,-38.8021,0 177.1507,-38.8067,0 </coordinates> </LineString> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Tuai</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>1923, 675' head. Two Pelton wheels driving 350 kW generators were installed in a temporary building, to supply the Wairoa Power Board. Further development as a State Hydro project began in 1926 with two 16 MW generators in 1929 and a third of 20 MW in 1939.</description> <styleUrl>#msn_target264</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>177.1508,-38.8068,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Mangaone</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>1946-8, somewhere nearby. Dam on the Mangaone stream diverts water by pipeline to lake Whakamarino.</description> <LookAt> <longitude>177.1443</longitude> <latitude>-38.8185</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>-3.2282</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>1395.1642</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_forbidden202</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>177.1426,-38.8222,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Mangaone pipeline</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>Captures the natural drainage from lake Kaitawa along the way from the Mangaone diversion. Somewhere near to this path, I hope. Pipeline, then canal after reaching the Waikaretaheke river.</description> <styleUrl>#msn_ylw-pushpin2020</styleUrl> <LineString> <tessellate>1</tessellate> <coordinates> 177.1424,-38.8220,0 177.1457,-38.8164,0 177.1463,-38.8157,0 177.1466,-38.8153,0 177.1468,-38.8151,0 177.1467,-38.8145,0 177.1458,-38.8140,0 177.1461,-38.8137,0 177.1466,-38.8134,0 177.1470,-38.8134,0 177.1473,-38.8135,0 177.1476,-38.8137,0 177.1477,-38.8140,0 177.1481,-38.8141,0 177.1485,-38.8140,0 177.1488,-38.8140,0 177.1491,-38.8138,0 177.1495,-38.8136,0 </coordinates> </LineString> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Waikaretaheke capture</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>Catches the natural flow from lake Kaitawa that would otherwise escape its duty.</description> <LookAt> <longitude>177.1460</longitude> <latitude>-38.8134</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>-3.2293</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>1192.1749</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_forbidden25</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>177.1467,-38.8134,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Whakamarino</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>~1939. Floodgate, blocking the exit so that flow can go through to the Piripaua power station.</description> <LookAt> <longitude>177.1567</longitude> <latitude>-38.8152</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>-3.2328</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>1425.7360</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_forbidden101</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>177.1522,-38.8139,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Piripaua tunnel</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>Guessed route...</description> <styleUrl>#msn_ylw-pushpin11300</styleUrl> <LineString> <tessellate>1</tessellate> <coordinates> 177.1571,-38.8149,0 177.1695,-38.8374,0 177.1686,-38.8387,0 </coordinates> </LineString> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Piripaua</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>1939, 370' head, 20 MW, a second 20 MW in 1944. Last of three stations. Lake Whakamarino down to the Waikaretaheke river and away...</description> <styleUrl>#msn_target217</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>177.1686,-38.8388,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> </Folder> <Folder> <name>Waikato Hydro</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>These are all small lakes in the river channel cut by the Waikato, but at the head of the chain is lake Taupo. Although its allowed vertical range is small, the lake area is large. Its natural flow is augmented by the Tongariri scheme, parts of which capture water that would otherwise flow through undammed rivers, to their loss and the annoyance of those who live by them.</description> <LookAt> <longitude>175.8402</longitude> <latitude>-38.2715</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>-2.419101325254839e-014</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>104046.8312</range> </LookAt> <Placemark> <name>Taupo gates</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>1941. Control gates for the outlet from lake Taupo.</description> <LookAt> <longitude>176.0700</longitude> <latitude>-38.6810</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>-16.5163</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>569.2600</range> <altitudeMode>relativeToGround</altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_forbidden91</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>176.0701,-38.6810,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Arapuni</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description><![CDATA[Since 1929. 175' head. Oldest Waikato power station still operating, the earlier Hora Hora having been drowned by Karapiro. Construction began in 1924, plagued by heavy rain and floods. The diversion tunnel was completed in July 1926 but dissension over the suitability of the foundations at the power house site was resolved by the Public Works Department taking over in December 1927.

The first 15 MW turbine was commissioned in June 1929 and by June 1930 there were three. But then a crack developed at the end of the spillway and the ground above the power house was moving. As well, water seepage was renamed leakage, the start of an ongoing difficulty. The station closed for investigation and improvements, recommencing in May 1932 with a fourth turbine. In 1934 work began on doubling the power house size for four more turbines of 21·6 MW each. Two were installed in 1938 and the final two in 1946 after the cessation of other distractions.

157·8 MW from eight turbines: 4×17·85 + 4×21·6. In 1990 the first four turbines were replaced, possibly with the same capacity or perhaps 24 MW. The second set may have been uprated, but then cracking within the turbine blades led to derating from 25 to 22, which is larger than the original rating. Refurbishment was completed in 2002,from 24·7 MW to 26·7 MW. Of all eight? Ah, the details of PR releases by the subnumerate.

See also http://www.ipenz.org.nz/heritage/itemdetail.cfm?itemid=116

]]></description>

<LookAt> <longitude>175.6436</longitude> <latitude>-38.0733</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>4.97279724446821e-012</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>1037.9997</range> <altitudeMode>relativeToGround</altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target502</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>175.6439,-38.0716,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Aratiatia</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>A pond downriver of Huka falls, and bypassing the Aratiatia rapids. First in sequence below lake Taupo's slightly-controlled outlet, effectively the reservoir for this power station. 90 MW from three turbines. Construction began in September 1959, ready in March 1964. Head 110'</description> <LookAt> <longitude>176.1414</longitude> <latitude>-38.6165</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>-0.0688</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>556.8531</range> <altitudeMode>relativeToGround</altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target043</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>176.1424,-38.6156,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Atiamuri</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>Submerged two hot pools. 84 MW from four 21 MW turbines, the last commissioned April 1962. Head 81'</description> <LookAt> <longitude>176.0211</longitude> <latitude>-38.3948</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>0.2828</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>3751.1167</range> <altitudeMode>relativeToGround</altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target034</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>176.0218,-38.3939,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Karapiro</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description><![CDATA[Construction began in 1940, with work delayed by difficult ground and other distractions. When completed in 1947 its lake drowned the Hora Hora station.

Three turbines 90 MW. Head 100'

]]></description>

<LookAt> <longitude>175.5385</longitude> <latitude>-37.9245</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>-0.0336</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>540.4411</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target123</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>175.5393,-37.9243,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Maraetai 1</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>Two power houses for 360 MW total, 200' head. Construction began in 1946 with the first electricity in November 1952 from three then five turbines, all of 36 MW each. A sixth penstock feeds an auxiliary generator. The lake drowned a boiling spring at Mangakino.</description> <LookAt> <longitude>175.7426</longitude> <latitude>-38.3515</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>0.6512</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>1242.7633</range> <altitudeMode>relativeToGround</altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target0040</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>175.7462,-38.3520,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Maraetai 2</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description><![CDATA[Work began in 1959, suspended in 1961 due to the Cook Strait cable project having priority. The first two generators were commissioned in July 1970 and the fifth in February 1971, all of 36 MW.

This station's generators have special controls for rapid response to power demand fluctuations, thus steadying voltage and frequency.

]]></description>

<LookAt> <longitude>175.7426</longitude> <latitude>-38.3515</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>0.6512</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>1242.7633</range> <altitudeMode>relativeToGround</altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target1340</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>175.7409,-38.3517,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Ohakuri</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>1961, 115' head. The lake flooded most of the geysers and hot springs of the Orakeikorako thermal area. Five geysers remain where there were once about seventy. 112 MW from four turbines, starting January 1961. In 2001, fatigue cracks were found in the turbines and all four were replaced.</description> <LookAt> <longitude>176.0867</longitude> <latitude>-38.4072</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>-0.0005</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>1020.0913</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target25</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>176.0887,-38.4080,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Waipapa</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>Power house unmapped, nor are transmission lines shown. 53' head, three turbines, 51 MW. Initial work in 1955 discovered sediment underneath fissured rock, another example of the non-omniscience of geologists. The final construction began with the river's diversion in November 1958, and the station was commissioned in April 1961.</description> <LookAt> <longitude>175.6832</longitude> <latitude>-38.2923</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>-0.0006</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>467.9497</range> <altitudeMode>relativeToGround</altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target2950</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>175.6838,-38.2919,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Whakamaru</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>Construction started on difficult ground in December 1949 with the blasting of a diversion channel through ejecta from a volcanic eruption of 300,000 years back. This stuff is called "rock" only by geologists, which is also their word for sand and even ice. The lake was filled in May 1956 and the fourth 25 MW turbine was commissioned in September. 124' head.</description> <LookAt> <longitude>175.8083</longitude> <latitude>-38.4200</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>-0.0785</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>906.1621</range> <altitudeMode>relativeToGround</altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target10112</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>175.8080,-38.4194,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> </Folder> <Folder> <name>Waipori Hydro</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description><![CDATA[Possibly should be Waipouri, referring to the darkness of the tannin-stained water draining from the wooded areas. Lake Waipori is well downstream, south of Berwick.

In the 1900s the first schemes were related to the Waipori Flat gold field operations, which while they lasted discouraged larger hydro power development. The first power station to supply Dunedin was commissioned on the 27'th of April 1907: two 1 MW three-phase generators of 2,400 V driven by Pelton wheels operating on a head of 675 feet, water delivered by a wooden flume running three thousand yards from a rock-filled wooden crib dam that was either on the Waipori river or instead on a tributary to it (100 Years of Power Waipori Hydro-Electric Power Scheme 1907-2007, page 8), possibly the Bridge Creek mentioned on page 10.

Over the decades, there have been multiple redevelopments, repeatedly extending replacing or drowning prior dams and power stations, and changing the nomenclature. This means that a stated capacity may be for a generator no longer in operation.

]]></description>

<LookAt> <longitude>169.9939</longitude> <latitude>-45.9058</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>-0.0114</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>7488.4737</range> </LookAt> <Folder> <name>Deep Stream</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <open>1</open> <description><![CDATA[A short way downstream from the confluence of Devil's creek a weir impedes the flow of the upper Deep Stream, diverting some to a tunnel running south east that emerges well above the level of Barbour's stream. Without depiction on a topographic map, water is conveyed past the watershed into the headwaters of the Lammerlaw stream, whence it descends to Lake Mahinerangi and so feeds the Waipori power stations. There may be a second weir to capture water draining from the plateau above the tunnel.

Further down Deep Stream a weir marks an intake for Dunedin's water supply, though no pipeline or channel is depicted. On Deep Creek, a downstream tributary to Deep Stream, there is a dam and a water pipeline marked, a further association with the water supply for Dunedin.

A subsequent project to be completed in 2008 involves two dams and a canal and penstocks that will capture the energy of the drop to Lake Mahinerangi, using generators previously in service at the Lake Coleridge power station. Failure of the canal on the 26'th of September 2008 caused some strife.

]]></description>

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Deep Creek is not the headwater of Deep Stream, but a tributary that joins well to the north, downstream.</description> <LookAt> <longitude>169.8271</longitude> <latitude>-45.7315</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>2.9344</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>1035.3178</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_forbidden150</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>169.8243,-45.7321,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Deep tunnel</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>Tunnel, as marked on the topographic map, which fails to show any details at the outlet above Barbour's Stream.</description> <styleUrl>#msn_ylw-pushpin59</styleUrl> <LineString> <tessellate>1</tessellate> <coordinates> 169.8255,-45.7312,0 169.8419,-45.7381,0 </coordinates> </LineString> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Deep Pipe</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>Apparent route as glimpsed in satellite photographs but not marked on the topographic maps. 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<name>Deep Pond</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <LookAt> <longitude>169.8832</longitude> <latitude>-45.7616</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>95.3393</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>266.6098</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_forbidden9</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>169.8840,-45.7613,707.8525</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Deep Stream 1</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>2008, 3·1 MW, 462' head.</description> <LookAt> <longitude>169.8937</longitude> <latitude>-45.7738</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>0.0003</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>213.8041</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target250</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>169.8937,-45.7734,564.6968</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Deep Canal 2</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>Tailrace from the Deep Stream 1 power house. 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A serious leak in the early part of the canal caused a collapse and erosion: mud flows into the adjacent Broad Stream then eastwards into Lee Stream, as described in http://www.odt.co.nz/news/dunedin/24612/mud-flows-after-canal-breached</description> <LookAt> <longitude>169.8906</longitude> <latitude>-45.7776</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>95.3340</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>352.0161</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_water</styleUrl> <Point> <altitudeMode>absolute</altitudeMode> <coordinates>169.8919,-45.7773,565.1067</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Deep Stream 2</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>2008, 2·85 MW, 425' head. The generator may be 3·1 MW but the turbine isn't, and the manufacturer should know. See http://www.hydroworks.co.nz/download/Deep_Stream_A.pdf</description> <LookAt> <longitude>169.9062</longitude> <latitude>-45.8098</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>-0.0086</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>287.1194</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target1001</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>169.9053,-45.8096,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> </Folder> <Placemark> <name>1</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>1929, raised 1946. Drowns previous arrangements.</description> <LookAt> <longitude>169.9781</longitude> <latitude>-45.8824</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>1.0701</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>927.5409</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_forbidden250</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>169.9786,-45.8810,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Tunnel 1</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <styleUrl>#msn_ylw-pushpin013</styleUrl> <LineString> <tessellate>1</tessellate> <coordinates> 169.9770,-45.8800,0 169.9773,-45.8815,0 </coordinates> </LineString> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Waipori 1A</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>1983 version. Power station 1 supplied from Loch Loudon, now the southernmost arm of lake Mahinerangi. One 12 MW generator.</description> <styleUrl>#msn_target623</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>169.9774,-45.8816,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>2</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>Dam for the intake to the tunnels down to power station 2A.</description> <LookAt> <longitude>169.9760</longitude> <latitude>-45.8898</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>1.0717</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>307.8545</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_forbidden1010</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>169.9753,-45.8888,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Tunnel 2</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>Approximate path.</description> <styleUrl>#msn_ylw-pushpin4110</styleUrl> <LineString> <tessellate>1</tessellate> <coordinates> 169.9752,-45.8891,0 169.9854,-45.9054,0 </coordinates> </LineString> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Waipori 2A</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>1968. Pipeline to the power house adjacent to Waipori Falls village. Two generators of 26 MW and one of 20 MW.</description> <styleUrl>#msn_target1004</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>169.9855,-45.9055,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>3</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>1953. Dam for the intake of the tunnel to power station 3.</description> <LookAt> <longitude>169.9841</longitude> <latitude>-45.9076</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>1.0659</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>492.0766</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_forbidden32</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>169.9836,-45.9072,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Tunnel 3</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>Approximate path.</description> <styleUrl>#msn_ylw-pushpin3410</styleUrl> <LineString> <tessellate>1</tessellate> <coordinates> 169.9839,-45.9073,0 169.9921,-45.9167,0 </coordinates> </LineString> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Waipori 3</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>1954. Tunnel, taking only part of the river's flow. One 8 MW generator, 166' head.</description> <styleUrl>#msn_target284</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>169.9921,-45.9168,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>4</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>Dam for the tunnel to power station 4.</description> <LookAt> <longitude>170.0060</longitude> <latitude>-45.9204</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>1.0502</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>606.3535</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_forbidden000</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>170.0064,-45.9205,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Tunnel 4</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>Approximate path.</description> <styleUrl>#msn_ylw-pushpin1420</styleUrl> <LineString> <tessellate>1</tessellate> <coordinates> 170.0061,-45.9207,0 170.0207,-45.9251,0 </coordinates> </LineString> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Waipori 4</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>1954. Tunnel to one 9 MW generator, 186' head.</description> <styleUrl>#msn_target2003</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>170.0211,-45.9252,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> </Folder> <Folder> <name>Wairakei</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description><![CDATA[Geothermal, in multiple stages. The original design was double-purpose: the extraction of "heavy water" as a moderator for nuclear reactors (for the purpose of producing plutonium for bombs), and, the generation of electricity. The expectation was for six tons of heavy water a year from a plant in between the high pressure and low pressure generators (each of about 12 MW), but then graphite moderators became favoured (whence the Windscale disaster) and the design was changed even as some generator parts had already been built.

The revised design replaced the heavy water plant with two 11 MW turbines thus using steam at three pressures: 180psi, 50psi, 0.5psi (with condensation, direct to water from the Waikato river), to generate 69 MW.

Meanwhile, more exploratory drilling found additional steam, so more turbines were added to the design and a second power house proposed with still more to bring the total to 190·6 MW.

Effluent from the stations was carried away by the Waikato river, to be reconcentrated in lake weed to the degree that arsenic levels rendered it unfit for stock feed. Current usage is to re-inject about a third of the warm water effluent into the borehole area. Even without Wairakei's discharge, arsenic levels in the Waikato reach or exceed the NZ standard for drinking water, which must therefore be treated. Other notable contaminants are mercury, boron, lithium and hydrogen sulphide, and the more modern concern, carbon dioxide.

In 2014 the Te Mihi station was completed, using steam from the Wairakei field but on the far side from the Waikato river. Generation from Wairakei is reduced, likewise discharge to the river.

]]></description>

<Placemark> <name>Wairakei A</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description><![CDATA[1958, last turbine installed in 1963. 192 MW (in 1981).

Power was generated from fourteen turbines, operating on high, intermediate and low pressure steam with three running on both intermediate and low pressure. By 1980 steam pressure had dropped and inflowing of cold water had reduced the steam temperature from some of the 150+ boreholes. In 1984 the high pressure turbines were transferred to Ohaaki, as the geothermal field no longer supplied suitable steam.

Power production has fallen, but has been boosted by the addition of the auxiliary low-temperature station so that more is extracted from the same declining steam supply. A new station at Te Mihi by the steam field is proposed to take over the entire steam production, and exhaust will no longer be dumped into the Waikato.

See also http://www.ipenz.org.nz/heritage/itemdetail.cfm?itemid=84

]]></description>

<styleUrl>#msn_target37</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>176.1053,-38.6269,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Wairakei B</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>Second stage. Three 30 MW mixed-pressure steam turbines.</description> <LookAt> <longitude>176.1051</longitude> <latitude>-38.6268</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>-1.2360</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>694.2099</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target141</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>176.1063,-38.6264,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Wairakei C</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>2005, 14 MW. Isopentane warmed by the water left behind when steam is extracted for the original Wairakei plant is passed through two 8 MW turbines with the exhaust cooled by air. About 2 MW of the 16 is consumed in running pumps and fans. Nett generation is reduced on warm days, enhanced by frosty nights.</description> <LookAt> <longitude>176.1018</longitude> <latitude>-38.6271</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>0.0021</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>612.3036</range> <altitudeMode>relativeToGround</altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target136</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>176.1014,-38.6263,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Te Mihi</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <open>1</open> <description>2014, May. 166 MW from two 83 MW steam turbines, using steam from the Wairakei field. On completion, the existing Wairakei station will be run down. Abandons water cooling for air cooling. Later, talk of 240 MW.</description> <LookAt> <gx:TimeStamp><when>2014-08-23</when> </gx:TimeStamp> <gx:ViewerOptions> <gx:option name="historicalimagery"></gx:option> <gx:option enabled="0" name="sunlight"></gx:option> <gx:option enabled="0" name="streetview"></gx:option> </gx:ViewerOptions> <longitude>176.0502</longitude> <latitude>-38.6188</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>-1.3358</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>807.8833</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target110</styleUrl> <Point> <altitudeMode>absolute</altitudeMode> <coordinates>176.0470,-38.6192,520.5817</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> </Folder> <Folder> <name>Waitaki hydro</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <LookAt> <longitude>170.3811</longitude> <latitude>-44.3408</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>0.0527</heading> <tilt>2.541621836439972e-012</tilt> <range>118299.8289</range> </LookAt> <Placemark> <name>Tekapo intake</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>Tunnel to the Tekapo power house.</description> <LookAt> <longitude>170.4701</longitude> <latitude>-44.0056</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>-0.0063</heading> <tilt>2.642861049616394e-012</tilt> <range>2512.2226</range> <altitudeMode>relativeToGround</altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_arrow-reverse_copy8</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>170.4704,-44.0005,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Tekapo tunnel</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <styleUrl>#msn_ylw-pushpin_copy15</styleUrl> <LineString> <tessellate>1</tessellate> <coordinates> 170.4705,-44.0004,0 170.4605,-44.0131,0 170.4606,-44.0137,0 </coordinates> </LineString> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Tekapo dam</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>Blocks flow that would otherwise go down the Tekapo river to join the Pukaki river (also blocked) and enter what is now lake Benmore.</description> <LookAt> <longitude>170.4803</longitude> <latitude>-44.0065</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>-0.0134</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>634.0508</range> <altitudeMode>relativeToGround</altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_forbidden_copy11</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>170.4806,-44.0065,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Tekapo weir</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>Diverts water released through the Tekapo dam on the natural outlet into the Tekapo canal below the Tekapo power house. Produces Scott Pond.</description> <LookAt> <longitude>170.4623</longitude> <latitude>-44.0153</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>-0.0008</heading> <tilt>3.687375472508025e-011</tilt> <range>549.4671</range> <altitudeMode>relativeToGround</altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_forbidden211</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>170.4616,-44.0156,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Tekapo</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>Construction began in 1938 but distractions intervened until 1946. From lake Tekapo down to the start of a canal to lake Pukaki. The pale blue lake water is due to rock flour from glacial grinding. 25·2 MW, 100' head. The turbine was commissioned in 1951, and failed in 1985 or maybe 1986, replaced by one of possibly greater capacity (42000HP = ~31 MW)</description> <styleUrl>#msn_target319</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>170.4604,-44.0139,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Canal, Tekapo to Pukaki</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <styleUrl>#msn_ylw-pushpin_copy29</styleUrl> <LineString> <tessellate>1</tessellate> <coordinates> 170.4605,-44.0140,0 170.4475,-44.0314,0 170.4405,-44.0392,0 170.4373,-44.0415,0 170.4369,-44.0420,0 170.4357,-44.0442,0 170.4354,-44.0446,0 170.4307,-44.0483,0 170.4302,-44.0489,0 170.4274,-44.0561,0 170.4273,-44.0566,0 170.4275,-44.0596,0 170.4260,-44.0651,0 170.4257,-44.0656,0 170.4254,-44.0660,0 170.4248,-44.0664,0 170.4243,-44.0667,0 170.4237,-44.0669,0 170.4230,-44.0670,0 170.3522,-44.0708,0 170.3514,-44.0710,0 170.3507,-44.0712,0 170.3469,-44.0733,0 170.3462,-44.0735,0 170.3455,-44.0737,0 170.3218,-44.0784,0 170.3105,-44.0813,0 170.3095,-44.0814,0 170.3048,-44.0814,0 170.3033,-44.0812,0 170.3019,-44.0809,0 170.3006,-44.0805,0 170.2990,-44.0799,0 170.2946,-44.0780,0 170.2942,-44.0777,0 170.2938,-44.0772,0 170.2935,-44.0767,0 170.2929,-44.0762,0 170.2922,-44.0758,0 170.2913,-44.0755,0 170.2810,-44.0740,0 170.2795,-44.0740,0 170.2779,-44.0742,0 170.2766,-44.0747,0 170.2753,-44.0753,0 170.2744,-44.0761,0 170.2733,-44.0771,0 170.2722,-44.0776,0 170.2568,-44.0810,0 170.2547,-44.0817,0 170.2528,-44.0826,0 170.2454,-44.0875,0 170.2440,-44.0886,0 170.2429,-44.0897,0 170.2418,-44.0909,0 170.2410,-44.0921,0 170.2406,-44.0930,0 170.2400,-44.0942,0 170.2387,-44.0991,0 170.2383,-44.0998,0 170.2366,-44.1025,0 170.2317,-44.1087,0 170.2313,-44.1093,0 170.2309,-44.1101,0 170.2307,-44.1109,0 170.2306,-44.1117,0 170.2306,-44.1127,0 170.2315,-44.1169,0 170.2313,-44.1189,0 170.2304,-44.1198,0 170.2280,-44.1202,0 </coordinates> </LineString> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Penstocks, canal down to Lake to Pukaki</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <styleUrl>#msn_ylw-pushpin_copy28</styleUrl> <LineString> <tessellate>1</tessellate> <coordinates> 170.2278,-44.1203,0 170.2155,-44.1219,0 170.2138,-44.1221,0 170.2122,-44.1226,0 </coordinates> </LineString> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Pukaki</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>1977, two 80 MW generators, 480' head. As the lake's height varies over 45', generator output ranges 76 to 90 MW. Canal from lake Tekapo's outlet, down to lake Pukaki. The pale blue water is due to rock flour from glacial grinding.</description> <LookAt> <longitude>170.2128</longitude> <latitude>-44.1232</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>0.1724</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>380.2891</range> <altitudeMode>relativeToGround</altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target1711</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>170.2121,-44.1227,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Pukaki dam</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>1971, completed 1977. Blocks flow that would otherwise go down the Pukaki river to lake Benmore.</description> <LookAt> <longitude>170.1403</longitude> <latitude>-44.1944</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>0.2235</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>4468.8458</range> <altitudeMode>relativeToGround</altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_forbidden103</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>170.1470,-44.1890,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Pukaki canal intake</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>The drop from the lake to the canal level could be used for generation...</description> <LookAt> <longitude>170.1348</longitude> <latitude>-44.1890</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>0.2268</heading> <tilt>2.881353510470435e-012</tilt> <range>1229.4291</range> <altitudeMode>relativeToGround</altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_arrow-reverse_copy11</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>170.1363,-44.1881,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Canal, Lake Pukaki to Ohau A</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>No drop as water leaves Lake Pukaki. The lake level has been raised to about the level before the natural flow cut down through the terminal moraine of the Pukaki glacier. Flow capacity is 560 tons/second.</description> <styleUrl>#msn_ylw-pushpin390</styleUrl> <LineString> <tessellate>1</tessellate> <coordinates> 170.1350,-44.1892,0 170.1306,-44.1933,0 170.1300,-44.1937,0 170.1073,-44.2086,0 170.1062,-44.2091,0 170.1048,-44.2093,0 170.1035,-44.2093,0 170.1022,-44.2091,0 170.0898,-44.2058,0 170.0877,-44.2056,0 170.0857,-44.2058,0 170.0840,-44.2062,0 170.0544,-44.2177,0 170.0532,-44.2184,0 170.0496,-44.2212,0 170.0488,-44.2221,0 170.0481,-44.2232,0 170.0450,-44.2328,0 170.0363,-44.2487,0 170.0359,-44.2498,0 170.0356,-44.2508,0 170.0354,-44.2593,0 170.0351,-44.2608,0 170.0338,-44.2625,0 </coordinates> </LineString> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Ohau weir</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>Blocks the outlet of lake Ohau.</description> <LookAt> <longitude>169.9417</longitude> <latitude>-44.2843</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>0.3615</heading> <tilt>5.941500909807797e-012</tilt> <range>1385.5356</range> <altitudeMode>relativeToGround</altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_forbidden_copy14</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>169.9425,-44.2848,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Ohau canal intake</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <LookAt> <longitude>169.9393</longitude> <latitude>-44.2784</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>0.3633</heading> <tilt>1.009251117406704e-011</tilt> <range>2784.2521</range> <altitudeMode>relativeToGround</altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_arrow-reverse_copy9</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>169.9371,-44.2725,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Canal, Lake Ohau to Ohau A junction</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>Water from Lake Ohau lacks the "rock flour" that colours the waters of lakes Tekapo and Pukaki, thus the mismatch at the junction. Flow capacity is 200 tons/second.</description> <styleUrl>#msn_ylw-pushpin106</styleUrl> <LineString> <tessellate>1</tessellate> <coordinates> 169.9356,-44.2729,0 169.9379,-44.2723,0 169.9404,-44.2721,0 169.9420,-44.2721,0 169.9434,-44.2718,0 169.9448,-44.2713,0 169.9489,-44.2683,0 169.9505,-44.2676,0 169.9522,-44.2672,0 169.9646,-44.2648,0 169.9806,-44.2601,0 169.9818,-44.2599,0 169.9907,-44.2603,0 169.9922,-44.2603,0 169.9934,-44.2601,0 170.0143,-44.2534,0 170.0165,-44.2530,0 170.0188,-44.2527,0 170.0318,-44.2527,0 170.0330,-44.2528,0 170.0340,-44.2532,0 170.0350,-44.2536,0 </coordinates> </LineString> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Ohau A</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>1979, four 65 MW generators, 190' head. Canal from lake Pukaki plus a canal from Lake Ohau, down to lake Ruataniwha</description> <LookAt> <longitude>170.0317</longitude> <latitude>-44.2644</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>0.2987</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>756.5021</range> <altitudeMode>relativeToGround</altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target1291</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>170.0323,-44.2644,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Ruataniwha dam</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>Diverts the flow to Ohau B.</description> <LookAt> <longitude>170.0865</longitude> <latitude>-44.2861</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>0.2603</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>1372.0842</range> <altitudeMode>relativeToGround</altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_forbidden33</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>170.0876,-44.2862,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Canal, Lake Ruataniwha to Ohau B</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <styleUrl>#msn_ylw-pushpin_copy26</styleUrl> <LineString> <tessellate>1</tessellate> <coordinates> 170.0826,-44.2880,0 170.0842,-44.2894,0 170.0858,-44.2903,0 170.0875,-44.2908,0 170.0904,-44.2912,0 170.0920,-44.2918,0 170.1014,-44.2977,0 170.1031,-44.2986,0 170.1049,-44.2992,0 170.1068,-44.2995,0 170.1098,-44.2997,0 </coordinates> </LineString> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Canal Ohau B - Ohau C</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <styleUrl>#msn_ylw-pushpin_copy27</styleUrl> <LineString> <tessellate>1</tessellate> <coordinates> 170.1130,-44.2997,0 170.1169,-44.2998,0 170.1185,-44.3000,0 170.1199,-44.3005,0 170.1320,-44.3056,0 170.1336,-44.3065,0 170.1348,-44.3073,0 170.1377,-44.3099,0 170.1403,-44.3117,0 170.1470,-44.3148,0 170.1492,-44.3160,0 170.1512,-44.3173,0 170.1530,-44.3187,0 170.1547,-44.3204,0 170.1558,-44.3217,0 170.1576,-44.3241,0 170.1590,-44.3260,0 170.1607,-44.3277,0 170.1755,-44.3391,0 170.1798,-44.3410,0 </coordinates> </LineString> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Ohau B</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>Four 55 MW generators, 157' head. Lake Ruataniwha from Ohau A, down to a canal to Ohau C.</description> <LookAt> <longitude>170.1140</longitude> <latitude>-44.3002</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>0.2412</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>1782.7697</range> <altitudeMode>relativeToGround</altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target2510</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>170.1115,-44.2997,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Ohau C</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>Four 55 MW generators as with Ohau B, 157' head. Canal from Ohau B down to Lake Benmore.</description> <LookAt> <longitude>170.1828</longitude> <latitude>-44.3429</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>0.1932</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>3074.8565</range> <altitudeMode>relativeToGround</altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target1812</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>170.1814,-44.3417,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Benmore</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description><![CDATA[Construction started in 1958, first power January 1965. 540 MW from six 90 MW turbines, 302' head. Refurbished to 600 MW in 2009-10.

See also http://www.ipenz.org.nz/heritage/itemdetail.cfm?itemid=2172

]]></description>

<LookAt> <longitude>170.1973</longitude> <latitude>-44.5649</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>1.7640</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>1348.8242</range> <altitudeMode>relativeToGround</altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target161</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>170.1939,-44.5634,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Aviemore</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>1962, 240 MW from four 55 MW Francis turbines, 122' head.</description> <LookAt> <longitude>170.3584</longitude> <latitude>-44.6556</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>2.4689</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>1553.8322</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target0012</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>170.3548,-44.6565,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Waitaki</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description><![CDATA[1934, October. Seven 15 MW generators, 70' head. The original design was for five, but only two were installed in 1934. Three more were added, in 1940, 1941 and 1949 then in 1954 the final two in an expanded powerhouse.

See also http://www.ipenz.org.nz/heritage/itemdetail.cfm?itemid=2162

]]></description>

<LookAt> <longitude>170.4314</longitude> <latitude>-44.6891</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>0.0178</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>2133.3992</range> <altitudeMode>relativeToGround</altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target1002</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>170.4273,-44.6908,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> </Folder> <Placemark> <name>Whirinaki, revived</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>2004, June reconstruction on a deconstructed site. 155 MW from three diesel-fuelled gas turbines, each declared to generate 55 MW so that's 165 MW.</description> <styleUrl>#msn_target01</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>176.8876,-39.3828,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> </Folder> <Folder> <name>Obscure</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>These may be equally or longer-established, but are rather less well-known.</description> <Folder> <name>Wind</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>Wind-driven turbines, singly, or in groups.</description> <Placemark> <name>Brooklyn</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description><![CDATA[1993, 15'th April. 225 kW for research/demonstration, installed by the Electricity Corporation, later transferred to Meridian. Damage to its "yaw drive" in November 2009 forced a six-month closedown, but public acclaim encouraged repair, completed in May 2015. In December 2015 dismantling began, for replacement by a larger turbine.

2016, 11 April an Enercon E44 of apparently 1 MW is operational. Only vague PR statements as to capacity and dates.

]]></description>

<LookAt> <longitude>174.7456</longitude> <latitude>-41.3109</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>-6.5307</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>299.3743</range> <altitudeMode>relativeToGround</altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target3001</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>174.7453,-41.3109,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Chatham Island</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>2010, June. Two 225 kW two-blade Vergnet (France) wind turbines, derated from 275 kW. Slim tower design with guy cables, enabling the generator to be lowered without a crane, for maintenance or to evade storms. Variable generation is counterbalanced by diesel generation on the far side of the island, with production priced at 40 cents a unit. Just under half the island's energy needs are expected to be met by the wind farm. These is also talk of a wave power project...</description> <LookAt> <longitude>-176.3804</longitude> <latitude>-44.0389</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>-6.4981</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>699.2534</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target121</styleUrl> <Point> <altitudeMode>absolute</altitudeMode> <coordinates>-176.3834,-44.0367,105.3620</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Flat Hill</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description><![CDATA[2015, June proposed first commissioning of 8×850 kW = 6·8 MW Gamesa wind turbines, around here. Construction began on Monday, 20'th of April 2015, first power expected in June, full power in October. Connection is to the Bluff substation via an underground cable.

Pioneer energy offers http://pioneerenergy.co.nz/asset-map/ which in 2016 offers the garbled "9 turbines near Bluff the project was commissioned in 2015 and is owned in by the Southern Generation Partnership", but the satellite images of December 2015 definitely shows eight, not nine.

]]></description>

<LookAt> <longitude>168.2857</longitude> <latitude>-46.5793</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>4.0534</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>1357.6770</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target00190</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>168.2845,-46.5802,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Gebbie's Pass</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>2003, 6'th June. Lonely wind turbine, 500 kW, somewhat susceptible to wind shear.</description> <styleUrl>#msn_target2214</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>172.6411,-43.6984,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Hau Nui</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>1996 wind farm. "Big Wind" 7×550 kW = 3·85 MW, an extension to the SW. Enercon E-40- synchronous generators. Supplies to the 11 kV network, or to the 33 kV network.</description> <styleUrl>#msn_target3111</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>175.4839,-41.3617,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Hau Nui 2</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>2004, December. 8×600 kW = 4·8 MW. Supplies to the 33 kV lines from Martinborough.</description> <LookAt> <longitude>175.4783</longitude> <latitude>-41.3693</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>0.0046</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>1941.2262</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target3111</styleUrl> <Point> <altitudeMode>absolute</altitudeMode> <coordinates>175.4695,-41.3796,318.1510</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Horseshoe Bend</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>2009. Wind farm of three 750 kW turbines. (This is not the Horseshoe Bend wind farm in Montana, USA, nor the proposal south east of Tokomaru)</description> <LookAt> <longitude>169.5058</longitude> <latitude>-45.5381</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>0.2923</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>2886.5714</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target106</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>169.5047,-45.5438,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Lake Grassmere</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>2014, May. 660 kW Vestas V47 turbine, near here, not at the lakeside. Provides around 3/4 of the salt work's electricity load, during the salt harvest of January-March. Even so, there is consent for a further six turbines.</description> <LookAt> <longitude>174.1416</longitude> <latitude>-41.7114</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>0.0188</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>4329.0135</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#m_ylw-pushpin50</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>174.1378,-41.7093,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Lulworth</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>2011, January. Wind farm, 4×250 kW = 1 MW. Secondhand "Micon 530" wind turbines from Denmark.</description> <LookAt> <longitude>174.1241</longitude> <latitude>-41.8905</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>0.0172</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>810.5317</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target6320</styleUrl> <Point> <altitudeMode>absolute</altitudeMode> <coordinates>174.1243,-41.8902,112.4381</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Mahinerangi</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>2010. Wind farm 12 × 3 = 36 MW, nominally. Around about.</description> <LookAt> <longitude>169.8778</longitude> <latitude>-45.7747</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>-0.0008</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>3685.9854</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target039</styleUrl> <Point> <altitudeMode>absolute</altitudeMode> <coordinates>169.8781,-45.7711,603.2799</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Makara</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>Wind farm, starting 2009. 62 × 2·3 = 142·6 MW, nominally. After the first few months, it appears that two turbines are u/s at any given time.</description> <LookAt> <longitude>174.6725</longitude> <latitude>-41.2878</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>0.7511</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>5201.2012</range> <altitudeMode>relativeToGround</altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target1019</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>174.6775,-41.2759,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Motukiekie</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>2009, 900W "micro" wind turbine on a mast somewhere high. $5,000</description> <LookAt> <longitude>174.2007</longitude> <latitude>-35.2163</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>0.0009</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>395.2197</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target1123</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>174.2012,-35.2158,38.4009</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Mount Stuart</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <open>1</open> <description>2011, December. Wind farm, 9×850kKW = 7·65 MW, nominally. Gamesa variable speed turbines, operating over wind speeds of 3-28 metres/sec. Connects to the Glenore - Lawrence 33 kV line. Each turbine has a 690 V to 33 kV stepup transformer at its base, outside the tower.</description> <LookAt> <gx:TimeStamp><when>2013-03-28</when> </gx:TimeStamp> <gx:ViewerOptions> <gx:option name="historicalimagery"></gx:option> <gx:option enabled="0" name="sunlight"></gx:option> <gx:option enabled="0" name="streetview"></gx:option> </gx:ViewerOptions> <longitude>169.7747</longitude> <latitude>-46.0557</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>0.6021</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>2266.0652</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target18</styleUrl> <Point> <altitudeMode>absolute</altitudeMode> <coordinates>169.7752,-46.0534,424.2190</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Oban</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <open>1</open> <description>2008, May. Somewhere around on the property of Nancy and Murray Schofield by Ringaringa road is a 1·8 kW "Skystream" wind turbine.</description> <LookAt> <longitude>168.1413</longitude> <latitude>-46.9052</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>4.1574</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>1203.2704</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target104</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>168.1427,-46.9075,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Ohariu</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>2014, May. 26×2·3 MW Siemens wind turbines. Scattered around on the ridges above Mill Creek.</description> <LookAt> <longitude>174.7395</longitude> <latitude>-41.2087</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>-0.4873</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>3244.1096</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target427</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>174.7403,-41.2006,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Ross Island</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description><![CDATA[2009, December. Three 330 kW Enercon turbines offsets Scott Base's load which is otherwise supplied by diesel generators.

This is not in New Zealand, but in New Zealand's claimed area, with claims in abeyance.

]]></description>

<LookAt> <longitude>166.7259</longitude> <latitude>-77.8475</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>0.0335</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>1076.1705</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target50</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>166.7262,-77.8446,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Seaview</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>2008, 8'th August. 6 kW demonstration wind turbine, trailing blades model.</description> <LookAt> <longitude>174.9096</longitude> <latitude>-41.2449</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>-0.0006</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>218.8106</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target38</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>174.9098,-41.2446,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Seaview BP</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>Near here, 2012? Looks like about 10 kW. Trailing blades model. By the sound of it in February 2013, and despite being in a BP area, it needs lubrication.</description> <LookAt> <longitude>174.9066</longitude> <latitude>-41.2486</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>-0.4075</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>437.6293</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target003</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>174.9059,-41.2471,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Southbridge</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description><![CDATA[2004, 100 kW Lonely wind turbine, "Tellus T1995", connected to the adjacent local 11 kV network. The turbine was installed 1992 in Denmark, then moved to NZ and installed by farmer Thomas Cameron, cofounder of <a href="http://www.energy3.co.nz">Energy3</a>.]]></description> <styleUrl>#msn_target16</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>172.2769,-43.8727,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Tararua</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description><![CDATA[Wind farm, along a long ridge.

Stage 1 in 1999: 48×0·66 = 31.68 MW.

Stage 2 in 2004: 55×0·66 = 36.3 MW.

Stage 3 in 2007: 31×3 = 93 MW

The third stage turbines were connected at 220KV to the national grid via a spur line. It remains unclear what local interconnections are used.

]]></description>

<styleUrl>#msn_target3430</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>175.7833,-40.3459,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Te Apiti</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>Wind farm. 90 (=55×1·65) MW, opened 9'th December 2004.</description> <styleUrl>#msn_target20111</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>175.8169,-40.2991,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Te Rere Hau</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description><![CDATA[Wind farm, developed in stages around here.

Stage 1 opened on the 15'th September 2006 with five 500 kW turbines so 2·5 MW, but the transmission line appears to be limited to 1 MW.

Stage 2 started 2008, 35 turbines to be completed by the end of 2009. The initial data measuring supply to the local grid ceased with March 2008 (along with other data series) due to disorganisation within the Electricity Commission. Some time in 2008 a connection was made to the Tararua Wind Farm substation to the NE, which has a spur line connection to the national grid. Data on supply to the national grid started in September 2008.

Stage 3 (or more of stage 2) started in January 2009; 32 turbines.

Stage 4 started in March 2011, 32 turbines to a total of 97.

All turbines are 500 kW synchronous generators from WindFlow (http://www.windflow.co.nz/projects/te-rere-hau), and the project has consent for 97 so possibly it will attain a nominal 48·5 MW.

]]></description>

<styleUrl>#msn_target3111</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>175.7287,-40.3864,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Te Uku</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>2010, December. 64·4 MW = 28×2·3</description> <LookAt> <longitude>174.9678</longitude> <latitude>-37.8749</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>5.8678</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>1132.7900</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target512</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>174.9680,-37.8733,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Weld Cone</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>2010, February. Wind farm of three 250 kW turbines, secondhand "Micon M530" from Denmark. The name actually belongs to the peak to the south east.</description> <LookAt> <longitude>174.1606</longitude> <latitude>-41.8461</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>-2.8217</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>1369.9256</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target632</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>174.1621,-41.8456,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>White Hill</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>2007, June. Wind farm, 58(= 29×2)MW wind turbines.</description> <LookAt> <longitude>168.2486</longitude> <latitude>-45.7427</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>1.1789</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>3821.3986</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target0200</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>168.2516,-45.7347,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> </Folder> <Folder> <name>Hospitals</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description><![CDATA[A large hospital typically has a large need for steam and hot water, as well as electricity. Obvious opportunities arise, especially if natural gas is available. But, with the depletion of the Maui field, gas prices have risen, while electricity prices have fallen for large users (small users are unlikely to arrange their own generation: for them, the price has risen), and as well, it became clear that certain emergencies might well disrupt piped gas supplies, including the local reservoir in the form of high-pressure gas in the local pipes.

Diesel generation for emergency supply (with local tanks unlikely to be disrupted), if run intermittently, is no use for ongoing hot water supply, and further, emergency generation installations typically cannot run for lengthy periods (difficulty in refilling fuel tanks, heat and fumes not properly vented), but they must be tested occasionally, and if there arises a time when the purchase price of electricity is merely low, rather than risible, it might cover the cost of the fuel and so the test runs might be scheduled accordingly.

]]></description>

<Placemark> <name>Auckland Hospital</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>Two 1·8 MW piston gas-fuelled engines, with exhaust heat capture for general use, and a 1·8 MW diesel backup.</description> <styleUrl>#msn_target14110</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>174.7713,-36.8606,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Burwood Hospital</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>Somewhere around is a power generator fed by landfill gas. Possibly there is some diesel around as well.</description> <LookAt> <longitude>172.6827</longitude> <latitude>-43.4818</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>0.0989</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>743.2235</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target525</styleUrl> <Point> <altitudeMode>absolute</altitudeMode> <coordinates>172.6825,-43.4817,2.0022</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Christchurch hospital</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>Somewhere around are emergency diesel generators for 1·5 MW at "riverside" and "parkside".</description> <LookAt> <longitude>172.6257</longitude> <latitude>-43.5347</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>0.0009</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>584.6246</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target60</styleUrl> <Point> <altitudeMode>absolute</altitudeMode> <coordinates>172.6259,-43.5339,5.0056</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Invercargill Hospital</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>Kew, somewhere about. Presumably standby diesel.</description> <LookAt> <longitude>168.3580</longitude> <latitude>-46.4397</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>3.4203</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>461.2488</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target055</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>168.3587,-46.4397,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Tauranga Hospital</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>1993, 310 kW electricity, 330 kW of hot water. Cogeneration fired by natural gas. (Turbine? Piston?). Somewhere around, possibly by the chimney.</description> <LookAt> <longitude>176.1477</longitude> <latitude>-37.7085</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>0.0159</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>272.4289</range> <altitudeMode>relativeToGround</altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target1090</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>176.1473,-37.7086,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Wellington Hospital</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>Diesel emergency generation. Intermittent operation means that there is no point in capturing the exhaust heat for hot water supply. The previous gas-fired "Total Energy Centre" for electricity plus steam cleaning, etc. is given over to steam cleaning only as generation is too much bother. The original plan is described in http://www.ipenz.org.nz/heritage/itemdetail.cfm?itemid=83</description> <LookAt> <longitude>174.7826</longitude> <latitude>-41.3098</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>-1.4441</heading> <tilt>5.764754535641253e-011</tilt> <range>399.1354</range> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target61</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>174.7826,-41.3098,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Whangarei Hospital</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>Two 1 MW standby diesels.</description> <LookAt> <longitude>174.3032</longitude> <latitude>-35.7344</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>-2.9283</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>1186.6434</range> <altitudeMode>relativeToGround</altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target4200</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>174.3036,-35.7365,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> </Folder> <Folder> <name>Mephitic</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description><![CDATA[Rubbish dumps and their festering organic material ooze vile gunk. Gases also are formed, that diffuse through the landfill and escape to varying levels of distress amongst neighbours despite the covering layer of earth. Larger dumps usually have a network of pipes to capture this gas for flaring. Sewage treatment plants also generate gases, but usually in a more organised way and are designed to do so from the start; a well-designed and operated sewage treatment plant can generate all its internal power needs and to spare.

About half of the gas is methane and a third is CO₂ but all manner of other noxious gases are formed. Via pipes drilled into the landfill mass, these gases can be captured and used as fuel. Burning the methane to form CO₂ is advantageous as methane has some twenty times the effect of CO₂ as a greenhouse gas.

From landfills, amongst the exotic contaminants of the methane are the silanes: silicon takes the same role as carbon does in hydrocarbons, so instead of methane CH₄, there is silane SiH₄. These burn to the corresponding SiO₂ but this is not a gas, it is quartz. Delicate engines such as gas turbines are not used, less-efficient piston engines are.

Because methane is rated about twenty times as potent a "greenhouse gas" than carbon dioxide, burning it can mean a gain in "carbon credits" and thus add lustre to a project. On the other hand, the electricity generated can be too much for the local network's capacity and even if not, involve one-sided "agreements".

]]></description>

<LookAt> <longitude>174.1795</longitude> <latitude>-40.0943</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>-1.015698035514811e-007</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>870170.0663</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <Placemark> <name>Awapuni</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description><![CDATA[2006, April. 970 kW Deutz gas engine fed landfill gas from a retired landfill, somewhere near here, jointly implemented with the Republic of Austria (!). Most power goes to supply the Totara Road wastewater treatment plant, which should itself generate gas...

Cost overruns and gas shortages have caused dissatisfaction.

]]></description>

<styleUrl>#msn_target140</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>175.5806,-40.3869,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Bromley</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>1996, January. 1·55 MW from a Waukesha 8LAT27GL piston engine run on "digester gas" from sewage treatment, somewhere nearby. Exhaust heat is used for hot water.</description> <styleUrl>#msn_target160</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>172.7012,-43.5250,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Burwood</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description><![CDATA[2007, June. 230 kW electric plus 385 kW heating cogeneration via a Waukesha VGF18GLD gas engine, supplied via a pipeline from the Burwood landfill collection and treatment plant. This gas also fires two water boilers for the likes of the swimming pools thus meeting all the heating and half the electricity requirements. The QEII sports complex was built for the 1974 Commonwealth Games, with the boilers heated via liquefied petroleum gas. Just where this equipment sits is unknown.

The landfill has closed to fresh fodder though it still ferments. As it produces more gas than is used, further projects are contemplated, and a pipeline network connecting other gas sources with potential users.

]]></description>

<LookAt> <longitude>172.7040</longitude> <latitude>-43.4915</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>-0.0232</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>593.0930</range> <altitudeMode>relativeToGround</altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target2001</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>172.7049,-43.4914,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Christchurch</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>2010, August. 475 kW plus 712 kW heat from a Waukesha VGF36GLD fed landfill/sewage gas piped from the Burwood landfill and Bromley sewage works. City council HQ.</description> <LookAt> <longitude>172.6374</longitude> <latitude>-43.5349</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>-0.0058</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>1445.0845</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target1124</styleUrl> <Point> <altitudeMode>absolute</altitudeMode> <coordinates>172.6380,-43.5350,5.0056</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Green Island</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <open>1</open> <description>2012, May. 625 kW from a Waukesha VGF48GLD gas engine, with exhaust heat recovery. Previously at Manukau. Now somewhere nearby.</description> <LookAt> <gx:TimeStamp><when>2011-09</when> </gx:TimeStamp> <gx:ViewerOptions> <gx:option name="historicalimagery"></gx:option> <gx:option enabled="0" name="sunlight"></gx:option> <gx:option enabled="0" name="streetview"></gx:option> </gx:ViewerOptions> <longitude>170.4072</longitude> <latitude>-45.9132</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>1.0736</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>211.7259</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target012</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>170.4076,-45.9131,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Greenmount</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>1992, June. 5·5 MW from six Waukesha VHP7100GLD piston engines fed landfill gas of 42-55% methane, no heat recovery. Somewhere nearby. (NW corner?)</description> <LookAt> <longitude>174.8965</longitude> <latitude>-36.9366</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>0.0582</heading> <tilt>3.144902553640245e-010</tilt> <range>379.8979</range> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target170</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>174.8962,-36.9363,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Hampton Downs</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>2009, March. 2 MW from two then four 1 MW Waukesha 48 litre V16 turbocharged APG1000 gas engines: as waste accumulates, production increases so that one or two units will be installed each year. Presumably somewhere by the landfill. Waste heat is ignored, though there is a proposal to capture exhaust heat (360°C) in a second stage for a nett additional megawatt of generation, plus some burning of gas that is currently flared in concealment. Except that the cost per watt is about triple that of an additional first-stage generator.</description> <LookAt> <longitude>175.0751</longitude> <latitude>-37.3524</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>2.351673528745874e-006</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>4065.6211</range> <altitudeMode>relativeToGround</altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target151</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>175.0766,-37.3584,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Horotiu</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>2004, November. 900 kW from a Waukesha VHP5904LTD piston engine fed landfill gas of 42-55% methane, no heat recovery. Somewhere around here.</description> <LookAt> <longitude>175.1956</longitude> <latitude>-37.7004</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>0.0004</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>427.2278</range> <altitudeMode>relativeToGround</altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target23</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>175.1954,-37.7008,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Mangere</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description><![CDATA[1960. 750 kW from engines fed sewage gas (~58% methane) with 6% diesel "ignition" fuel. Heat recovery.

2001 four 1·7 MW gas engines supplemented by about equal amounts of natural (non-modern sewage) gas. Installation of filters in 2003 to block siloxane and hydrogen sulphide has enabled a reduction to about one third natural gas. The electricity is more than enough for the old plant but the new (no oxidation pond) plant requires three times as much electricity so this generates about half of the site's requirements. Somewhere around here.

See also http://www.ipenz.org.nz/heritage/itemdetail.cfm?itemid=90

]]></description>

<LookAt> <longitude>174.7640</longitude> <latitude>-36.9668</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>-0.0797</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>4527.6013</range> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target2</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>174.7772,-36.9645,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Omarunui</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>2014, October. ~1 MW from a second-hand generator. Somewhere around here and not called Omaranui. The landfill site began in 1988, with gas being flared off. Currently, 36 wells deliver ~600 cubic metres/hour.</description> <LookAt> <gx:TimeStamp><when>2015-05-08</when> </gx:TimeStamp> <gx:ViewerOptions> <gx:option name="historicalimagery"></gx:option> <gx:option enabled="0" name="sunlight"></gx:option> <gx:option enabled="0" name="streetview"></gx:option> </gx:ViewerOptions> <longitude>176.7941</longitude> <latitude>-39.5458</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>0.0180</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>3953.4877</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#m_ylw-pushpin5</styleUrl> <Point> <gx:drawOrder>1</gx:drawOrder> <coordinates>176.7847,-39.5457,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Owhiro</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>2008, 3'rd April. 1·065 MW Landfill gas to a 20-piston engine. The previous intention of cleaning the gas to piped-gas standard was abandoned due to the high cost of electricity needed in the processing...</description> <LookAt> <longitude>174.7454</longitude> <latitude>-41.3277</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>0.1664</heading> <tilt>2.468703751483433e-011</tilt> <range>417.5973</range> <altitudeMode>relativeToGround</altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target1120</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>174.7445,-41.3284,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Pukete</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description><![CDATA[1985, 230 kW Waukesha VHP2900G gas engine ran 98% of the time on gas from sewage treatment plus natural gas. Somewhere around, possibly here.

In April 2000 two 920 kW generators from the Te Rapa dairy factory were refurbished to "as new" to run on the mix of digester and natural gas, commissioned in November. These cogenerators provide all of the site's electricity needs and most of the heat.

]]></description>

<styleUrl>#msn_target341</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>175.2281,-37.7322,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Redvale</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description><![CDATA[1999, 1 MW, from a 48 litre V20 GE Jenbacher 320 piston engines fed by landfill gas of 55-65% methane. The count increases with waste accumulation, in 2009 to to nine, each in its own standard shipping container, with exhaust muffler atop. A greenhouse to the SE uses some gas for its boiler, and in 2011 a pipeline conveyed waste heat as well.

There have been considerable difficulties due to network problems and procedural constraints. When generation attained 3 MW, the local 11 kV network was being overloaded, and the company had to invest in its own 33 kV line. Outages have lasted two days, and on other occasions prices are not just poor but negative: a charge to generate electricity, so gas flaring continues while elsewhere, coal is burnt to generate electricity... Connection to the national grid would involve more arguments over who gets what benefits.

]]></description>

<styleUrl>#msn_target21</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>174.6288,-36.6644,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Rosedale</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>1984. 230 kW Waukesha VHP2900G piston engine fed "digester gas" containing ~55% methane from the wastewater treatment plant. Power is used internally, and ~400 kW of heat is recovered for hot water. Somewhere around here.</description> <LookAt> <longitude>174.7172</longitude> <latitude>-36.7513</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>0.0020</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>1806.3069</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target103</styleUrl> <Point> <altitudeMode>absolute</altitudeMode> <coordinates>174.7152,-36.7483,48.8002</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Rosedale</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>1991. 2·76 MW from three Waukesha VHP7100GLD piston engines fed landfill gas of 42-55% methane, no heat recovery.</description> <styleUrl>#msn_target300</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>174.7205,-36.7378,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Rotorua</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <open>1</open> <description>2011? 1·8 MW from landfill gas, possibly near here. This may be called the Rotorua landfill on the Atiamuri road, or the Atiamuri landfill.</description> <LookAt> <longitude>176.2322</longitude> <latitude>-38.1897</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>4.097444985035819e-010</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>1122.3975</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target021</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>176.2313,-38.1892,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Silverstream</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>1994. 2·7 MW from three Waukesha VHP7100GLD piston engines fed landfill gas of 42-55% methane, no heat recovery.</description> <styleUrl>#msn_target180</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>174.9970,-41.1603,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Tauranga</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>2006? 230 kW from a Waukesha VHP2900G that came from the Pukete sewage plant produces about a quarter of the site's requirement. Somewhere around.</description> <LookAt> <gx:TimeStamp><when>2005-03-17</when> </gx:TimeStamp> <gx:ViewerOptions> <gx:option name="historicalimagery"></gx:option> <gx:option enabled="0" name="sunlight"></gx:option> <gx:option enabled="0" name="streetview"></gx:option> </gx:ViewerOptions> <longitude>176.1651</longitude> <latitude>-37.6739</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>-0.0011</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>536.9758</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target1121</styleUrl> <Point> <altitudeMode>absolute</altitudeMode> <coordinates>176.1638,-37.6728,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Tirohia</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>2008, September. 2 MW piston engine (48 litre V16, 1500RPM Waukesha APG1000, ~42% efficient) fuelled by gas from the landfill that previously had been flared. Somewhere nearby. Additional engines are expected as gas generation increases with added muck.</description> <LookAt> <longitude>175.6588</longitude> <latitude>-37.4328</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>-0.2614</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>693.9240</range> <altitudeMode>relativeToGround</altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target1200</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>175.6577,-37.4328,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Whitford</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>2002, March. 2 MW from two Jenbacher piston engines fed landfill gas, with more to come. Somewhere around, possibly near here...</description> <styleUrl>#msn_target040</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>174.9925,-36.9359,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> </Folder> <Folder> <name>Solar</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description><![CDATA[Photovoltaic cells transform light energy into electrical energy, with an efficiency of around 15%, though the sun supplies its light without charge. An incoming photon knocks an electron across a charge barrier; energy in excess of the barrier height is wasted as kinetic energy that becomes heat. Fancier designs use multiple layers to catch different energy ranges, but of course, cost more. Efficiency falls with temperature. Some types retain their capacity for year after year, others might lose around ten percent a year - this is aside from ultraviolet damage to coatings, etc.

There are 8760 or 8784 hours in a year, and for a bit over half the time the sun is in the sky - except for clouds - so as a rule of thumb, two housand hours of full-power equivalent a year is convenient for estimation. About half the captured energy comes from the direct light from the sun, about half from the diffuse illumination from all the rest of the sky. A sun-following panel (thus oriented always square on to the sun) might manage a bit more than two thousand hours equivalent, a fixed panel will manage less. Power levels can be boosted above expectation on partly cloudy days: white clouds surrounding a gap that allows full illumination plus enhanced sky illumination. If the day is cold as well, power control equipment can be burnt out. The load must be matched to the supply: the physics mean that the number of electrons in motion is related to the number of photons captured. If a load allows a larger current to flow, the voltage will collapse and all received energy will appear as heat in the PV cell. Put another way, if a PV array is supplying a load and a cloud passes in front of the sun, it will deliver no power until the load is reduced so that its current demand is again within the now lower maximum current potential. Only with fully overcast, or fully blue-sky days will this troublesome variability abate.

For one watt of capacity, 2000 hours means two kilowatt-hours a year. At a price of twenty cents a unit, that's forty cents return. If one watt costs say ten dollars, that's four cents a dollar. In 2012 the price of solar panels suddenly dropped from about ten dollars a watt to about five. Hummm. A typical home consumes at an average of one to two kilowatts... But mostly in the evening. Power generated during the day obviously offsets power that would otherwise have to be bought then, but, the daytime load is likely low. Using top-quality (low entropy) energy such as electricity to produce low-grade heat (hot water) will make any physicist cringe. Using the electricity to run a heat pump would cause less distress, but means still more expenditure. Direct water heating by solar panel would be a simple alternative.

Inversion to AC is not cheap, and AC synchronised with the mains supply even more so. There should also be protection circuitry for when the mains power is cut off so as not to feed back into a system that is off for maintenance: electrocuting a linesperson is impolite. Battery storage is painfully costly: a car battery (typically 55 amp-hour, ten volts minimum) thus stores about half a kilowatt-hour, and costs about a hundred dollars, and this class of use is unsuitable. During the discharged state, crystals of lead sulphate coalesce, and large crystals are difficult to unform during recharge attempts. A car's usage is discharge (with heavy current) followed at once by recharge within minutes. For home usage, the discharge (at low current) would be in the evening, and no recharge until the following sunrise. Thus, special lead-acid designs are required, or alternative technology: both expensive.

The mains supply can be used as a "bank" for energy deposit and withdrawals, but much depends on the electricity tariffs and their negotiation. Feed-back tariffis are usually laughable, and indeed offensively so as the power fed back will immediately flow to near neighbours where it will be sold at the retailer's full price. Throwing a cable across the boundary to the neighbour might be a better deal.

]]></description>

<Folder> <name>School Generation</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <open>1</open> <description>Some schools have made their own arrangements, but many have taken up the offer frok Genesis Energy for a fully-funded installation of mostly 2 kW of photovoltaic solar panels, with assorted electronics and data logging. See http://www.schoolgen.co.nz</description> <Placemark> <name>Amesbury</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <open>1</open> <description>Amesbury Primary School. 16 panels, aimed 44° west, pitch 10°.</description> <LookAt> <longitude>174.8026</longitude> <latitude>-41.1983</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>-1.825678144093576e-010</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>1000.0000</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target132</styleUrl> <Point> <gx:drawOrder>1</gx:drawOrder> <coordinates>174.8026,-41.1983,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Aokautere</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <open>1</open> <description>Aokautere Primary School. 12 panels, aimed 42° east, pitch 16°.</description> <LookAt> <gx:TimeStamp><when>2012-11-21</when> </gx:TimeStamp> <gx:ViewerOptions> <gx:option name="historicalimagery"></gx:option> <gx:option enabled="0" name="sunlight"></gx:option> <gx:option enabled="0" name="streetview"></gx:option> </gx:ViewerOptions> <longitude>175.6648</longitude> <latitude>-40.3634</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>-0.1191</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>35.8256</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target132</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>175.6648,-40.3634,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Awahou</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>Awahou School. 12 panels, aimed 10° east, pitch 15°.</description> <LookAt> <gx:TimeStamp><when>2011-01-24</when> </gx:TimeStamp> <gx:ViewerOptions> <gx:option name="historicalimagery"></gx:option> <gx:option enabled="0" name="sunlight"></gx:option> <gx:option enabled="0" name="streetview"></gx:option> </gx:ViewerOptions> <longitude>175.8120</longitude> <latitude>-40.1773</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>-0.4917</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>50.3340</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target5002</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>175.8120,-40.1773,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Bank's Avenue</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <open>1</open> <description>Bank's Avenue Primary School. Aimed 30° east pitch 20°.</description> <LookAt> <gx:TimeStamp><when>2012-10-19</when> </gx:TimeStamp> <gx:ViewerOptions> <gx:option name="historicalimagery"></gx:option> <gx:option enabled="0" name="sunlight"></gx:option> <gx:option enabled="0" name="streetview"></gx:option> </gx:ViewerOptions> <longitude>172.6686</longitude> <latitude>-43.5127</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>1.3113</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>46.3886</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target5002</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>172.6686,-43.5127,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Bayswater</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>Bayswater Primary School. 12 panels, aimed 2° east, pitch 15°.</description> <LookAt> <longitude>174.7879</longitude> <latitude>-36.8098</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>-0.0029</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>39.6871</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target5002</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>174.7878,-36.8098,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Belmont</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <open>1</open> <description>Raphael House, Rudolf Steiner Area School. 12 panels, aimed 45° east, pitch 30°.</description> <LookAt> <gx:TimeStamp><when>2011-04-02</when> </gx:TimeStamp> <gx:ViewerOptions> <gx:option name="historicalimagery"></gx:option> <gx:option enabled="0" name="sunlight"></gx:option> <gx:option enabled="0" name="streetview"></gx:option> </gx:ViewerOptions> <longitude>174.9065</longitude> <latitude>-41.1958</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>-5.166811080037483e-012</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>27.3017</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target5002</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>174.9066,-41.1958,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Clifton Terrace</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <open>1</open> <description>Clifton Terrace Model School. 12 panels, aimed 20° east, pitch 15°.</description> <LookAt> <gx:TimeStamp><when>2012-12-12</when> </gx:TimeStamp> <gx:ViewerOptions> <gx:option name="historicalimagery"></gx:option> <gx:option enabled="0" name="sunlight"></gx:option> <gx:option enabled="0" name="streetview"></gx:option> </gx:ViewerOptions> <longitude>174.7730</longitude> <latitude>-41.2834</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>0.0828</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>84.4483</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target5002</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>174.7730,-41.2834,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Douglas Park</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <open>1</open> <description>Douglas Park School. 12 panels, aimed north, pitch 25°.</description> <LookAt> <gx:TimeStamp><when>2011-04-11</when> </gx:TimeStamp> <gx:ViewerOptions> <gx:option name="historicalimagery"></gx:option> <gx:option enabled="0" name="sunlight"></gx:option> <gx:option enabled="0" name="streetview"></gx:option> </gx:ViewerOptions> <longitude>175.6472</longitude> <latitude>-40.9455</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>0.1284</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>56.0287</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target5002</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>175.6471,-40.9455,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Eastern Hutt</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <open>1</open> <description>Eastern Hutt School. 12 panels, aimed 15° east, pitch 25°.</description> <LookAt> <gx:TimeStamp><when>2009-09-06</when> </gx:TimeStamp> <gx:ViewerOptions> <gx:option name="historicalimagery"></gx:option> <gx:option enabled="0" name="sunlight"></gx:option> <gx:option enabled="0" name="streetview"></gx:option> </gx:ViewerOptions> <longitude>174.9123</longitude> <latitude>-41.2081</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>-0.0002</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>41.8142</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target5002</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>174.9124,-41.2081,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Fairfield</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <open>1</open> <description>Fairfield College. 12 panels. Aimed north, pitch 40°.</description> <LookAt> <longitude>175.2751</longitude> <latitude>-37.7619</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>-0.0127</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>27.6846</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target5002</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>175.2751,-37.7619,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Forest Lake</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>Forest Lake Primary School. 12 panels, aimed 50° east, pitch 20°.</description> <LookAt> <longitude>175.2554</longitude> <latitude>-37.7707</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>-0.2386</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>22.6706</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target5002</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>175.2555,-37.7706,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Glendowie</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <open>1</open> <description>Glendowie college. 12 panels in two rows, aimed 28° west, pitch 45°.</description> <LookAt> <gx:TimeStamp><when>2009-04-04</when> </gx:TimeStamp> <gx:ViewerOptions> <gx:option name="historicalimagery"></gx:option> <gx:option enabled="0" name="sunlight"></gx:option> <gx:option enabled="0" name="streetview"></gx:option> </gx:ViewerOptions> <longitude>174.8676</longitude> <latitude>-36.8617</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>-0.1672</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>112.4839</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target5002</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>174.8675,-36.8613,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Greenhithe</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <open>1</open> <description>Greenhithe Primary School. 12 panels, aimed 18° east, pitch 27°.</description> <LookAt> <longitude>174.6757</longitude> <latitude>-36.7739</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>0.0022</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>36.3239</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target5002</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>174.6756,-36.7738,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Hamilton</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>Hamilton Girls High School. 12 panels in two rows, aimed 64° west, pitch 15°.</description> <LookAt> <gx:TimeStamp><when>2009-06-16</when> </gx:TimeStamp> <gx:ViewerOptions> <gx:option name="historicalimagery"></gx:option> <gx:option enabled="0" name="sunlight"></gx:option> <gx:option enabled="0" name="streetview"></gx:option> </gx:ViewerOptions> <longitude>175.2776</longitude> <latitude>-37.7897</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>0.0007</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>43.4948</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target5002</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>175.2776,-37.7898,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Hastings</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <open>1</open> <description>Hastings Intermediate School. 12 panel (? fuzzy image), aimed 16° east, pitch 20°.</description> <LookAt> <gx:TimeStamp><when>2013</when> </gx:TimeStamp> <gx:ViewerOptions> <gx:option name="historicalimagery"></gx:option> <gx:option enabled="0" name="sunlight"></gx:option> <gx:option enabled="0" name="streetview"></gx:option> </gx:ViewerOptions> <longitude>176.8381</longitude> <latitude>-39.6492</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>0.0011</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>33.4992</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target5002</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>176.8380,-39.6492,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Henderson</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>Henderson Valley Primary School.Possibly here? Aimed 49° east, pitch 15°.</description> <LookAt> <gx:TimeStamp><when>2009-02-08</when> </gx:TimeStamp> <gx:ViewerOptions> <gx:option name="historicalimagery"></gx:option> <gx:option enabled="0" name="sunlight"></gx:option> <gx:option enabled="0" name="streetview"></gx:option> </gx:ViewerOptions> <longitude>174.5914</longitude> <latitude>-36.8984</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>-0.0007</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>97.8937</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target5002</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>174.5916,-36.8980,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Hokuwhitu</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <open>1</open> <description>Hokuwhitu School. 12 panels, aimed 13° east, pitch 15°.</description> <LookAt> <gx:TimeStamp><when>2011-01-24</when> </gx:TimeStamp> <gx:ViewerOptions> <gx:option name="historicalimagery"></gx:option> <gx:option enabled="0" name="sunlight"></gx:option> <gx:option enabled="0" name="streetview"></gx:option> </gx:ViewerOptions> <longitude>175.6302</longitude> <latitude>-40.3566</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>-0.0968</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>35.1165</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target5002</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>175.6302,-40.3566,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Kimbolton</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <open>1</open> <description>Kimbolton School. 12 panels, aimed 5° east, pitch 15°.</description> <LookAt> <gx:TimeStamp><when>2010-04-08</when> </gx:TimeStamp> <gx:ViewerOptions> <gx:option name="historicalimagery"></gx:option> <gx:option enabled="0" name="sunlight"></gx:option> <gx:option enabled="0" name="streetview"></gx:option> </gx:ViewerOptions> <longitude>175.7783</longitude> <latitude>-40.0535</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>-0.4699</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>48.5465</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target5002</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>175.7783,-40.0534,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Lake Tekapo</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <open>1</open> <description>Lake Tekapo Primary School. Somewhere around. Possibly aimed 17° east, pitch 25°</description> <LookAt> <gx:TimeStamp><when>2012-10-19</when> </gx:TimeStamp> <gx:ViewerOptions> <gx:option name="historicalimagery"></gx:option> <gx:option enabled="0" name="sunlight"></gx:option> <gx:option enabled="0" name="streetview"></gx:option> </gx:ViewerOptions> <longitude>170.4750</longitude> <latitude>-44.0053</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>0.0008</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>87.6902</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target5002</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>170.4749,-44.0052,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Maeroa</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>Maeroa Intermediate School. 12 panels, aimed 10° east, pitch 15°.</description> <LookAt> <gx:TimeStamp><when>2009-05-03</when> </gx:TimeStamp> <gx:ViewerOptions> <gx:option name="historicalimagery"></gx:option> <gx:option enabled="0" name="sunlight"></gx:option> <gx:option enabled="0" name="streetview"></gx:option> </gx:ViewerOptions> <longitude>175.2599</longitude> <latitude>-37.7785</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>-0.0034</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>26.4314</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target5002</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>175.2599,-37.7784,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Matamata</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>Matamata Primary School. 12 panels in two rows, aimed 29° east, pitch 15°.</description> <LookAt> <longitude>175.7772</longitude> <latitude>-37.8123</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>-0.7205</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>41.6136</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target5002</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>175.7773,-37.8123,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Middleton</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>Middleton Grange School. 16 panels. Possibly here. Aimed 10° west, pitch 20°.</description> <LookAt> <longitude>172.5781</longitude> <latitude>-43.5368</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>2.636151039942908e-005</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>364.9174</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target500</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>172.5788,-43.5366,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Mount Biggs</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>Mount Biggs School. 12 panels, aimed 7° east, pitch 17°.</description> <LookAt> <gx:TimeStamp><when>2011-01-24</when> </gx:TimeStamp> <gx:ViewerOptions> <gx:option name="historicalimagery"></gx:option> <gx:option enabled="0" name="sunlight"></gx:option> <gx:option enabled="0" name="streetview"></gx:option> </gx:ViewerOptions> <longitude>175.4820</longitude> <latitude>-40.2004</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>-9.318019830913481e-005</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>33.5574</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target5002</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>175.4820,-40.2004,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Muritai</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <open>1</open> <description>Muritai Intermediate School. 12 panels, aimed 30° east, pitch 15°.</description> <LookAt> <gx:TimeStamp><when>2012-12-15</when> </gx:TimeStamp> <gx:ViewerOptions> <gx:option name="historicalimagery"></gx:option> <gx:option enabled="0" name="sunlight"></gx:option> <gx:option enabled="0" name="streetview"></gx:option> </gx:ViewerOptions> <longitude>174.8984</longitude> <latitude>-41.2910</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>0.0002</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>136.6393</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target5002</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>174.8985,-41.2911,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Napier</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <open>1</open> <description>Napier Intermediate School. 12 panels (fuzzy image), aimed 18 °west, pitch 15°.</description> <LookAt> <gx:TimeStamp><when>2012-09-08</when> </gx:TimeStamp> <gx:ViewerOptions> <gx:option name="historicalimagery"></gx:option> <gx:option enabled="0" name="sunlight"></gx:option> <gx:option enabled="0" name="streetview"></gx:option> </gx:ViewerOptions> <longitude>176.9067</longitude> <latitude>-39.4947</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>-1.4403</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>64.4764</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target5002</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>176.9067,-39.4947,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Newbury</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <open>1</open> <description>Newbury School. 12 panels, aimed 28° east, pitch 12°.</description> <LookAt> <gx:TimeStamp><when>2012-11-21</when> </gx:TimeStamp> <gx:ViewerOptions> <gx:option name="historicalimagery"></gx:option> <gx:option enabled="0" name="sunlight"></gx:option> <gx:option enabled="0" name="streetview"></gx:option> </gx:ViewerOptions> <longitude>175.5714</longitude> <latitude>-40.3153</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>-0.0587</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>29.4617</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target5002</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>175.5714,-40.3153,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Northcote</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>Northcote College. 16 panels, aimed 2° west, pitch 15°.</description> <LookAt> <longitude>174.7341</longitude> <latitude>-36.8099</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>0.0134</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>70.7441</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target5002</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>174.7340,-36.8097,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Pahiatua</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>Saint Anthony's Primary School. 12 panels, aimed 30° east, pitch 15°.</description> <LookAt> <gx:TimeStamp><when>2005-03-31</when> </gx:TimeStamp> <gx:ViewerOptions> <gx:option name="historicalimagery"></gx:option> <gx:option enabled="0" name="sunlight"></gx:option> <gx:option enabled="0" name="streetview"></gx:option> </gx:ViewerOptions> <longitude>175.8447</longitude> <latitude>-40.4534</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>0.0004</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>73.4374</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target11</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>175.8446,-40.4534,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Pakuranga</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>Pakuranga College. Possibly here,aimed 15° east, pitch 15° in an unclear image.</description> <LookAt> <gx:TimeStamp><when>2009-02-08</when> </gx:TimeStamp> <gx:ViewerOptions> <gx:option name="historicalimagery"></gx:option> <gx:option enabled="0" name="sunlight"></gx:option> <gx:option enabled="0" name="streetview"></gx:option> </gx:ViewerOptions> <longitude>174.9042</longitude> <latitude>-36.8979</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>-0.1891</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>360.5272</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target5002</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>174.9040,-36.8975,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Paraparaumu</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>Paraparaumu College. 12 panels, aimed 35° east, pitch 20°.</description> <LookAt> <gx:TimeStamp><when>2010-03-03</when> </gx:TimeStamp> <gx:ViewerOptions> <gx:option name="historicalimagery"></gx:option> <gx:option enabled="0" name="sunlight"></gx:option> <gx:option enabled="0" name="streetview"></gx:option> </gx:ViewerOptions> <longitude>175.0060</longitude> <latitude>-40.8889</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>0.5492</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>32.4407</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target5002</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>175.0061,-40.8888,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Paremata</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <open>1</open> <description>Paremata Primary School. 12 panels, aimed 38° east, pitch 25°.</description> <LookAt> <gx:TimeStamp><when>2011-04-02</when> </gx:TimeStamp> <gx:ViewerOptions> <gx:option name="historicalimagery"></gx:option> <gx:option enabled="0" name="sunlight"></gx:option> <gx:option enabled="0" name="streetview"></gx:option> </gx:ViewerOptions> <longitude>174.8677</longitude> <latitude>-41.1069</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>0.6400</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>64.2257</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target5002</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>174.8676,-41.1069,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Plateau</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>Plateau School. 12 panels, aimed 42° west, pitch 30°.</description> <LookAt> <gx:TimeStamp><when>2010-03-03</when> </gx:TimeStamp> <gx:ViewerOptions> <gx:option name="historicalimagery"></gx:option> <gx:option enabled="0" name="sunlight"></gx:option> <gx:option enabled="0" name="streetview"></gx:option> </gx:ViewerOptions> <longitude>175.1334</longitude> <latitude>-41.0938</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>0.4653</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>32.9610</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target5002</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>175.1334,-41.0938,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Pukehou</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <open>1</open> <description>Pukehou School. Possibly here, aimed 20° east, pitch 10°. Fuzzy images.</description> <LookAt> <gx:TimeStamp><when>2010-01-13</when> </gx:TimeStamp> <gx:ViewerOptions> <gx:option name="historicalimagery"></gx:option> <gx:option enabled="0" name="sunlight"></gx:option> <gx:option enabled="0" name="streetview"></gx:option> </gx:ViewerOptions> <longitude>176.6342</longitude> <latitude>-39.8345</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>0.0009</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>176.3669</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target5002</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>176.6338,-39.8345,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Raglan</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>Raglan Area School. Probably here, aimed 20° east, pitch 15°. Sun glare in the image.</description> <LookAt> <longitude>174.8664</longitude> <latitude>-37.8072</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>0.0009</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>72.9161</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target5002</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>174.8664,-37.8071,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Saint John's Hill</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>Saint John's Hill School. 12 panels aimed 45° east, pitch 12°.</description> <LookAt> <gx:TimeStamp><when>2010-01-05</when> </gx:TimeStamp> <gx:ViewerOptions> <gx:option name="historicalimagery"></gx:option> <gx:option enabled="0" name="sunlight"></gx:option> <gx:option enabled="0" name="streetview"></gx:option> </gx:ViewerOptions> <longitude>175.0289</longitude> <latitude>-39.9178</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>0.0015</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>38.8588</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target5002</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>175.0289,-39.9179,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Saint Paul's</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>Saint Paul's Collegiate School. 12 panels, aimed 15° west, pitch 10°.</description> <LookAt> <longitude>175.2804</longitude> <latitude>-37.7606</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>-0.0159</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>25.4010</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target5002</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>175.2804,-37.7606,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Saint Peter</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>Saint Peter Chanel Catholic School. Two rows, aimed 45° west, pitch 20°. Possibly here in the sun glare.</description> <LookAt> <gx:TimeStamp><when>2009-05-03</when> </gx:TimeStamp> <gx:ViewerOptions> <gx:option name="historicalimagery"></gx:option> <gx:option enabled="0" name="sunlight"></gx:option> <gx:option enabled="0" name="streetview"></gx:option> </gx:ViewerOptions> <longitude>175.2539</longitude> <latitude>-37.7635</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>0.0003</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>87.5340</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target5002</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>175.2539,-37.7634,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Silverdale</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <open>1</open> <description>Silverdale Primary School. Possibly here. 12 panels? Aimed 2° west, pitch 27°, roof 15° Fuzzy image.</description> <LookAt> <longitude>174.6796</longitude> <latitude>-36.6068</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>-0.4235</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>47.5873</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target500</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>174.6794,-36.6069,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Sumner</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>Sumner Primary School. Aimed 40° east, pitch 20°.</description> <LookAt> <gx:TimeStamp><when>2012-10-19</when> </gx:TimeStamp> <gx:ViewerOptions> <gx:option name="historicalimagery"></gx:option> <gx:option enabled="0" name="sunlight"></gx:option> <gx:option enabled="0" name="streetview"></gx:option> </gx:ViewerOptions> <longitude>172.7600</longitude> <latitude>-43.5730</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>1.2484</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>69.3948</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target5002</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>172.7600,-43.5731,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Taupo</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <open>1</open> <description>Taupo College. 12 panels aimed 5° east, pitch 45°, probably here - fuzzy images.</description> <LookAt> <gx:TimeStamp><when>2012-04-18</when> </gx:TimeStamp> <gx:ViewerOptions> <gx:option name="historicalimagery"></gx:option> <gx:option enabled="0" name="sunlight"></gx:option> <gx:option enabled="0" name="streetview"></gx:option> </gx:ViewerOptions> <longitude>176.0798</longitude> <latitude>-38.6810</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>-0.0007</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>22.4763</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target5002</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>176.0797,-38.6810,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Te Kowhai</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>Te Kowhai School. 12 panels, aimed 40° east, pitch 15°.</description> <LookAt> <longitude>175.1534</longitude> <latitude>-37.7394</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>-0.3368</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>19.3573</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target5002</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>175.1534,-37.7394,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Tirimoana</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>Tirimoana Primary School. 12 panels, 5° east, pitch 18°.</description> <LookAt> <gx:TimeStamp><when>2009-02-08</when> </gx:TimeStamp> <gx:ViewerOptions> <gx:option name="historicalimagery"></gx:option> <gx:option enabled="0" name="sunlight"></gx:option> <gx:option enabled="0" name="streetview"></gx:option> </gx:ViewerOptions> <longitude>174.6510</longitude> <latitude>-36.8807</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>-0.0365</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>38.4499</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target5002</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>174.6510,-36.8806,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Vardon</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>Vardon Primary School. 12 panels, aimed 10° east, pitch 15°.</description> <LookAt> <gx:TimeStamp><when>2009-05-03</when> </gx:TimeStamp> <gx:ViewerOptions> <gx:option name="historicalimagery"></gx:option> <gx:option enabled="0" name="sunlight"></gx:option> <gx:option enabled="0" name="streetview"></gx:option> </gx:ViewerOptions> <longitude>175.2574</longitude> <latitude>-37.7629</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>-0.0018</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>35.4166</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target5002</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>175.2574,-37.7628,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Wadestown</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>Wadestown School. 12 panels, aimed 7° west, pitch 30°.</description> <LookAt> <gx:TimeStamp><when>2009-03-02</when> </gx:TimeStamp> <gx:ViewerOptions> <gx:option name="historicalimagery"></gx:option> <gx:option enabled="0" name="sunlight"></gx:option> <gx:option enabled="0" name="streetview"></gx:option> </gx:ViewerOptions> <longitude>174.7676</longitude> <latitude>-41.2625</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>0.0864</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>77.1306</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target5002</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>174.7674,-41.2626,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Wanganui</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <open>1</open> <description>Wanganui Intermediate School. 12 panels, aimed 15°east, pitch 15°. Fuzzy images.</description> <LookAt> <gx:TimeStamp><when>2011-03-22</when> </gx:TimeStamp> <gx:ViewerOptions> <gx:option name="historicalimagery"></gx:option> <gx:option enabled="0" name="sunlight"></gx:option> <gx:option enabled="0" name="streetview"></gx:option> </gx:ViewerOptions> <longitude>175.0419</longitude> <latitude>-39.9290</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>0.6507</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>46.9561</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target5002</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>175.0419,-39.9290,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Westlake</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>Westlake Girls High School. 12 panels, aimed 15° east, pitch 12°.</description> <LookAt> <longitude>174.7508</longitude> <latitude>-36.7814</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>0.0004</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>33.2326</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target5002</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>174.7508,-36.7813,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Whitianga</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <open>1</open> <description>Mercury Bay Area School. 12 panels, aimed 20° east, pitch 20°.</description> <LookAt> <gx:TimeStamp><when>2010-10-31</when> </gx:TimeStamp> <gx:ViewerOptions> <gx:option name="historicalimagery"></gx:option> <gx:option enabled="0" name="sunlight"></gx:option> <gx:option enabled="0" name="streetview"></gx:option> </gx:ViewerOptions> <longitude>175.6974</longitude> <latitude>-36.8411</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>-0.6662</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>30.6748</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target5002</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>175.6974,-36.8411,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> </Folder> <Placemark> <name>Auckland Airport</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>2008, October. 50·75 kW from 300 square metres of PV. Presumably here on Pier B. In addition, solar water heaters.</description> <LookAt> <longitude>174.7810</longitude> <latitude>-37.0046</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>-0.5353</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>698.9345</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target54</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>174.7810,-37.0047,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Auckland Museum</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <open>1</open> <description>2014, July. 50 kW from 189 solar panels on the roof, held on by weights only. Supposedly rated to stay put in a 200 km/h breeze.</description> <LookAt> <longitude>174.7776</longitude> <latitude>-36.8613</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>-0.5323</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>237.8813</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target132</styleUrl> <Point> <gx:drawOrder>1</gx:drawOrder> <coordinates>174.7778,-36.8606,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Dunninghams</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>2015, December. 156 KW. Dunningham's Butchery supplies.</description> <LookAt> <longitude>174.8216</longitude> <latitude>-36.9160</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>8.130366008347787e-006</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>251.6346</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target132</styleUrl> <Point> <gx:drawOrder>1</gx:drawOrder> <coordinates>174.8215,-36.9157,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Foley</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>2015, December. 156 kW at the Foley Family Winery.</description> <LookAt> <longitude>173.7986</longitude> <latitude>-41.5167</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>-0.0006</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>476.5088</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target132</styleUrl> <Point> <gx:drawOrder>1</gx:drawOrder> <coordinates>173.7991,-41.5166,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Kapiti</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <open>1</open> <description>2009, sometime, some size PV, somewhere around, plus solar water heating, plus a small hydro power system, somewhere. All associated with the Department of Conservation.</description> <LookAt> <longitude>174.9438</longitude> <latitude>-40.8319</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>-0.6201</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>424.9790</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target06</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>174.9437,-40.8321,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Drury</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>2011 or so. 68 kW from 360 photovoltaic panels in two rows, fixed orientation and 30° tilt aimed about 2° west, supplying six 10 kW three-phase inverters for a nominal 62·4 kW. S.A.F.E. Engineering</description> <LookAt> <longitude>174.9603</longitude> <latitude>-37.1019</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>-1.66223739039987e-012</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>300.2625</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target45</styleUrl> <Point> <altitudeMode>absolute</altitudeMode> <coordinates>174.9609,-37.1015,20.0224</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Lyttelton</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>2012, May. PV array, 42 panels (I see only 28 in a photo, possibly another 14 on the next roof to the south), aimed 25° east if they're these. 9 kW. Lyttelton Main School.</description> <LookAt> <longitude>172.7233</longitude> <latitude>-43.6025</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>0.8807</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>57.4111</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target83</styleUrl> <Point> <altitudeMode>absolute</altitudeMode> <coordinates>172.7233,-43.6025,32.0556</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Mana Island</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <open>1</open> <description>2009, May. 2·9 kW, somewhere around, possibly near here.</description> <LookAt> <longitude>174.7846</longitude> <latitude>-41.0934</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>-0.5156</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>480.3341</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target04</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>174.7845,-41.0930,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Mangere</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>2010, July, 29 kW. 227·5 square metres of thin-film PV panels. Hubbard Foods Limited, factory. There are also hot water arrays.</description> <LookAt> <gx:TimeStamp><when>2011-03-08</when> </gx:TimeStamp> <gx:ViewerOptions> <gx:option name="historicalimagery"></gx:option> <gx:option enabled="0" name="sunlight"></gx:option> <gx:option enabled="0" name="streetview"></gx:option> </gx:ViewerOptions> <longitude>174.7949</longitude> <latitude>-36.9490</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>0.0010</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>190.6015</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target35</styleUrl> <Point> <altitudeMode>absolute</altitudeMode> <coordinates>174.7945,-36.9491,3.0034</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Motukiekie</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>2009, June. PV array of 2·72 kW from 4×80W + 20×120W panels costing $17,000. The holiday home itself is to the SW. Details via http://www.energywise.govt.nz/sites/all/files/case-study-motukiekie-june-09.pdf</description> <LookAt> <longitude>174.2014</longitude> <latitude>-35.2177</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>0.0005</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>379.1020</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target213</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>174.2008,-35.2161,54.5187</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Motutapu</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>2010, 12'th November. Photovoltiac array, on the north-facing roofs of the barracks. Expected 65 MW-h/year, possibly about 30 kW... Solar water heating to come.</description> <LookAt> <longitude>174.9117</longitude> <latitude>-36.7514</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>-6.1654</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>210.6403</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target153</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>174.9118,-36.7515,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Oban DoC</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>2008, May. 2 kW array of amorphous silicon photovoltaic panels, atop the Department of Conservation office.</description> <LookAt> <longitude>168.1266</longitude> <latitude>-46.8986</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>4.1681</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>323.7938</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target005</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>168.1264,-46.8982,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Oban PO</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <open>1</open> <description>2008, May. 2 kW array of monocrystalline silicon photovoltaic panels, called "Sunny Boy", atop the Stewart Island Post Office, the roof shared by the office of Stewart Island Flights.</description> <LookAt> <longitude>168.1284</longitude> <latitude>-46.8996</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>4.1667</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>142.7903</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target005</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>168.1292,-46.8992,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Okiwi</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>2012, somewhere around here by the Department of Conservation base. Publicity photos show two arrays of 3x8 panels at Okiwi and declare 138 for the whole PV project shared with Port Fitzroy.</description> <LookAt> <gx:TimeStamp><when>2003-08-05</when> </gx:TimeStamp> <gx:ViewerOptions> <gx:option name="historicalimagery"></gx:option> <gx:option enabled="0" name="sunlight"></gx:option> <gx:option enabled="0" name="streetview"></gx:option> </gx:ViewerOptions> <longitude>175.3933</longitude> <latitude>-36.1579</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>0.0140</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>660.7922</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target002</styleUrl> <Point> <altitudeMode>absolute</altitudeMode> <coordinates>175.3934,-36.1558,39.9099</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Otuwhare</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <open>1</open> <description>2015? 5 kW. Otuwhare marae.</description> <LookAt> <gx:TimeStamp><when>2015-01-11</when> </gx:TimeStamp> <gx:ViewerOptions> <gx:option name="historicalimagery"></gx:option> <gx:option enabled="0" name="sunlight"></gx:option> <gx:option enabled="0" name="streetview"></gx:option> </gx:ViewerOptions> <longitude>177.6451</longitude> <latitude>-37.8105</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>0.5481</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>212.5572</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target132</styleUrl> <Point> <gx:drawOrder>1</gx:drawOrder> <coordinates>177.6452,-37.8103,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Palmerston North</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <open>1</open> <description>21/2/2014. 100 kW from 400 panels on two buildings of the City Council Administration and Convention Centre.</description> <LookAt> <longitude>175.6097</longitude> <latitude>-40.3576</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>-0.9768</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>131.1770</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target132</styleUrl> <Point> <gx:drawOrder>1</gx:drawOrder> <coordinates>175.6097,-40.3572,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Port Fitzroy</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>2012. Somewhere around here the Department of Conservation has a base. The project involves 138 panels (the count shared with Okiwi) and is intended to halve the use of diesel.</description> <LookAt> <gx:TimeStamp><when>2003-08-05</when> </gx:TimeStamp> <gx:ViewerOptions> <gx:option name="historicalimagery"></gx:option> <gx:option enabled="0" name="sunlight"></gx:option> <gx:option enabled="0" name="streetview"></gx:option> </gx:ViewerOptions> <longitude>175.3661</longitude> <latitude>-36.1656</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>0.0300</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>1465.5264</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target8</styleUrl> <Point> <altitudeMode>absolute</altitudeMode> <coordinates>175.3616,-36.1635,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Rangiora</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>1999, 4'th February. 5 kW solar photovoltaic array, aimed 15° west, roof pitch 22°. Annual saving of $3500 or so. Alas, uninstalled in 2010.</description> <LookAt> <longitude>172.5987</longitude> <latitude>-43.2976</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>-3.660818438364508e-012</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>353.2973</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target0030</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>172.5988,-43.2978,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Raoul Island</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>2012, May. Somewhere nearby is a 44 kW solar cell array.</description> <LookAt> <longitude>-177.9293</longitude> <latitude>-29.2506</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>0.0003</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>3050.2953</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target27</styleUrl> <Point> <altitudeMode>absolute</altitudeMode> <coordinates>-177.9271,-29.2465,234.5498</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Saint Kilda</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>2014 start. 150 kW estimated from the aggregate PV generation of new houses built in the 200 acre St. Kilda development, each with a minimum of 3 kW. The subdivision is adjacent to the Cambridge substation and straddles the HV power lines. They have been put underground and the developer also requires that each house have a 20,000 litre rainwater tank.</description> <LookAt> <gx:TimeStamp><when>2017-04-21</when> </gx:TimeStamp> <gx:ViewerOptions> <gx:option name="historicalimagery"></gx:option> <gx:option enabled="0" name="sunlight"></gx:option> <gx:option enabled="0" name="streetview"></gx:option> </gx:ViewerOptions> <longitude>175.4920</longitude> <latitude>-37.8763</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>-0.0010</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>1731.3380</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target132</styleUrl> <Point> <gx:drawOrder>1</gx:drawOrder> <coordinates>175.4885,-37.8739,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Sylvia Park</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>3/1/2015, 350 kW solar panels supply 16-20% of the Sylvia Park Shopping centre.</description> <LookAt> <longitude>174.8403</longitude> <latitude>-36.9140</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>5.651489651466197e-005</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>333.1053</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target132</styleUrl> <Point> <gx:drawOrder>1</gx:drawOrder> <coordinates>174.8400,-36.9132,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Tarewa</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <open>1</open> <description>19/10/2014, 240 kW solar cell array supplies 80-90% of the airconditioning load at the Tarewa Mega shopping ccentre.</description> <LookAt> <gx:TimeStamp><when>2016-01-15</when> </gx:TimeStamp> <gx:ViewerOptions> <gx:option name="historicalimagery"></gx:option> <gx:option enabled="0" name="sunlight"></gx:option> <gx:option enabled="0" name="streetview"></gx:option> </gx:ViewerOptions> <longitude>174.3195</longitude> <latitude>-35.7297</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>-0.0020</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>411.4820</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target132</styleUrl> <Point> <gx:drawOrder>1</gx:drawOrder> <coordinates>174.3198,-35.7288,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Te One</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>2009, May. 5·83 kW PV system on the ground by the Department of Conservation office, somewhere around here. Also assorted improvements in insulation, etc. and solar hot water.</description> <LookAt> <longitude>-176.5253</longitude> <latitude>-43.9233</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>-5.7536</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>546.7870</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target022</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>-176.5255,-43.9231,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Yealands</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>2013, November 99 kW from 396 panels, expanded to 411 kW with 918 more. Supplies ~30% of the load at the Yealands Estate winery, especially tank coolers.</description> <LookAt> <gx:TimeStamp><when>2016-04-05</when> </gx:TimeStamp> <gx:ViewerOptions> <gx:option name="historicalimagery"></gx:option> <gx:option enabled="0" name="sunlight"></gx:option> <gx:option enabled="0" name="streetview"></gx:option> </gx:ViewerOptions> <longitude>174.1314</longitude> <latitude>-41.6487</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>-0.0004</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>265.4558</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target132</styleUrl> <Point> <gx:drawOrder>1</gx:drawOrder> <coordinates>174.1314,-41.6478,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> </Folder> <Folder> <name>Sulphur-burning</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description><![CDATA[The production of sulphuric acid to produce calcium superphosphate (for fertiliser) starts with burning sulphur to produce sulphur dioxide, then sulphur trioxide (via catalysts such as platinum, nitrous oxides or vanadium pentoxide) then reaction with water to produce oleum. Much heat results, the SO₃ stream being cooled via a boiler for high pressure steam. Heat evolved as oleum is formed and diluted is at inconveniently low temperatures.

Much heat is liberated when sulphur is oxidised.

393·5 kJ/mole C -> CO₂ (gas) or 32·76 kJ/gram C

296·8 kJ/mole S -> SO₂ (gas) or 09·26 kJ/gram S

395·7 kJ/mole S -> SO₃ (gas) or 12·34 kJ/gram S

241·8 kJ/mole H₂ -> H₂O (gas) or 119·9 kJ/gram H for comparison.

]]></description>

<Placemark> <name>Awatoto</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>Ravensdown Fertiliser Co-op.</description> <styleUrl>#msn_target036</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>176.9217,-39.5566,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Hornby</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>Ravensdown Fertiliser Co-op.</description> <LookAt> <longitude>172.5358</longitude> <latitude>-43.5410</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>4.075248814685049e-005</heading> <tilt>2.498942805492564e-010</tilt> <range>694.4253</range> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target_copy03</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>172.5356,-43.5421,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Mount Maunganui Fertiliser</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>Ballance Agri-nutrients.</description> <LookAt> <longitude>176.1827</longitude> <latitude>-37.6666</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>-5.3486</heading> <tilt>1.997314553578062e-010</tilt> <range>980.9953</range> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target0120</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>176.1825,-37.6672,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Ravensbourne</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>Ravensdown Fertiliser Co-op at Ravensbourne.</description> <LookAt> <longitude>170.5430</longitude> <latitude>-45.8708</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>2.2962</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>1977.6520</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target508</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>170.5427,-45.8685,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Whangarei</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>Ballance Agri-nutrients works at Fertiliser Road, Whangarei Port.</description> <LookAt> <longitude>174.3402</longitude> <latitude>-35.7466</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>-1.010103181200849e-014</heading> <tilt>4.912848170610544e-012</tilt> <range>1000.0114</range> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target_copy54</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>174.3402,-35.7466,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> </Folder> <Folder> <name>Amethyst</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>1955, then abandoned ~1990. June 2013 revived, but using no part of the abandoned station.</description> <Placemark> <name>Amethyst intake</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>Possibly near here.</description> <LookAt> <longitude>170.6469</longitude> <latitude>-43.1720</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>1.0930</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>3909.5081</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_arrow-reverse150</styleUrl> <Point> <altitudeMode>absolute</altitudeMode> <coordinates>170.6499,-43.1723,629.4986</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Amethyst weir</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>Possibly near here. Construction supported via helicopter access only.</description> <LookAt> <longitude>170.6491</longitude> <latitude>-43.1739</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>-0.0054</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>1062.2091</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_forbidden15</styleUrl> <Point> <gx:drawOrder>1</gx:drawOrder> <coordinates>170.6495,-43.1727,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Amethyst tunnel</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>Guessed route to the tunnel portal, thence penstock to the power house.</description> <styleUrl>#msn_ylw-pushpin550</styleUrl> <LineString> <tessellate>1</tessellate> <coordinates> 170.6497,-43.1723,0 170.6418,-43.1648,0 170.6295,-43.1582,0 </coordinates> </LineString> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Amethyst</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>2013, June. 7·7 MW Pelton, 1350' head. New power house, somewhere around here. Six-jet vertical Pelton for 750rpm generating at 11 kV, transformer to 33 kV. Unusually for a free-speeding Pelton wheel, a "black start" ability (with no access to system line frequency and phase) is gained with special jet deflectors.</description> <LookAt> <longitude>170.6354</longitude> <latitude>-43.1643</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>1.1008</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>1639.6845</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target118</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>170.6294,-43.1582,100.0000</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> </Folder> <Folder> <name>Aniwhenua</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <Placemark> <name>Aniwhenua barrage</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>Plus a small squirrel-cage turbine generating a few kilowatts, operating off the water required to keep the riverbed wet.</description> <LookAt> <longitude>176.7909</longitude> <latitude>-38.3085</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>-1.3174</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>590.3002</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_forbidden530</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>176.7916,-38.3085,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Aniwhenua canal</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <styleUrl>#msn_ylw-pushpin231</styleUrl> <LineString> <tessellate>1</tessellate> <coordinates> 176.7907,-38.3084,0 176.7908,-38.3080,0 176.7908,-38.3075,0 176.7906,-38.3070,0 176.7903,-38.3066,0 176.7899,-38.3062,0 176.7893,-38.3058,0 176.7885,-38.3055,0 176.7874,-38.3053,0 176.7865,-38.3051,0 176.7855,-38.3047,0 176.7848,-38.3044,0 176.7843,-38.3041,0 176.7840,-38.3038,0 176.7838,-38.3034,0 176.7837,-38.3031,0 176.7837,-38.3026,0 176.7839,-38.3022,0 176.7842,-38.3017,0 176.7863,-38.2995,0 176.7865,-38.2992,0 176.7867,-38.2988,0 176.7868,-38.2981,0 176.7870,-38.2977,0 176.7873,-38.2974,0 176.7878,-38.2969,0 176.7883,-38.2964,0 176.7885,-38.2960,0 176.7887,-38.2954,0 176.7892,-38.2947,0 176.7899,-38.2940,0 176.7904,-38.2936,0 176.7908,-38.2935,0 </coordinates> </LineString> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Aniwhenua</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>Upstream of Matahina. Canal from the dam down to the powerhouse with two 12·5 MW generators. At the dam is a trivial generator driven by a waterwheel in the flow required to keep the river wet. The lake filled with sediment in a decade.</description> <styleUrl>#msn_target2103</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>176.7923,-38.2937,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> </Folder> <Placemark> <name>Ardmore</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>Water supply filter station: standby diesel. Somewhere around.</description> <LookAt> <longitude>175.0243</longitude> <latitude>-37.0434</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>1.5083</heading> <tilt>2.388430395974334e-011</tilt> <range>671.5817</range> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target0110</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>175.0243,-37.0434,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Folder> <name>Arnold</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <Placemark> <name>Arnold dam</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <LookAt> <longitude>171.4103</longitude> <latitude>-42.5258</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>-0.2120</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>1146.0151</range> <altitudeMode>relativeToGround</altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_forbidden06</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>171.4120,-42.5280,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Arnold pipeline</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>With one bound, leaps the Arnold river.</description> <styleUrl>#msn_ylw-pushpin2200</styleUrl> <LineString> <tessellate>1</tessellate> <coordinates> 171.4116,-42.5276,0 171.4079,-42.5239,0 </coordinates> </LineString> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Arnold</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>1932, 3 MW, 36' head, built by the Grey Electric Power Board, purchased by the government in February 1938, extending the head to 42'.</description> <styleUrl>#msn_target321</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>171.4079,-42.5238,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Arnold tailrace</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <styleUrl>#msn_ylw-pushpin10110</styleUrl> <LineString> <tessellate>1</tessellate> <coordinates> 171.4078,-42.5236,0 171.4072,-42.5230,0 171.4071,-42.5228,0 171.4072,-42.5224,0 171.4057,-42.5208,0 </coordinates> </LineString> </Placemark> </Folder> <Placemark> <name>Avalon</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>1975, two 375 kW generators fuelled by natural gas, exhaust heat used for heating and hot water. Somewhere around.</description> <LookAt> <longitude>174.9452</longitude> <latitude>-41.1874</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>-0.5904</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>287.7894</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#m_ylw-pushpin120</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>174.9454,-41.1872,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Folder> <name>Branch river</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description><![CDATA[Diversion from the gravel-choked Branch river shortly before its confluence with the Waiau river, to the Argyle pond, then the powerhouse, then canal on to the second powerhouse whose tailrace discharges to the Wairau river.

There is a proposal to divert the Wairau river upstream into this scheme, and further canals and power stations downstream, irrigation, etc. Local residents are perturbed given the failures of post-Ministry of Works hydro projects: Ruahihi, Opuha, Deep Stream.

]]></description>

<Placemark> <name>Branch weir</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <LookAt> <longitude>173.1837</longitude> <latitude>-41.6997</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>0.9650</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>446.2558</range> <altitudeMode>relativeToGround</altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_forbidden0010</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>173.1832,-41.6997,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Branch canal</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <styleUrl>#msn_ylw-pushpin6000</styleUrl> <LineString> <tessellate>1</tessellate> <coordinates> 173.1836,-41.6999,0 173.1870,-41.6986,0 173.1871,-41.6985,0 173.1872,-41.6984,0 173.1873,-41.6981,0 173.1873,-41.6979,0 173.1874,-41.6976,0 173.1875,-41.6974,0 173.1882,-41.6965,0 173.1889,-41.6953,0 173.1895,-41.6940,0 173.1900,-41.6928,0 173.1901,-41.6925,0 173.1901,-41.6923,0 173.1901,-41.6918,0 173.1902,-41.6916,0 173.1902,-41.6914,0 173.1903,-41.6912,0 173.1903,-41.6911,0 173.1902,-41.6905,0 173.1902,-41.6901,0 173.1902,-41.6881,0 173.1906,-41.6861,0 173.1908,-41.6847,0 173.1909,-41.6840,0 173.1911,-41.6837,0 173.1912,-41.6836,0 173.1939,-41.6818,0 </coordinates> </LineString> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Argyle</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>1983, August. 4 MW, 70' head. Construction began January 1981, official opening 28'th April 1984.</description> <styleUrl>#msn_target26</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>173.2033,-41.6707,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Argyle canal</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <styleUrl>#msn_ylw-pushpin3210</styleUrl> <LineString> <tessellate>1</tessellate> <coordinates> 173.2033,-41.6706,0 173.2043,-41.6660,0 173.2044,-41.6656,0 173.2043,-41.6653,0 173.2041,-41.6648,0 173.2041,-41.6646,0 173.2041,-41.6644,0 173.2043,-41.6642,0 173.2046,-41.6641,0 173.2048,-41.6640,0 173.2065,-41.6636,0 173.2067,-41.6636,0 173.2071,-41.6636,0 173.2074,-41.6637,0 173.2077,-41.6638,0 173.2079,-41.6637,0 173.2081,-41.6637,0 173.2105,-41.6631,0 173.2113,-41.6629,0 173.2118,-41.6627,0 173.2121,-41.6626,0 173.2129,-41.6625,0 173.2132,-41.6625,0 173.2135,-41.6624,0 173.2192,-41.6599,0 173.2194,-41.6597,0 173.2196,-41.6595,0 173.2197,-41.6594,0 173.2222,-41.6539,0 173.2222,-41.6537,0 173.2221,-41.6535,0 173.2219,-41.6531,0 173.2218,-41.6528,0 173.2218,-41.6524,0 173.2219,-41.6520,0 173.2220,-41.6516,0 173.2222,-41.6513,0 173.2227,-41.6507,0 173.2228,-41.6504,0 173.2229,-41.6495,0 173.2239,-41.6484,0 173.2242,-41.6483,0 </coordinates> </LineString> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Wairau</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>1983, June. 7 MW, 135' head. Downcanal from Argyle, tailrace to the Wairau river. Official opening 28'th April 1984.</description> <styleUrl>#msn_target176</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>173.2242,-41.6483,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Wairau tailrace</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <styleUrl>#msn_ylw-pushpin3001</styleUrl> <LineString> <tessellate>1</tessellate> <coordinates> 173.2245,-41.6481,0 173.2284,-41.6466,0 173.2331,-41.6446,0 </coordinates> </LineString> </Placemark> </Folder> <Placemark> <name>Bream Bay</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>2011, autumn? Five 1·8 MW diesel engines, somewhere nearby ("next to the Bream Bay substation"), though controlled from Tauranga.</description> <LookAt> <gx:TimeStamp><when>2002-08-31</when> </gx:TimeStamp> <gx:ViewerOptions> <gx:option name="historicalimagery"></gx:option> <gx:option enabled="0" name="sunlight"></gx:option> <gx:option enabled="0" name="streetview"></gx:option> </gx:ViewerOptions> <longitude>174.4800</longitude> <latitude>-35.8576</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>-0.0088</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>2801.3411</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target148</styleUrl> <Point> <altitudeMode>absolute</altitudeMode> <coordinates>174.4822,-35.8481,1.0011</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Brooklyn, revived</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description><![CDATA[1934. Bush-shielded hydro power station, on the Brooklyn stream near Motueka; not the display wind turbine above Brooklyn in Wellington. There was a pipeline that ran east from a small dam at 41°5'43"S 172°53'8"E to a power house marked on the south side of the Brooklyn stream. The system has been revived, confirmed by a fellow who had worked on it whom Jenny Walton met in a pub in Motueka - rather than visiting the site herself and kicking it to prove its presence.

Some time around 2000, revived as 240 kW. Head 960'. Lloyd Wensley's pet power project.

]]></description>

<styleUrl>#msn_target0031</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>172.9030,-41.0939,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Cardrona</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>2008, 500 kW diesel generator, somewhere around, in two or maybe one shipping containers. To be removed when the new substation is built in November 2011 for the new 66KV line from Wānaka.</description> <LookAt> <longitude>169.0220</longitude> <latitude>-44.8646</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>-0.0121</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>3041.0607</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#m_ylw-pushpin0020</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>169.0305,-44.8566,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Chatham Island</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>Around 1·1 MW from five "Caterpillar" diesel generators of 120 to 275 kW each, consuming around 1·5 tonnes of diesel a day somewhere in the meatworks site that closed in the 1990s. As well as individual households, some large users have their own systems, such as 75 kW at the fish factory in Waitangi. Diesel prices vary so the power price might be about 70 cents/unit. For decades there has been discussion of hydro (but there is not much topography) and given all the wind, of windmills...</description> <LookAt> <longitude>-176.4906</longitude> <latitude>-43.9725</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>-7.0547</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>251.8925</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#ms_ylw-pushpin3</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>-176.4904,-43.9728,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Clandeboye</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>Dairy factory; massive production of milk powder requires ~240 MW of steam from six coal-fired boilers.</description> <LookAt> <longitude>171.3795</longitude> <latitude>-44.2248</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>0.0081</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>9540.0379</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target2016</styleUrl> <Point> <altitudeMode>absolute</altitudeMode> <coordinates>171.3809,-44.2129,7.2492</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Folder> <name>Cleardale</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <open>1</open> <Placemark> <name>Cleardale</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <open>1</open> <description>2010, 23'rd December. 900 kW, ~1,000' head. Pelton wheel, generating at 400 V, then linked to the 11 kV local network.</description> <LookAt> <gx:TimeStamp><when>2010-04-15</when> </gx:TimeStamp> <gx:ViewerOptions> <gx:option name="historicalimagery"></gx:option> <gx:option enabled="0" name="sunlight"></gx:option> <gx:option enabled="0" name="streetview"></gx:option> </gx:ViewerOptions> <longitude>171.5839</longitude> <latitude>-43.4531</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>0.0120</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>441.6094</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target000</styleUrl> <Point> <altitudeMode>absolute</altitudeMode> <coordinates>171.5842,-43.4525,450.0702</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Cleardale</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>Weir and intake.</description> <LookAt> <gx:TimeStamp><when>2010-04-15</when> </gx:TimeStamp> <gx:ViewerOptions> <gx:option name="historicalimagery"></gx:option> <gx:option enabled="0" name="sunlight"></gx:option> <gx:option enabled="0" name="streetview"></gx:option> </gx:ViewerOptions> <longitude>171.5605</longitude> <latitude>-43.4553</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>0.0281</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>447.5712</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_forbidden2</styleUrl> <Point> <gx:drawOrder>1</gx:drawOrder> <coordinates>171.5601,-43.4550,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Cleardale</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>Approximate route.</description> <styleUrl>#m_ylw-pushpin300</styleUrl> <LineString> <tessellate>1</tessellate> <coordinates> 171.5598,-43.4548,0 171.5602,-43.4544,0 171.5613,-43.4539,0 171.5639,-43.4519,0 171.5645,-43.4516,0 171.5660,-43.4513,0 171.5669,-43.4509,0 171.5685,-43.4508,0 171.5722,-43.4514,0 171.5745,-43.4517,0 171.5761,-43.4514,0 171.5840,-43.4525,0 </coordinates> </LineString> </Placemark> </Folder> <Placemark> <name>Cloudy Bay</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>Standby diesel, somewhere in the Cloudy Bay Industrial Park.</description> <LookAt> <longitude>174.0221</longitude> <latitude>-41.5419</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>-0.2972</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>372.6605</range> <altitudeMode>relativeToGround</altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target2017</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>174.0220,-41.5418,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Conical Hill</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>Blue Mountain Lumber mill near Conical Hill on Pomohaka road; West Tapanui Forest. An expansion in 2000 included a 10 MW boiler fuelled by wood waste, and a 1·4 MW steam turbine for electricity generation from steam surplus to kiln-drying needs. Connects via 11 kV to Conical Hill substation (across Pomahaka road) and thence to the 33 kV network for Gore, Kelso, etc.</description> <styleUrl>#msn_target101</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>169.2420,-46.0402,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Cossey</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>Part of the water supply. Presumably the 150 kW generation is at the base of the inlet tower also, as at Mangatawhiri.</description> <styleUrl>#msn_target70</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>175.1066,-37.0596,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Darfield</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>Canterbury Clay Bricks. Diesel backup generator. The brick kiln is entirely separate and diesel-fired; conversion to wood waste firing is being considered.</description> <styleUrl>#msn_target1110</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>172.1315,-43.4906,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Dawson Falls</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description><![CDATA[1934, 30'th June. The 75 kW 220 V DC generator was built in 1896 and sold to Launceston in Tasmania. In 1914 it was sold to the Trentham Military Camp then in 1922 to the Kelburn cable car (presumably, steam driven) and in 1934 to the Dawson Falls project to be driven by a Pelton wheel, 220' head, commissioned on the 30'th of June.

But a flood on the 21'st of February 1935 swept through the power house, and on the 5'th July operation resumed in a new power house well above the river and has continued ever since, though with some worry over clearing debris from the water intake.

In 1982, mains electricity arrived, so now only the original Dawson Falls Lodge continues to be supplied.

See also http://www.ipenz.org.nz/heritage/itemdetail.cfm?itemid=158

]]></description>

<styleUrl>#msn_target0100</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>174.1075,-39.3272,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Deep Cove</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>Somewhere nearby is a small local hydropower generator. The hostel also has a backup diesel generator.</description> <LookAt> <longitude>167.1528</longitude> <latitude>-45.4659</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>4.7393</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>1225.0176</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#m_ylw-pushpin0010</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>167.1530,-45.4640,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Drysdale?</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>"An hour west of Hunterville on the Turakina" A chocolate fish to the first person to locate it on a topographic map.</description> <styleUrl>#msn_target_copy0000</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>175.3706,-39.9097,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Edendale</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>Dairy factory, 68 MW lignite-fired heat, 3·9 MW steam turbine. Somewhere in the factory area, presumably. First (national influence, or second to the mostly local 1871 Peninsula Pioneer Co-operative Cheese Company of Otago) dairy factory in N.Z., opening in 1882. Cheese production began 16'th October 1883. Became a co-opeative in 1903.</description> <LookAt> <longitude>168.7838</longitude> <latitude>-46.3105</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>0.0008</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>794.7278</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target172</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>168.7849,-46.3107,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Edgecumbe</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>1996, two 5 MW gas-fired turbines; exhaust heat produces steam for the dairy factory.</description> <styleUrl>#msn_target1401</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>176.8327,-37.9771,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Falls Dam</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description><![CDATA[1935, November, irrigation storage. The early plan involved a pipe below the diversion tunnel floor and a higher dam for hydro power generation, but it was reduced in size then abandoned with the lower design adopted in April 1932.

In 2003 came agreement to use water to generate 1·32 MW, with complicated plumbing involving a siphon and a vacuum pump... 100' head. Connects at 33 kV to Oturehua substation.

]]></description>

<styleUrl>#msn_target011</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>169.9026,-44.8732,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Fereday Island</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>2014 Four generators of ~80 kW, 15' head, somewhere around here.</description> <LookAt> <gx:TimeStamp><when>2013-08-19</when> </gx:TimeStamp> <gx:ViewerOptions> <gx:option name="historicalimagery"></gx:option> <gx:option enabled="0" name="sunlight"></gx:option> <gx:option enabled="0" name="streetview"></gx:option> </gx:ViewerOptions> <longitude>172.1826</longitude> <latitude>-43.8137</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>-0.0199</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>3102.1103</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target4</styleUrl> <Point> <gx:drawOrder>1</gx:drawOrder> <coordinates>172.1776,-43.8065,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Folder> <name>Fox</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <Placemark> <name>Fox bank</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>Impedes the drainage of lake Gault.</description> <Camera> <longitude>169.9942</longitude> <latitude>-43.4271</latitude> <altitude>288.7190</altitude> <heading>73.4400</heading> <tilt>0.0116</tilt> <roll>68.7793</roll> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </Camera> <styleUrl>#msn_forbidden02</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>169.9943,-43.4268,336.3489</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Fox pipe</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>Approximate route.</description> <styleUrl>#msn_ylw-pushpin84</styleUrl> <LineString> <tessellate>1</tessellate> <coordinates> 169.9837,-43.4326,0 169.9820,-43.4411,0 </coordinates> </LineString> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Fox</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>1958. Fed from Lake Gault whose drainage to the Skiffington swamp and lake was impeded by an earth dam. Construction scars (bulldozer tracks and scrapes) remain clear as the local soils are impoverished, especially under the top layer that was scraped off. The Plateau Swamp does not contribute. Capacity ~700 kW, head ~750'.</description> <styleUrl>#msn_target0114</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>169.9819,-43.4412,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> </Folder> <Folder> <name>Fraser</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description><![CDATA[Construction of the Fraser dam on the Earnscleugh river began in 1935 to provide irrigation storage, with the lake filled in September 1937. Post-war power shortages prompted discussion over using the fall of the lower river, and in 1951 work began on a second dam downstream. Neither have power houses, but from the second a pipeline runs along the countour line then drops to a small square on the topographic map just where the river exits its gorge. The pipeline's path is not shown on the map because it is obscured by the access road to the lower dam. Earlier there was a power house for a gold-mining dredge, which I've called "Earnscleugh", also of uncertain location.

The topographic map also shows what could be a water race following the contours from 45°15'38"S 169°10'48"E from the south bank of the upper Earnscleugh river to end at 45°13'51"S 169°13'32"E below Prospect Hill SSE of Fraser Lake near the head of a small stream that drains into Shepherd's Creek that in turn drains into the Earnscleugh river a little upstream of the second dam... This is some other project...

]]></description>

<Placemark> <name>Fraser</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>1937, September, for the lake filling. The dam is owned by the Combined Irrigation Companies; electricity is secondary to storage for irrigation.</description> <LookAt> <longitude>169.2100</longitude> <latitude>-45.2089</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>0.4916</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>971.7743</range> <altitudeMode>relativeToGround</altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_forbidden03</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>169.2138,-45.2068,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Fraser weir</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>1953 completion. Diverts water to a pipeline then down to the power station.</description> <LookAt> <gx:TimeStamp><when>2011-12-09</when> </gx:TimeStamp> <gx:ViewerOptions> <gx:option name="historicalimagery"></gx:option> <gx:option enabled="0" name="sunlight"></gx:option> <gx:option enabled="0" name="streetview"></gx:option> </gx:ViewerOptions> <longitude>169.2587</longitude> <latitude>-45.1904</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>3.9290</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>335.6556</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_forbidden1</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>169.2579,-45.1905,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Fraser pipeline</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>Originally a low-pressure concrete pipeline until the descent to the power station, which appears to be on the far side of the river! Starting in 1999 it is being replaced by steel pipe.</description> <styleUrl>#msn_ylw-pushpin1150</styleUrl> <LineString> <tessellate>1</tessellate> <coordinates> 169.2581,-45.1905,0 169.2581,-45.1907,0 169.2580,-45.1910,0 169.2580,-45.1912,0 169.2585,-45.1917,0 169.2586,-45.1917,0 169.2587,-45.1917,0 169.2589,-45.1917,0 169.2594,-45.1915,0 169.2597,-45.1915,0 169.2599,-45.1915,0 169.2601,-45.1915,0 169.2603,-45.1915,0 169.2608,-45.1917,0 169.2610,-45.1917,0 169.2611,-45.1917,0 169.2612,-45.1917,0 169.2619,-45.1915,0 169.2621,-45.1915,0 169.2625,-45.1915,0 169.2628,-45.1916,0 169.2630,-45.1917,0 169.2631,-45.1917,0 169.2633,-45.1918,0 169.2635,-45.1920,0 169.2635,-45.1921,0 169.2636,-45.1922,0 169.2638,-45.1922,0 169.2640,-45.1921,0 169.2644,-45.1920,0 169.2647,-45.1919,0 169.2654,-45.1919,0 169.2660,-45.1918,0 169.2666,-45.1918,0 169.2672,-45.1918,0 169.2674,-45.1917,0 169.2677,-45.1916,0 169.2681,-45.1915,0 169.2688,-45.1913,0 169.2690,-45.1913,0 169.2694,-45.1913,0 169.2696,-45.1914,0 169.2697,-45.1914,0 169.2706,-45.1913,0 169.2708,-45.1913,0 169.2711,-45.1913,0 169.2713,-45.1913,0 169.2719,-45.1914,0 169.2724,-45.1914,0 169.2724,-45.1915,0 169.2732,-45.1917,0 169.2734,-45.1918,0 169.2736,-45.1919,0 169.2741,-45.1919,0 169.2744,-45.1919,0 169.2745,-45.1919,0 169.2747,-45.1920,0 169.2749,-45.1923,0 169.2753,-45.1927,0 169.2754,-45.1931,0 169.2754,-45.1932,0 169.2758,-45.1935,0 169.2761,-45.1940,0 169.2762,-45.1942,0 169.2762,-45.1945,0 169.2763,-45.1947,0 169.2764,-45.1948,0 169.2767,-45.1949,0 169.2769,-45.1951,0 169.2773,-45.1952,0 169.2781,-45.1954,0 169.2786,-45.1955,0 169.2786,-45.1956,0 169.2791,-45.1961,0 169.2793,-45.1963,0 169.2794,-45.1967,0 169.2795,-45.1968,0 169.2796,-45.1969,0 169.2798,-45.1970,0 169.2802,-45.1970,0 169.2804,-45.1970,0 169.2805,-45.1970,0 169.2808,-45.1970,0 169.2809,-45.1970,0 169.2812,-45.1970,0 169.2815,-45.1971,0 169.2817,-45.1972,0 169.2818,-45.1973,0 169.2820,-45.1975,0 169.2821,-45.1977,0 169.2822,-45.1977,0 169.2824,-45.1979,0 169.2827,-45.1981,0 169.2829,-45.1983,0 169.2830,-45.1983,0 169.2832,-45.1984,0 169.2833,-45.1985,0 169.2836,-45.1987,0 169.2842,-45.1992,0 169.2844,-45.1995,0 169.2847,-45.1997,0 169.2850,-45.1999,0 169.2851,-45.2000,0 169.2852,-45.2000,0 169.2853,-45.2000,0 169.2856,-45.1999,0 169.2859,-45.1998,0 169.2867,-45.1999,0 169.2869,-45.1999,0 169.2877,-45.1998,0 169.2880,-45.1998,0 169.2883,-45.1998,0 169.2887,-45.1997,0 169.2891,-45.1997,0 169.2897,-45.1999,0 169.2902,-45.2004,0 169.2905,-45.2005,0 169.2909,-45.2005,0 169.2914,-45.2007,0 169.2919,-45.2007,0 169.2922,-45.2007,0 169.2926,-45.2009,0 169.2928,-45.2011,0 169.2930,-45.2011,0 169.2931,-45.2012,0 169.2933,-45.2012,0 169.2936,-45.2013,0 169.2942,-45.2013,0 169.2948,-45.2012,0 169.2957,-45.2013,0 169.2964,-45.2015,0 169.2969,-45.2015,0 169.2976,-45.2015,0 169.2977,-45.2016,0 169.2980,-45.2016,0 169.2985,-45.2018,0 169.2986,-45.2018,0 169.2987,-45.2018,0 169.2989,-45.2020,0 169.3007,-45.2036,0 169.3012,-45.2046,0 169.3017,-45.2056,0 169.3018,-45.2057,0 169.3021,-45.2059,0 </coordinates> </LineString> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Fraser</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description><![CDATA[1954, February, 3 MW, 800' head with half the output in summer going to operate irrigation pumps. In 1948 a temporary 500 kW plant had helped with the power demands of the construction of the Roxburgh dam but it is unclear what was its prime mover, as construction of the pipeline began in 1951. Possibly this temporary station employed water from the Fraser dam, but if so, there would have to be a long temporary transmission line to get the power out.

Refurbished 2001. "All generating equipment is situated outdoors under large metal covers". And it does seem to be across the river from the hillside the pipe descends.

]]></description>

<styleUrl>#msn_target1111</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>169.3022,-45.2059,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> </Folder> <Placemark> <name>Glenbrook</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>Steel mill. Coal and natural gas co-generation. Exhaust gases from the furnaces and kilns are hot, somewhat flammable, and gas afterburners can be involved to produce steam to spin turbines to drive generators.</description> <styleUrl>#msn_target0260</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>174.7267,-37.2094,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Glenorchy</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description><![CDATA[1969, 8'th February. 400 kW, 210' head. Fed via a pipeline from the Ox Burn dam (concrete, 45', to the south east) on the Ox Burn or Twelve Mile Creek. Somewhere nearby.

Severe conditions include large gravel flow during floods that carry trees to block the rock bypass, an earthquake fracturing the pipeline and causing rock fall onto the dam (demolishing valve equipment), and in 2004 flood debris overtopped the roof of the power station and blocked the road bridge across the Oxburn.

]]></description>

<styleUrl>#msn_target12</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>168.4278,-44.7660,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Glentanner</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>Possibly, this hut houses the Glentanner station hydro power generator, as identified on the topographic map.</description> <styleUrl>#msn_target1210</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>170.1169,-43.8956,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Hautapu</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>Dairy factory. Gas-fired.</description> <LookAt> <longitude>175.4534</longitude> <latitude>-37.8594</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>-0.8301</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>1341.2897</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target102</styleUrl> <Point> <altitudeMode>absolute</altitudeMode> <coordinates>175.4527,-37.8584,61.0682</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Hermitage</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>Miscellaneous diesels, solar, and who knows what else.</description> <styleUrl>#msn_target190</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>170.0964,-43.7361,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Folder> <name>Hinemaiaia</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>1952. Three power stations in a row, with dams, small lakes, pipelines and all.</description> <Placemark> <name>Hinemaiaia A</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>The original lake filled with pumice silt in just 25 years and is now wading deep only.</description> <LookAt> <longitude>176.0917</longitude> <latitude>-38.8904</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>-2.1414</heading> <tilt>5.416807717415098e-012</tilt> <range>401.1222</range> <altitudeMode>relativeToGround</altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_forbidden300</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>176.0928,-38.8905,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Hinemaiaia upper penstocks</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <styleUrl>#msn_ylw-pushpin0100</styleUrl> <LineString> <tessellate>1</tessellate> <coordinates> 176.0924,-38.8907,0 176.0915,-38.8904,0 176.0912,-38.8900,0 </coordinates> </LineString> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Hinemaiaia A</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>1952, 800 kW ~130' head. Originally for supply to Taupo. In 1982 a second pipeline and turbine added 1·2 MW.</description> <LookAt> <longitude>176.0917</longitude> <latitude>-38.8904</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>-2.1414</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>184.6065</range> <altitudeMode>relativeToGround</altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target265</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>176.0911,-38.8900,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Hinemaiaia C</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>1982, tiny storage.</description> <LookAt> <longitude>176.0780</longitude> <latitude>-38.8831</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>-2.1328</heading> <tilt>5.44992419250883e-011</tilt> <range>192.1581</range> <altitudeMode>relativeToGround</altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_forbidden0100</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>176.0781,-38.8830,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Hinemaiaia C</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>1982, 2·8 MW, ~100' head. Somewhere nearby. How the water arrives and departs is unclear. The topographic map shows a marked powerhouse and a "tank", but the supposed powerhouse appears to be some other building and the tank is a concrete bunker-style powerhouse.</description> <LookAt> <longitude>176.0763</longitude> <latitude>-38.8823</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>-2.0913</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>1034.3213</range> <altitudeMode>relativeToGround</altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target392</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>176.0723,-38.8824,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Hinemaiaia B</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>1966, 1·3 MW, ~100' head.</description> <LookAt> <longitude>176.0522</longitude> <latitude>-38.8656</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>-1.2486</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>426.1065</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target00000</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>176.0521,-38.8636,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Hinemaiaia lower pipeline</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>From the third dam to the third power house.</description> <styleUrl>#msn_ylw-pushpin541</styleUrl> <LineString> <tessellate>1</tessellate> <coordinates> 176.0528,-38.8693,0 176.0525,-38.8669,0 176.0520,-38.8664,0 176.0518,-38.8653,0 176.0521,-38.8637,0 </coordinates> </LineString> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Hinemaiaia B</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>1966.</description> <LookAt> <longitude>176.0535</longitude> <latitude>-38.8694</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>-2.1175</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>280.9921</range> <altitudeMode>relativeToGround</altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_forbidden70</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>176.0538,-38.8697,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> </Folder> <Placemark> <name>Hornby - Foodstuffs</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>Foodstuffs, 17 Hickory Place. Possibly this factory.</description> <LookAt> <longitude>172.5065</longitude> <latitude>-43.5455</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>0.0202</heading> <tilt>2.728173100140078e-010</tilt> <range>867.0831</range> <altitudeMode>relativeToGround</altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target041</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>172.5054,-43.5486,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Huia</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>Water treatment station.</description> <LookAt> <longitude>174.6397</longitude> <latitude>-36.9384</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>0.0867</heading> <tilt>2.714579256695632e-011</tilt> <range>820.0902</range> <altitudeMode>relativeToGround</altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target290</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>174.6399,-36.9384,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Folder> <name>Kaimai/Wairoa River</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <open>1</open> <description><![CDATA[A complex collection of dams, canals, tunnels, pipelines, and power stations (current or abandoned) with unclear descriptions, and on the topographic map unnamed items. Although the river is called Wairoa, that name is only for downstream of the McLaren falls and only the Ruahihi power station is by it. The name Wairoa is however used elsewhere as well.

Some details are available via http://www.delahyde.com/tauranga/index.html

]]></description>

<Placemark> <name>Kaimai 5?</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description><![CDATA["On a diversion tunnel feeding Lake Mangaonui", which is unnamed on the topographic map although an unnamed lake is shown at the head of the Mangaonui stream. This lake receives water diverted via tunnels from the headwaters of the Opuiaki river and another tunnel from the Omanawa river, arriving at opposite ends of the reservoir. From the topographic map it is unclear which exit might have a reasonable head so as to guess at a preferred location, so this may be wrong...

All this fuss for 350 kW.

]]></description>

<styleUrl>#msn_target1802</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>176.0382,-37.8743,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Omanawa weir</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>1974 Diverts water via a tunnel to the reservoir in the Mangaonui stream valley, thence to the Lloyd Mandeno power station, thus reducing the flow available for the Omanawa Falls power station.</description> <styleUrl>#msn_forbidden1020</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>176.0923,-37.8873,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Omanawa tunnel 1</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>Conveys water from the dam on the Omanawa river under (?) unnamed streams and with an intakes along the way continues to feed into an unnamed reservoir in the upper valley of the Mangaonui stream, thence by canal to the Lloyd Mandeno power station.</description> <styleUrl>#msn_ylw-pushpin1610</styleUrl> <LineString> <tessellate>1</tessellate> <coordinates> 176.0922,-37.8872,0 176.0873,-37.8812,0 176.0764,-37.8776,0 </coordinates> </LineString> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Ruakawa intake</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>The stream is unnamed on the topographic map, and there are two branches where the small earth dam and intake might be located.</description> <LookAt> <longitude>176.0762</longitude> <latitude>-37.8782</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>-0.0206</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>350.2404</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_arrow-reverse05</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>176.0765,-37.8774,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Omanawa tunnel 2</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <styleUrl>#msn_ylw-pushpin4400</styleUrl> <LineString> <tessellate>1</tessellate> <coordinates> 176.0764,-37.8775,0 176.0556,-37.8793,0 </coordinates> </LineString> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Mangapapa intake</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>A weir adds the Mangapapa river's flow to the Mangaonui lake near the Waitaia stream's inflow.</description> <LookAt> <longitude>176.0559</longitude> <latitude>-37.8791</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>-0.0082</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>350.3395</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_arrow-reverse15</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>176.0555,-37.8791,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Omanawa tunnel 3</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <styleUrl>#msn_ylw-pushpin820</styleUrl> <LineString> <tessellate>1</tessellate> <coordinates> 176.0554,-37.8791,0 176.0472,-37.8718,0 </coordinates> </LineString> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Opuiaki intake</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>A weir diverts the flow.</description> <styleUrl>#msn_arrow-reverse04</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>176.0015,-37.8909,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Opuiaki tunnel</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>Tunnel 4. Under the Tauwharawhara stream,to the Ngatuhoa stream.</description> <styleUrl>#msn_ylw-pushpin7000</styleUrl> <LineString> <tessellate>1</tessellate> <coordinates> 176.0016,-37.8910,0 176.0199,-37.8859,0 </coordinates> </LineString> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Tauwharawhara intake</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>"Drop pipe".</description> <styleUrl>#msn_arrow-reverse5</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>176.0113,-37.8883,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Ngatuhoa weir</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>Blocks the Ngatuhoa stream, augmented by water from the Opuiaki river, so as to feed the tunnel on to lake Mangaonui.</description> <LookAt> <longitude>176.0195</longitude> <latitude>-37.8805</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>0.0151</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>937.8397</range> <altitudeMode>relativeToGround</altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_forbidden410</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>176.0189,-37.8819,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Ngatuhoa tunnel</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>Tunnel 5. From just above the Ngatuhoa falls, under some unnamed streams, debouching in the headwaters of the Mangaonui stream above the unnamed reservoir, possibly supplying the Kaimai 5 power station.</description> <styleUrl>#msn_ylw-pushpin2001</styleUrl> <LineString> <tessellate>1</tessellate> <coordinates> 176.0192,-37.8820,0 176.0381,-37.8745,0 </coordinates> </LineString> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Awakotuku intake</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>"Drop pipe". Unnamed on the topographic map, which shows another unnamed stream nearby.</description> <styleUrl>#msn_arrow-reverse11</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>176.0273,-37.8787,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Mangaonui</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>Unmarked on the topographic map, but presumably the earth dam blocking the Mangaonui stream is nearby.</description> <LookAt> <longitude>176.0425</longitude> <latitude>-37.8676</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>2.1208</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>244.4206</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_forbidden41</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>176.0416,-37.8676,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Mangaonui canal</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>Tunnel 6, then canal then penstocks down to the Lloyd Mandeno power station.</description> <styleUrl>#msn_ylw-pushpin571</styleUrl> <LineString> <tessellate>1</tessellate> <coordinates> 176.0441,-37.8678,0 176.0454,-37.8617,0 176.0454,-37.8606,0 176.0444,-37.8592,0 176.0439,-37.8580,0 176.0440,-37.8576,0 176.0450,-37.8574,0 176.0462,-37.8537,0 176.0456,-37.8502,0 176.0485,-37.8463,0 176.0506,-37.8443,0 176.0506,-37.8442,0 176.0507,-37.8441,0 </coordinates> </LineString> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Mangapapa Upper</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>Opened 2'd September 1972, 2 x 7·8 MW and named the Lloyd Mandeno power station. From a dam across the Mangaonui stream, pipe, canal, pipe, plus diversions to a reservoir, thence by canal and pipeline to the power station, emptying into the Mangapapa river. Placenames on the topographic map are few.</description> <styleUrl>#msn_target204</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>176.0508,-37.8440,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Notadam</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>The topographic maps have a sheet boundary here. Below, the Opuiaki river is depicted with a width, above just as a line, as if there was a small dam in a narrow river valley producing a long narrow lake. There isn't, but that hasn't stopped copies being made that suggest the presence of a dam that would create the lake.</description> <styleUrl>#msn_info-i</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>176.0330,-37.8323,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Mangapapa Lower</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description><![CDATA[On the topographic map, the lake is unnamed, and there is no mark for a power house nor cables. But this seems to be the place for the dam. A 400 metre tunnel leads to the power house closer to the level of lake McLaren, and the lake extends up to the tailrace of the Lloyd Mandeno station that empties into the Mangapapa river.

Work began in 1976. The power station was completed in April 1979 with two turbines driving one 6·25 MW generator.

]]></description>

<LookAt> <longitude>176.0416</longitude> <latitude>-37.8210</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>0.0006</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>1015.4215</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_forbidden2010</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>176.0404,-37.8248,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Mangapapa Lower</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>Work began in 1976. The power station was completed in April 1979 with two turbines driving one 6·25 MW generator.</description> <styleUrl>#msn_target1015</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>176.0410,-37.8208,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Mangakarengorengo</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>Somewhere near here, unmarked on the topographic map, water is diverted via a tunnel to Lake McLaren.</description> <styleUrl>#msn_forbidden600</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>176.0384,-37.8109,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>McLaren dam</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>1923, concrete arch. Raised five feet in 1981.</description> <styleUrl>#msn_forbidden191</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>176.0438,-37.8083,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Ruahihi canal</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>Canal then buried pipeline (not shown on the topographic map) along a plateau of soft volcanic ejecta, then penstocks down to the power house on the bank of the Wairoa river.</description> <styleUrl>#msn_ylw-pushpin64</styleUrl> <LineString> <tessellate>1</tessellate> <coordinates> 176.0462,-37.8071,0 176.0490,-37.8065,0 176.0520,-37.8058,0 176.0525,-37.8056,0 176.0529,-37.8052,0 176.0531,-37.8046,0 176.0538,-37.8030,0 176.0546,-37.8004,0 176.0550,-37.7999,0 176.0556,-37.7994,0 176.0565,-37.7989,0 176.0581,-37.7981,0 176.0585,-37.7978,0 176.0588,-37.7972,0 176.0588,-37.7968,0 176.0584,-37.7947,0 176.0585,-37.7943,0 176.0589,-37.7931,0 176.0590,-37.7927,0 176.0590,-37.7918,0 176.0590,-37.7917,0 176.0590,-37.7910,0 176.0589,-37.7906,0 176.0587,-37.7903,0 176.0583,-37.7899,0 176.0578,-37.7896,0 176.0555,-37.7879,0 176.0553,-37.7873,0 176.0554,-37.7842,0 176.0562,-37.7835,0 176.0570,-37.7826,0 176.0573,-37.7818,0 176.0562,-37.7789,0 176.0562,-37.7785,0 176.0561,-37.7782,0 176.0554,-37.7774,0 </coordinates> </LineString> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Canal failure!</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>1981, shortly before two in the afternoon of Sunday the 20'th September, the day after the official opening, the east bank of the canal collapsed at its northern end causing massive erosion. More details via http://www.delahyde.com/tauranga/pagest/ruahihi_canal.html</description> <LookAt> <longitude>176.0587</longitude> <latitude>-37.7825</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>-0.0072</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>1566.3201</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_water1</styleUrl> <Point> <altitudeMode>absolute</altitudeMode> <coordinates>176.0563,-37.7887,82.1516</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Ruahihi</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description><![CDATA[1981/1983. Canal then pipeline from Lake McLaren (produced by the 1925 dam at McLaren falls) to the Ruahihi powerhouse, which supersedes the old generator by the dam. It was opened 19'th September 1981 by R.Muldoon, praising it as not designed and built by the MOW, the fruit of the New Approach. Around 1:50pm the next day the canal banks collapsed due to seepage into the soft ignimbrite base. Repairs and the replacement of the affected length of canal by pipe augmented the cost overrun.

Recommissioned in 1983, 2 x 10 MW.

]]></description>

<styleUrl>#msn_target53</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>176.0553,-37.7773,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> </Folder> <Placemark> <name>Kaingaroa</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>200 kW diesel at a fish processing factory (closed 2009?) plus 60 kW, somewhere around. Local consumption: no connection to the rest of the island's grid.</description> <LookAt> <longitude>-176.2683</longitude> <latitude>-43.7330</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>-5.9320</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>683.8868</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#ms_ylw-pushpin3</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>-176.2687,-43.7318,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Folder> <name>Kaniere</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <open>1</open> <description><![CDATA[Conversion of the goldminers' exuberance into electric power generation.

A water race runs from near the weir at the outlet of Lake Kaniere, converting to a pipeline as it leaves the river bed to descend a ridge to the Kaniere Forks power house and rejoin the Kaniere river. Above this junction a second weir diverts the Kaniere river into a flume that departs the river bed on the south bank (so that the Kaniere river vanishes?) and heads for the power house opposite McKay's Creek.

The depiction on the topographic map is unclear. It appears that the Blue Bottle creek passes the flume (underneath) to join the Kaniere river, except that no onwards flow is drawn. Presumably, the water does not flow back up the Kaniere river to the second weir. A second unnamed creek to the east also crosses the blue line that appears to be the path of the flume, and heads for the bed of the Kaniere river just upstream of the Kaniere Fork power house.

]]></description>

<Placemark> <name>Kaniere weir</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <LookAt> <longitude>171.1383</longitude> <latitude>-42.7988</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>12.7091</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>59.7918</range> <altitudeMode>relativeToGround</altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_forbidden181</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>171.1385,-42.7989,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Kaniere race</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>Approximate path; unclear indications. Constructed in 1874 by goldminers, with multiple offtakes. In 1907 the Ross Goldfields Company intended to revive the Ross mine, which required pumping out. Power for this was to be generated by a hydro power station to be built at Kaniere forks.</description> <LookAt> <longitude>171.1053</longitude> <latitude>-42.7815</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>1.608384636102666e-008</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>7651.7168</range> <altitudeMode>relativeToGround</altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_ylw-pushpin65</styleUrl> <LineString> <tessellate>1</tessellate> <coordinates> 171.1385,-42.7988,0 171.1386,-42.7986,0 171.1387,-42.7984,0 171.1386,-42.7982,0 171.1386,-42.7980,0 171.1385,-42.7978,0 171.1385,-42.7976,0 171.1384,-42.7973,0 171.1387,-42.7965,0 171.1392,-42.7957,0 171.1387,-42.7951,0 171.1384,-42.7947,0 171.1383,-42.7943,0 171.1384,-42.7940,0 171.1384,-42.7939,0 171.1385,-42.7939,0 171.1387,-42.7939,0 171.1393,-42.7939,0 171.1396,-42.7939,0 171.1398,-42.7938,0 171.1399,-42.7937,0 171.1399,-42.7937,0 171.1400,-42.7937,0 171.1401,-42.7937,0 171.1403,-42.7936,0 171.1406,-42.7935,0 171.1407,-42.7935,0 171.1409,-42.7935,0 171.1411,-42.7935,0 171.1412,-42.7934,0 171.1413,-42.7934,0 171.1414,-42.7932,0 171.1414,-42.7931,0 171.1414,-42.7929,0 171.1413,-42.7928,0 171.1413,-42.7926,0 171.1413,-42.7925,0 171.1413,-42.7923,0 171.1413,-42.7922,0 171.1412,-42.7921,0 171.1409,-42.7916,0 171.1409,-42.7915,0 171.1407,-42.7913,0 171.1406,-42.7912,0 171.1406,-42.7910,0 171.1406,-42.7908,0 171.1406,-42.7907,0 171.1407,-42.7905,0 171.1408,-42.7904,0 171.1409,-42.7902,0 171.1409,-42.7901,0 171.1406,-42.7899,0 171.1403,-42.7897,0 171.1402,-42.7896,0 171.1400,-42.7895,0 171.1397,-42.7894,0 171.1395,-42.7894,0 171.1392,-42.7894,0 171.1390,-42.7894,0 171.1387,-42.7894,0 171.1385,-42.7894,0 171.1384,-42.7892,0 171.1383,-42.7891,0 171.1383,-42.7889,0 171.1384,-42.7883,0 171.1383,-42.7882,0 171.1381,-42.7880,0 171.1378,-42.7879,0 171.1375,-42.7878,0 171.1374,-42.7877,0 171.1373,-42.7875,0 171.1372,-42.7872,0 171.1371,-42.7871,0 171.1368,-42.7871,0 171.1365,-42.7870,0 171.1362,-42.7869,0 171.1361,-42.7868,0 171.1361,-42.7866,0 171.1362,-42.7865,0 171.1363,-42.7864,0 171.1363,-42.7862,0 171.1363,-42.7860,0 171.1362,-42.7858,0 171.1356,-42.7855,0 171.1341,-42.7850,0 171.1325,-42.7841,0 171.1312,-42.7834,0 171.1298,-42.7827,0 171.1288,-42.7823,0 171.1282,-42.7820,0 171.1280,-42.7818,0 171.1277,-42.7814,0 171.1276,-42.7812,0 171.1272,-42.7808,0 171.1270,-42.7807,0 171.1266,-42.7808,0 171.1261,-42.7808,0 171.1253,-42.7809,0 171.1247,-42.7808,0 171.1244,-42.7804,0 171.1225,-42.7783,0 171.1209,-42.7767,0 171.1181,-42.7749,0 171.1142,-42.7736,0 171.1096,-42.7722,0 171.1052,-42.7709,0 171.1002,-42.7678,0 171.0980,-42.7669,0 171.0955,-42.7671,0 171.0929,-42.7662,0 171.0915,-42.7661,0 171.0910,-42.7660,0 171.0901,-42.7662,0 171.0880,-42.7659,0 171.0873,-42.7664,0 171.0864,-42.7661,0 171.0863,-42.7658,0 171.0858,-42.7654,0 171.0848,-42.7652,0 171.0845,-42.7650,0 171.0842,-42.7650,0 171.0827,-42.7642,0 171.0822,-42.7641,0 171.0817,-42.7641,0 171.0813,-42.7641,0 171.0802,-42.7639,0 171.0795,-42.7635,0 171.0785,-42.7635,0 171.0780,-42.7636,0 171.0777,-42.7639,0 171.0771,-42.7638,0 171.0767,-42.7637,0 171.0764,-42.7637,0 171.0761,-42.7640,0 171.0758,-42.7640,0 171.0727,-42.7646,0 171.0716,-42.7651,0 171.0696,-42.7663,0 </coordinates> </LineString> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Kaniere Forks</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description><![CDATA[1909, two 500HP Pelton wheels driving 350 kW three phase AC generators at 60cps from a head of ~250'. Fed by pipeline down from a water race from Lake Kaniere built by goldminers in 1874. The outlet is to the Kaniere river just up from the junction with Kennedy Creek (probably near here) but downstream from the weir and diversion leading to the McKay's Creek power station.

Originally operating at 60 cycles/sec, it was converted to 50 c/s in 1931 to conform with the McKay's Creek station, reducing the power to 520 kW or maybe 430 kW.

]]></description>

<styleUrl>#msn_target29</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>171.0694,-42.7664,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Kaniere weir</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <LookAt> <longitude>171.0861</longitude> <latitude>-42.7683</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>0.2966</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>255.3020</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_forbidden260</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>171.0864,-42.7681,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Kaniere flume 2</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>The original wooden flume across Blue Bottle Creek was replaced by a pipeline in 2007, two penstocks pipes from Lake Coleridge in parallel. The greater flow enabled a power boost of 25%.</description> <LookAt> <longitude>171.0774</longitude> <latitude>-42.7717</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>0.0190</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>2726.8805</range> <altitudeMode>relativeToGround</altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_ylw-pushpin552</styleUrl> <LineString> <tessellate>1</tessellate> <coordinates> 171.0863,-42.7682,0 171.0862,-42.7682,0 171.0856,-42.7678,0 171.0853,-42.7675,0 171.0851,-42.7674,0 171.0849,-42.7675,0 171.0841,-42.7680,0 171.0836,-42.7683,0 171.0834,-42.7684,0 171.0831,-42.7683,0 171.0828,-42.7682,0 171.0826,-42.7682,0 171.0821,-42.7682,0 171.0813,-42.7683,0 171.0808,-42.7684,0 171.0805,-42.7685,0 171.0797,-42.7689,0 171.0795,-42.7689,0 171.0792,-42.7689,0 171.0789,-42.7688,0 171.0788,-42.7688,0 171.0787,-42.7689,0 171.0787,-42.7692,0 171.0785,-42.7693,0 171.0779,-42.7697,0 171.0779,-42.7698,0 171.0776,-42.7698,0 171.0772,-42.7697,0 171.0767,-42.7696,0 171.0764,-42.7695,0 171.0762,-42.7695,0 171.0760,-42.7694,0 171.0756,-42.7691,0 171.0753,-42.7690,0 171.0748,-42.7689,0 171.0728,-42.7685,0 171.0719,-42.7683,0 171.0718,-42.7683,0 171.0717,-42.7684,0 171.0716,-42.7685,0 171.0716,-42.7687,0 171.0719,-42.7689,0 171.0718,-42.7697,0 171.0719,-42.7700,0 171.0717,-42.7701,0 171.0716,-42.7701,0 171.0714,-42.7701,0 171.0711,-42.7701,0 171.0710,-42.7701,0 171.0703,-42.7701,0 171.0683,-42.7700,0 171.0681,-42.7700,0 171.0678,-42.7701,0 171.0675,-42.7700,0 171.0672,-42.7700,0 171.0671,-42.7699,0 171.0666,-42.7699,0 171.0664,-42.7699,0 171.0663,-42.7698,0 171.0661,-42.7697,0 171.0661,-42.7695,0 171.0662,-42.7694,0 171.0663,-42.7694,0 171.0666,-42.7693,0 171.0669,-42.7693,0 171.0672,-42.7693,0 171.0673,-42.7692,0 171.0674,-42.7691,0 171.0674,-42.7690,0 171.0673,-42.7688,0 171.0671,-42.7688,0 171.0669,-42.7684,0 171.0667,-42.7683,0 171.0665,-42.7682,0 171.0660,-42.7681,0 171.0659,-42.7681,0 171.0657,-42.7680,0 171.0657,-42.7680,0 171.0657,-42.7678,0 171.0657,-42.7676,0 171.0659,-42.7674,0 171.0659,-42.7673,0 171.0657,-42.7670,0 171.0656,-42.7667,0 171.0655,-42.7664,0 171.0655,-42.7662,0 171.0654,-42.7661,0 171.0653,-42.7653,0 171.0652,-42.7652,0 171.0650,-42.7651,0 171.0645,-42.7652,0 171.0641,-42.7651,0 171.0587,-42.7645,0 171.0585,-42.7641,0 171.0583,-42.7638,0 171.0582,-42.7637,0 171.0582,-42.7634,0 171.0583,-42.7632,0 171.0583,-42.7630,0 171.0581,-42.7628,0 171.0578,-42.7627,0 171.0576,-42.7625,0 171.0575,-42.7623,0 171.0574,-42.7621,0 171.0573,-42.7618,0 171.0572,-42.7615,0 171.0571,-42.7612,0 171.0570,-42.7609,0 171.0572,-42.7604,0 171.0574,-42.7599,0 171.0574,-42.7596,0 171.0575,-42.7594,0 171.0576,-42.7591,0 171.0577,-42.7587,0 171.0583,-42.7583,0 </coordinates> </LineString> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Kaniere - McKay's Creek</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description><![CDATA[1931, 1·1 MW for local gold-mining. Fed by a pipe from the (interrupted?) Kaniere river above the outlet from the Kaniere Forks station, via open race, tunnel and flume. The final head might be ~180'. The original scheme used a wooden trestle to cross the Blue Bottle creek, which more recently proved inadequate for expansionist ideas. In 2007 some penstock pipes, decommissioned from Lake Coleridge (riveted steel, Dunedin Engineering & Steel Company) became available, to form an inverted siphon though still crossing above Blue Bottle Creek. Now arises the possibility of expansionism in the generating station.

Not fed by MacKay's Creek, which joins the far side of the Kaniere river upstream from the powerhouse.

]]></description>

<styleUrl>#msn_target366</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>171.0584,-42.7583,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> </Folder> <Placemark> <name>Kapuni Dairy</name> <visibility>0</visibility>

<description><![CDATA[Dairy factory, site of the Fonterra Lactose company and also Fonterra Excipients.

Steam is supplied by pipeline from the Kapuni gas treatment plant for process heat, with a 3.5 MW steam turbine. The Kapuni plant also supplies electricity from its own generators.

]]></description>

<styleUrl>#msn_target340</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>174.1382,-39.4762,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Kapuni Gas</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description><![CDATA[Gas treatment station: two 10·5 MW gas-fired gas turbines use exhaust heat to generate steam for a 1·5 MW steam turbine, thence for gas treatment (removal of CO₂ to meet gas standards), and via a three kilometre pipeline west, to supply the Lactose dairy processing plant with process heat and also a 3·5 MW steam turbine there. A substation across Palmer road connects the two via an 11 kV line, and has a 110 kV line to the Kaponga substation off to the NW for the grid connection. Adjacent is a substation for local supply and the ammonia&urea factory.]]></description> <styleUrl>#msn_target144</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>174.1728,-39.4773,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Karaponga, revived</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description><![CDATA[1922, 29'th November. 320HP/240 kW double-jet Pelton wheel fed by a pipeline of 28 chains from a dam of around 18'5". Possibly somewhere nearby: mention of the Karaponga Falls but Manawahe is much further upstream.

1929 Another generator, the dam raised by 15". But by 1936 the first generator was in poor condition and it was cheaper to buy power from the Bay of Plenty Power Board. In November 1939 the station was closed and abandoned: power house, original turbine, rusting pipeline.

1996 Revived as 500 kW reusing the original dam, but with a new pipeline and power house, somewhere around by the end of Symond Road. Has a 900metre penstock of 60cm diameter to run a Pelton wheel, so presumably a high head.

In September 2010 the penstock pipe imploded!

]]></description>

<LookAt> <gx:TimeStamp><when>2007-05-25</when> </gx:TimeStamp> <gx:ViewerOptions> <gx:option name="historicalimagery"></gx:option> <gx:option enabled="0" name="sunlight"></gx:option> <gx:option enabled="0" name="streetview"></gx:option> </gx:ViewerOptions> <longitude>176.7026</longitude> <latitude>-38.0159</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>-0.3736</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>1381.1193</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target72</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>176.7053,-38.0087,182.5568</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Kerikeri Sawmill</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>1981 Operated by the Collins brothers. Waste wood fuels a steam boiler for all sawmill power, including a 70 kW generator driven by a two-piston steam engine. Mains power is taken only during closedown time.</description> <LookAt> <longitude>173.9779</longitude> <latitude>-35.2285</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>8.2412</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>711.4822</range> <altitudeMode>relativeToGround</altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target351</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>173.9777,-35.2283,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Kinleith</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>Timber mill, with generation (somewhere near) from wood waste plus natural gas, beginning in 1998 of 35 MW.(?) Thermal ~160 MW.</description> <styleUrl>#msn_target001</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>175.8832,-38.2747,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Folder> <name>Kirikau</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <Placemark> <name>Kirikau intake</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <LookAt> <gx:TimeStamp><when>2005-02-28</when> </gx:TimeStamp> <gx:ViewerOptions> <gx:option name="historicalimagery"></gx:option> <gx:option enabled="0" name="sunlight"></gx:option> <gx:option enabled="0" name="streetview"></gx:option> </gx:ViewerOptions> <longitude>175.1378</longitude> <latitude>-39.0118</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>-0.7357</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>402.5968</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_arrow-reverse01</styleUrl> <Point> <altitudeMode>absolute</altitudeMode> <coordinates>175.1396,-39.0133,180.9839</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Kirikau pipeline</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <styleUrl>#msn_ylw-pushpin56</styleUrl> <LineString> <tessellate>1</tessellate> <coordinates> 175.1395,-39.0133,0 175.1393,-39.0128,0 175.1390,-39.0127,0 175.1376,-39.0110,0 175.1379,-39.0105,0 175.1374,-39.0095,0 </coordinates> </LineString> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Kirikau</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>1999, 1·5 kW, ~130' head. Farmer Rob Carter was given a small hydroelectric turbine, which helped him decide where to buy next after selling his last farm. It is run from the creek to the south and usually supplies enough power for the farmhouse across the road to the SW.</description> <LookAt> <gx:TimeStamp><when>2005-02-28</when> </gx:TimeStamp> <gx:ViewerOptions> <gx:option name="historicalimagery"></gx:option> <gx:option enabled="0" name="sunlight"></gx:option> <gx:option enabled="0" name="streetview"></gx:option> </gx:ViewerOptions> <longitude>175.1378</longitude> <latitude>-39.0118</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>-0.7357</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>402.5968</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target1130</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>175.1374,-39.0095,193.0660</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> </Folder> <Placemark> <name>Knob's Flat</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>2010, 40 kW, somewhere nearby. Replaces three diesel generators, the turbine housed in their shed. Water via a steel pipeline from a tributary north of Kiosk creek.</description> <LookAt> <longitude>168.0193</longitude> <latitude>-44.9757</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>0.0077</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>496.0320</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target11031</styleUrl> <Point> <altitudeMode>absolute</altitudeMode> <coordinates>168.0195,-44.9750,588.6147</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Kongahu</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <open>1</open> <description>2005 Two 400 kW generatord. presumably diesel for supply during supply outages on the 33 kV line over Karamea Bluff.</description> <LookAt> <longitude>172.0887</longitude> <latitude>-41.3202</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>0.1170</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>1033.3189</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target111</styleUrl> <Point> <gx:drawOrder>1</gx:drawOrder> <coordinates>172.0889,-41.3200,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Folder> <name>Kourarau</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <open>1</open> <description>1923 and a second power station upstream in 1925 for about 1 MW combined. A power station is marked on the topographic map well downstream of the lake produced by the "Kourarau Dam", with no sign of any canals or pipe lines marked to reach it.</description> <Placemark> <name>Kourarau B</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>1925</description> <LookAt> <longitude>175.7050</longitude> <latitude>-41.0901</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>-0.0034</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>360.5782</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_forbidden27</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>175.7038,-41.0903,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Kourarau B</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>Steel pipeline (24") with surge tower. Partially visible, other locations guessed.</description> <styleUrl>#msn_ylw-pushpin660</styleUrl> <LineString> <tessellate>1</tessellate> <coordinates> 175.7032,-41.0898,0 175.7021,-41.0886,0 175.7020,-41.0882,0 175.7020,-41.0880,0 175.7018,-41.0876,0 </coordinates> </LineString> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Kourarau B</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>1925, 250 kW, 289' head. Near here. Single disc Boving Pelton wheel driving a 250 kVA 3·3 kV synchronous ASEA generator at 500RPM; 30 V DC exciter.</description> <LookAt> <longitude>175.7023</longitude> <latitude>-41.0873</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>-0.0084</heading> <tilt>12.0890</tilt> <range>478.7488</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target325</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>175.7018,-41.0875,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Kourarau A</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>1923</description> <LookAt> <longitude>175.7002</longitude> <latitude>-41.0871</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>-0.0070</heading> <tilt>12.0890</tilt> <range>487.9288</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_forbidden001</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>175.6999,-41.0866,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Kourarau A</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description><![CDATA[Approximate route, with surge pipe. By Windy Point there is an access grate for lowering the "hedgehog" into the pipe to scrape away lime encrustations. Water pressure forces it to the power house where it is extracted. This was designed in 1928.

From the intake to Windy Point a 31" diameter concrete pipe, from Windy Point two 21" diameter steel pipes.

]]></description>

<styleUrl>#msn_ylw-pushpin00400</styleUrl> <LineString> <tessellate>1</tessellate> <coordinates> 175.6998,-41.0869,0 175.6996,-41.0866,0 175.6993,-41.0865,0 175.6985,-41.0862,0 175.6923,-41.0845,0 175.6908,-41.0839,0 175.6894,-41.0829,0 175.6885,-41.0818,0 175.6882,-41.0815,0 175.6870,-41.0813,0 175.6856,-41.0808,0 175.6842,-41.0797,0 175.6841,-41.0796,0 175.6832,-41.0797,0 175.6830,-41.0796,0 175.6828,-41.0796,0 175.6825,-41.0796,0 175.6823,-41.0794,0 175.6821,-41.0791,0 175.6819,-41.0788,0 175.6818,-41.0787,0 175.6817,-41.0781,0 175.6817,-41.0778,0 175.6830,-41.0670,0 </coordinates> </LineString> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Windy Point</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>Access point for the "hedgehog" pipe scraper where the pipeline converts from single to double pipes.</description> <LookAt> <longitude>175.6884</longitude> <latitude>-41.0819</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>21.5111</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>56.1208</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_arrow</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>175.6885,-41.0819,201.7854</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Kourarau A</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description><![CDATA[1923, 20'th December. 700 kW Pelton, 430' head. This power station is marked on the topographic map well downstream of the lake produced by the Kourarau Dam, with no sign of any canals or pipe lines marked to reach it.

Thanks to the internet, misinformation proliferates. Information offered in http://www.genesisenergy.co.nz/genesis/index.cfm?125B668D-16C3-D74B-F2A1-F1C5E6505A98 (noticed in 2008 or so, and unchanged in 2010) declares "an installed generating capacity of 1100 KW, however, generation rarely exceeds 900 KW", clearly unrelated to the next statements: "Station A - Boving twin disc Pelton wheel turbine driving and [sic] electric 700 KW generator" and "Station B - Boving single disc Pelton wheel turbine driving a ASTA [sic: an ASEA] 250 KW generator." Supposing the added detail attends added accuracy, the sum clearly does not add to 1100 kW. This garbage is then copied with an equal lack of cognition and so the station is rated at 1·1 MW.

Additional details are offered in the "Scheme Description" web page, http://www.genesisenergy.co.nz/genesis/index.cfm?12626330-16C3-D74B-FAE3-19B90DE2133C in which the upper power station is declared 200 kW, and the lower 900 kW. These numbers do add to 1100 kW, but, which are right?

The Wairarapa Electric Power Board says that station A has a three phase synchronous General Electric 500RPM generator delivering 700 kVA at 3·3 kV, with a DC exciter at 125 V. Two transformers to 11 kV.

]]></description>

<styleUrl>#msn_target014</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>175.6830,-41.0669,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> </Folder> <Folder> <name>Kumara</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description><![CDATA[Goldminers' exuberance, converted and extended for electricity generation.

There are three water intakes somewhere amongst the head waters of the Big Wainihinihi river, with water races and canals unidentified or unmarked on the topographic map, likewise three intakes in the headwaters of the Wainihinihi creek that feeds into the Arahura river.

]]></description>

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Diverts water towards Duffers.</description> <LookAt> <longitude>171.2252</longitude> <latitude>-42.7555</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>3.1659</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>876.3999</range> <altitudeMode>relativeToGround</altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_forbidden90</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>171.2249,-42.7556,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Kawhaka race</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <styleUrl>#msn_ylw-pushpin330</styleUrl> <LineString> <tessellate>1</tessellate> <coordinates> 171.2248,-42.7555,0 171.2242,-42.7550,0 171.2239,-42.7549,0 171.2232,-42.7547,0 171.2228,-42.7545,0 171.2226,-42.7542,0 171.2222,-42.7537,0 171.2219,-42.7534,0 171.2215,-42.7532,0 171.2211,-42.7531,0 171.2201,-42.7530,0 171.2197,-42.7529,0 171.2194,-42.7526,0 171.2192,-42.7521,0 171.2188,-42.7518,0 171.2182,-42.7516,0 171.2178,-42.7515,0 171.2177,-42.7513,0 171.2167,-42.7495,0 171.2166,-42.7492,0 171.2167,-42.7490,0 171.2173,-42.7486,0 171.2174,-42.7484,0 171.2175,-42.7481,0 171.2174,-42.7477,0 171.2169,-42.7474,0 171.2167,-42.7471,0 171.2165,-42.7467,0 171.2164,-42.7465,0 171.2162,-42.7463,0 171.2159,-42.7462,0 171.2156,-42.7463,0 171.2147,-42.7465,0 171.2144,-42.7465,0 171.2143,-42.7464,0 171.2141,-42.7460,0 171.2140,-42.7458,0 171.2141,-42.7455,0 171.2144,-42.7454,0 171.2145,-42.7452,0 171.2146,-42.7449,0 171.2146,-42.7447,0 171.2142,-42.7440,0 171.2142,-42.7437,0 171.2143,-42.7435,0 171.2146,-42.7434,0 171.2153,-42.7429,0 171.2155,-42.7427,0 171.2165,-42.7414,0 171.2176,-42.7395,0 171.2179,-42.7389,0 171.2180,-42.7386,0 171.2180,-42.7383,0 171.2177,-42.7376,0 171.2174,-42.7370,0 171.2173,-42.7367,0 171.2154,-42.7355,0 171.2151,-42.7355,0 171.2147,-42.7356,0 171.2125,-42.7361,0 171.2115,-42.7342,0 171.2113,-42.7340,0 171.2109,-42.7339,0 171.2106,-42.7338,0 171.2103,-42.7336,0 171.2101,-42.7333,0 171.2100,-42.7330,0 171.2100,-42.7328,0 171.2099,-42.7325,0 171.2096,-42.7320,0 171.2094,-42.7318,0 171.2080,-42.7310,0 171.2070,-42.7308,0 171.2066,-42.7307,0 171.2060,-42.7301,0 </coordinates> </LineString> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Duffers</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>1928, 500 kW, 40' head. Kawhaka stream, augmented by miscellaneous capture: Big Wainihinihi and Wainihinihi, though not marked on the topographic map..</description> <styleUrl>#msn_target810</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>171.2057,-42.7299,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Duffers tailrace</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>Devolves into a stream entering lake Mudgie.</description> <styleUrl>#msn_ylw-pushpin561</styleUrl> <LineString> <tessellate>1</tessellate> <coordinates> 171.2054,-42.7298,0 171.2048,-42.7293,0 171.2047,-42.7292,0 171.2046,-42.7290,0 171.2045,-42.7282,0 171.2044,-42.7279,0 171.2043,-42.7277,0 171.2039,-42.7269,0 171.2035,-42.7263,0 171.2023,-42.7247,0 171.2021,-42.7247,0 171.2020,-42.7245,0 171.2020,-42.7243,0 171.2022,-42.7233,0 171.2022,-42.7231,0 171.2027,-42.7223,0 </coordinates> </LineString> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Dillman's penstock</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <styleUrl>#msn_ylw-pushpin080</styleUrl> <LineString> <tessellate>1</tessellate> <coordinates> 171.1972,-42.6592,0 171.1971,-42.6585,0 171.1949,-42.6556,0 </coordinates> </LineString> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Dillman's Town</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>1928, 3·5 MW, 150' head. Fed from the Kapitea reservoir. Named after storekeeper Dillman and in preference to Duffer's Town or Dunedin Flat. See the Grey River Argus, 26'th May 1882, page 2 http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&d=GRA18820526.2.11 - the scanned text has not been proofread, nor has my corrected copy been accepted.</description> <styleUrl>#msn_target010</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>171.1949,-42.6556,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Dillman's canal</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>Canal then pipeline down to Kumara.</description> <styleUrl>#msn_ylw-pushpin403</styleUrl> <LineString> <tessellate>1</tessellate> <coordinates> 171.1948,-42.6555,0 171.1946,-42.6551,0 171.1943,-42.6540,0 171.1942,-42.6529,0 171.1942,-42.6528,0 171.1943,-42.6526,0 171.1944,-42.6524,0 171.1947,-42.6522,0 171.1953,-42.6517,0 171.1954,-42.6516,0 171.1955,-42.6514,0 171.1955,-42.6512,0 171.1953,-42.6497,0 171.1951,-42.6492,0 171.1942,-42.6476,0 171.1941,-42.6473,0 171.1941,-42.6467,0 171.1940,-42.6465,0 171.1939,-42.6464,0 171.1931,-42.6456,0 171.1927,-42.6453,0 171.1926,-42.6452,0 171.1925,-42.6451,0 171.1926,-42.6449,0 171.1927,-42.6447,0 171.1927,-42.6445,0 171.1927,-42.6442,0 171.1925,-42.6436,0 171.1924,-42.6434,0 171.1922,-42.6432,0 171.1910,-42.6424,0 171.1909,-42.6422,0 171.1908,-42.6421,0 171.1909,-42.6418,0 171.1911,-42.6416,0 171.1917,-42.6413,0 171.1931,-42.6391,0 171.1951,-42.6360,0 </coordinates> </LineString> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Kumara</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>1928, 6·5 MW, 255' head. Downcanal of Dillman's Town.</description> <styleUrl>#msn_target2114</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>171.1951,-42.6359,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> </Folder> <Folder> <name>Kuratau</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <Placemark> <name>Kuratau canal</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <styleUrl>#msn_ylw-pushpin00300</styleUrl> <LineString> <tessellate>1</tessellate> <coordinates> 175.7276,-38.8744,0 175.7288,-38.8742,0 175.7292,-38.8741,0 175.7295,-38.8741,0 175.7306,-38.8744,0 175.7308,-38.8744,0 175.7310,-38.8746,0 175.7311,-38.8747,0 175.7311,-38.8749,0 175.7309,-38.8755,0 175.7309,-38.8757,0 175.7311,-38.8759,0 175.7313,-38.8761,0 175.7317,-38.8762,0 </coordinates> </LineString> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Kuratau pipeline</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <styleUrl>#msn_ylw-pushpin1040</styleUrl> <LineString> <tessellate>1</tessellate> <coordinates> 175.7317,-38.8762,0 175.7329,-38.8765,0 175.7333,-38.8771,0 175.7332,-38.8774,0 175.7337,-38.8779,0 175.7350,-38.8789,0 175.7355,-38.8794,0 </coordinates> </LineString> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Kuratau</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>1962, 2 x 3 MW.</description> <styleUrl>#msn_target0111</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>175.7356,-38.8794,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Kuratau dam</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <LookAt> <longitude>175.7275</longitude> <latitude>-38.8756</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>0.0672</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>483.5778</range> <altitudeMode>relativeToGround</altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_forbidden24</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>175.7265,-38.8757,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> </Folder> <Placemark> <name>Mahia</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>~2010 Portable (shipping container) 1 MW diesel generator, semi-permanently positioned "at Mahia", somewhere around and possibly here.</description> <LookAt> <longitude>177.8826</longitude> <latitude>-39.0713</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>-2.4975</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>9821.9136</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target624</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>177.8337,-39.0569,32.1815</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Mangahewa</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>2009, 9 MW sent forth at 33 kV from three 3·2 MW (max) piston engines, twiddled to run on gas as from the Mangahewa 3 well, in the McKee "production station" site. Off to the ENE are the Mangahewa stream, hill, and road. The Mangahewa gas field commenced production in late 2001.</description> <styleUrl>#msn_target402</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>174.3329,-39.0907,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Folder> <name>Mangamahoe</name> <visibility>0</visibility>

<description><![CDATA[1931 completion of the dam on the Mangamohoe stream, though in 1906 the power station used water from the Waiwhakaiho river, somehow - possibly a long connection (now drowned by lake Mangamahoe) from the apparent intake on the Waiwhakaiho river that now feeds the lake.

Water via a tunnel from the Waiwhakaiho river to Lake Mangamahoe (which receives the Mangamahoe stream, misspelt as Mangamohoe on the topographic map) thence a tunnel to the power house on the Waiwhakaiho river, all upstream of its meeting with the Mangorei stream off to the west. The Mangawarawara stream feeds into the Waiwhakaiho river upstream of the diversion to the reservoir, and the topographic map shows no connection from the upper Mangorei stream to the reservoir.

]]></description>

<Placemark> <name>Waiwhakaiho weir</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <LookAt> <longitude>174.1298</longitude> <latitude>-39.1309</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>0.0902</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>555.8578</range> <altitudeMode>relativeToGround</altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_forbidden210</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>174.1307,-39.1312,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Waiwhakaiho tunnel</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <styleUrl>#msn_ylw-pushpin20020</styleUrl> <LineString> <tessellate>1</tessellate> <coordinates> 174.1299,-39.1312,0 174.1244,-39.1284,0 </coordinates> </LineString> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Mangamahoe dam</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <LookAt> <longitude>174.1266</longitude> <latitude>-39.1192</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>0.0922</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>1193.7818</range> <altitudeMode>relativeToGround</altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_forbidden17</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>174.1268,-39.1191,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Mangamahoe penstocks.</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>Tunnel, unclear route, then pipe.</description> <styleUrl>#msn_ylw-pushpin560</styleUrl> <LineString> <tessellate>1</tessellate> <coordinates> 174.1243,-39.1179,0 174.1225,-39.1083,0 174.1218,-39.1074,0 174.1215,-39.1073,0 174.1211,-39.1070,0 174.1207,-39.1069,0 174.1201,-39.1065,0 174.1197,-39.1063,0 174.1194,-39.1058,0 174.1192,-39.1055,0 174.1191,-39.1051,0 </coordinates> </LineString> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Mangamahoe</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description><![CDATA[1906, 19'th January at 8pm the first electric power arrived in New Plymouth from a hydro power station on the Waiwakaiho river "near Burgess park" and given the name of the nearby Mangorei stream. This had supplied town water since 1883.

In 1931, the completion of the large earth dam on the Mangamahoe stream completely changed the system, supplying 3 x 1·3 MW plus ·7 MW turbines, head ~210'. Possibly in 1906 the station used water from the Waiwhakaiho river via a long connection (now drowned by lake Mangamahoe) from the apparent intake on the Waiwhakaiho river that now feeds the lake.

The junction with the Mangorei river is downstream, to the northwest.

]]></description>

<styleUrl>#msn_target10</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>174.1188,-39.1052,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> </Folder> <Folder> <name>Mangapehi</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>Pipelined diversion. Repairs in 2008.</description> <Placemark> <name>Mangapehi Intake</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <LookAt> <longitude>175.2550</longitude> <latitude>-38.4881</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>-0.0057</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>520.7077</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_arrow-reverse00</styleUrl> <Point> <altitudeMode>absolute</altitudeMode> <coordinates>175.2548,-38.4877,278.5957</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Mangakehi Pipeline</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <styleUrl>#msn_ylw-pushpin572</styleUrl> <LineString> <tessellate>1</tessellate> <coordinates> 175.2548,-38.4877,0 175.2545,-38.4875,0 175.2541,-38.4871,0 175.2539,-38.4864,0 175.2537,-38.4861,0 175.2535,-38.4854,0 175.2533,-38.4848,0 175.2533,-38.4848,0 175.2532,-38.4848,0 175.2531,-38.4848,0 175.2522,-38.4855,0 175.2518,-38.4857,0 175.2511,-38.4859,0 175.2510,-38.4858,0 175.2509,-38.4858,0 175.2505,-38.4857,0 175.2501,-38.4856,0 175.2498,-38.4857,0 175.2494,-38.4855,0 175.2492,-38.4855,0 175.2488,-38.4855,0 175.2487,-38.4853,0 175.2485,-38.4852,0 175.2482,-38.4851,0 175.2481,-38.4849,0 175.2478,-38.4847,0 175.2476,-38.4843,0 175.2473,-38.4842,0 175.2468,-38.4840,0 175.2466,-38.4840,0 175.2461,-38.4839,0 175.2452,-38.4835,0 175.2444,-38.4833,0 175.2440,-38.4832,0 175.2436,-38.4830,0 175.2426,-38.4826,0 175.2411,-38.4822,0 175.2407,-38.4816,0 175.2404,-38.4812,0 175.2401,-38.4809,0 175.2393,-38.4806,0 175.2388,-38.4805,0 175.2385,-38.4804,0 175.2381,-38.4799,0 175.2379,-38.4798,0 175.2377,-38.4797,0 175.2370,-38.4795,0 175.2366,-38.4795,0 175.2360,-38.4794,0 175.2357,-38.4793,0 175.2354,-38.4793,0 175.2338,-38.4790,0 175.2336,-38.4789,0 175.2333,-38.4787,0 </coordinates> </LineString> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Mangapehi</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>2002, two 1·5 MW generators, head ~240'.</description> <styleUrl>#msn_target252</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>175.2333,-38.4787,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> </Folder> <Placemark> <name>Mangatangi</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>Part of the water supply. The 650 kW generator is at the base of the intake tower. Most is used to run compressors to pump air into the reservoir's water near the dam wall. The chemistry of anoxic water encourages phorphorus and nitrogen containing chemicals formed in sediment to dissolve and diffuse into higher layers, encouraging cyanobacterial blooms and consequent toxicity.</description> <styleUrl>#msn_target44</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>175.2099,-37.1135,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Mangatawhiri</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>Part of the water supply. The 200 kW generator is at the base of the inlet tower.</description> <styleUrl>#msn_target31</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>175.1529,-37.0859,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Manorburn</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>Somewhere under this cloud</description> <styleUrl>#msn_forbidden55</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>169.6099,-45.3651,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Folder> <name>Marokopa</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <Placemark> <name>Marokopa intake</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>Possibly here, on a plateau. Or possibly, further upstream from a higher plateau.</description> <LookAt> <gx:TimeStamp><when>2011-01-19</when> </gx:TimeStamp> <gx:ViewerOptions> <gx:option name="historicalimagery"></gx:option> <gx:option enabled="0" name="sunlight"></gx:option> <gx:option enabled="0" name="streetview"></gx:option> </gx:ViewerOptions> <longitude>174.8055</longitude> <latitude>-38.3039</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>-0.5274</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>122.7095</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_arrow-reverse7</styleUrl> <Point> <altitudeMode>absolute</altitudeMode> <coordinates>174.8057,-38.3036,142.1011</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Marokopa pipeline</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <styleUrl>#msn_ylw-pushpin55</styleUrl> <LineString> <tessellate>1</tessellate> <coordinates> 174.8057,-38.3036,0 174.8051,-38.3031,0 174.8049,-38.3027,0 174.8043,-38.3025,0 174.8038,-38.3024,0 174.8035,-38.3024,0 174.8032,-38.3023,0 174.8027,-38.3021,0 174.8026,-38.3021,0 174.8015,-38.3021,0 </coordinates> </LineString> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Marokopa</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>2004, June? Two 35 kW generators,~300' head? On the Rarataiko stream, tributary to the Kairimu stream, tributary to the Marokopa river well downstream from the Marokopa falls to the ENE and as distinct from Speedies Road to the SSE of the falls. Half-hourly data for MRK = Marokopa starts in June 2004.</description> <styleUrl>#msn_target0001</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>174.8015,-38.3021,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> </Folder> <Placemark> <name>Marsden Point</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>Oil refinery; internal generation.</description> <LookAt> <longitude>174.4862</longitude> <latitude>-35.8343</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>-0.0123</heading> <tilt>4.072997911424133e-012</tilt> <range>12041.6166</range> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target01100</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>174.4925,-35.8424,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Maruia Springs</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>The Maruia Springs hotel and spa generates its own electricity from a nearby stream... 140 kW.</description> <styleUrl>#msn_target0010</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>172.3381,-42.3794,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Mataura Meat</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description><![CDATA[1890. The Southland Frozen Meat Company built works on the site of the previous flour mill (built 1876) by the Mataura falls on the west bank, using the water to drive a 500HP turbine that aside from powering an ammonia refrigeration plant, also drove an electric generator, possibly near here. The Mataura Ensign of the 14'th November 1899 reported that the initial dynamo (for lighting) was to be converted to a motor chiefly for lifting carcases in the new building while a new dynamo of greater capacity will be installed - lighting is to be doubled from 80 to 160 lamps and hot water for the slaughterhouse is to be heated electrically, saving on a special steam boiler.

In 1891 the freezing works in partnership with the Mataura Paper Milll (on the east side of the river) built a weir to increase capacity and in 1893 the paper mill installed a 310HP turbine.

In 1905 power was supplied to Gore, but Mataura itself could not afford a reticulation system. Much muttering amongst Mataurans, until the evening of Saturday, 5'th October 1912.

In 1932 the factory's system was withdrawn from public supply, as that involved a different standard.

Some time later in the third millennium, there are two 800 kW hydro generators, one on each side.

]]></description>

<LookAt> <longitude>168.8700</longitude> <latitude>-46.1911</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>-5.4105</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>1197.6002</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target200</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>168.8706,-46.1910,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Mataura Paper</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description><![CDATA[1893 the Mataura Paper Milll in partnership with the freezing works on the west side of the river built a weir to increase capacity and in 1893 the paper mill installed a second 310HP turbine, possibly near here.

In 1932 the factory's system was withdrawn from public supply, as that involved a different standard.

Some time later in the third millennium, there are two 800 kW hydro generators (one on each side) and a disused 1·875 MW steam turbine on the paper mill site, which closed in 2000.

]]></description>

<LookAt> <longitude>168.8700</longitude> <latitude>-46.1911</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>-5.4105</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>1091.8895</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target22</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>168.8716,-46.1910,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Folder> <name>Matawai</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <Placemark> <name>Matawai Weir</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>Intake for the 2·35 km pipeline.</description> <LookAt> <gx:TimeStamp><when>2013-01-12</when> </gx:TimeStamp> <gx:ViewerOptions> <gx:option name="historicalimagery"></gx:option> <gx:option enabled="0" name="sunlight"></gx:option> <gx:option enabled="0" name="streetview"></gx:option> </gx:ViewerOptions> <longitude>177.6061</longitude> <latitude>-38.4176</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>1.3926</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>519.2468</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_forbidden4</styleUrl> <Point> <altitudeMode>absolute</altitudeMode> <coordinates>177.6056,-38.4182,398.2206</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Matawai</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>2009, 1'st August. 2 MW, 512' head. Two Pelton wheels. Somewhere nearby.</description> <LookAt> <longitude>177.6092</longitude> <latitude>-38.4098</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>-1.2829</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>2402.5400</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target39</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>177.6113,-38.4027,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> </Folder> <Placemark> <name>Matawhero</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>~2010 Portable (shipping container) 1 MW diesel generator, semi-permanently positioned at Matowhero, somewhere around and possibly here.</description> <LookAt> <longitude>177.9592</longitude> <latitude>-38.6716</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>-2.2914</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>94.6159</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target350</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>177.9589,-38.6711,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>McKee</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description><![CDATA[2008, 2 MW, sent forth at 11 kV. This is also vaguely called Mangahewa co-generation. Two piston engines designed to run mostly on "waste" gas that had previously been flared. Exhaust from the engines is used to pre-heat the water needed to process the waxy crude from the well, which generates the "waste" gas. It is unclear from the vague PR blurb whether the hot water supplies 2,000 households, or contains the energy that 2,000 households would use, but given the lack of housing in the area, presumably the latter.

The McKee oil field commenced production in mid-November 1984.

A project for two 50 MW gas turbines was completed in 2012, but is off to the south and not on this site.

]]></description>

<styleUrl>#msn_target2000</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>174.3330,-39.0895,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>McKee</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>2012, 17'th September. Two 50 MW gas turbines, power sent forth at 110KV. This is south of the "McKee production site" which has its own generators (and adjacent substation), including one called McKee.</description> <LookAt> <longitude>174.3359</longitude> <latitude>-39.0981</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>-0.0203</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>1031.4339</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target2002</styleUrl> <Point> <altitudeMode>absolute</altitudeMode> <coordinates>174.3356,-39.0975,144.2222</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Milburn</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <address>Milburn, Otago, New Zealand</address> <description>Prison. Standby diesel generator, somewhere around.</description> <LookAt> <longitude>170.0117</longitude> <latitude>-46.0815</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>-0.0029</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>2696.3337</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target117</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>170.0095,-46.0848,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Milford Sound</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>Multiple diesel backup for the hydro generation plant, plus stand-alone diesels; hot water heated by exhaust.</description> <styleUrl>#msn_target19</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>167.9264,-44.6742,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Milford Sound</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>Somewhere near the Bowen Falls is a 500 kW hydro power station (a Turgo impulse turbine), the main supply for the isolated Milford community.</description> <styleUrl>#msn_target419</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>167.9264,-44.6648,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Mitchells</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <open>1</open> <description>1920? Somewhere around here, a hydro power station for the otherwise unconnected Mitchells accommodation house, that was built in the 1930s as a replacement for Morgan's Hotel that had been built in 1880 or so.</description> <LookAt> <longitude>171.3970</longitude> <latitude>-42.6401</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>0.1411</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>1179.3349</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target0</styleUrl> <Point> <gx:drawOrder>1</gx:drawOrder> <coordinates>171.3985,-42.6394,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Moerangi</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>At the head of a valley eroding into a plateau, by a waterfall.</description> <styleUrl>#msn_target280</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>175.6050,-38.9273,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Folder> <name>Mokauiti</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>Pipeline from a farmer's pond interrupting the Mokauiti stream, a tributary to the Mokau river.</description> <Placemark> <name>Mokauiti weir</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <LookAt> <longitude>174.9692</longitude> <latitude>-38.5520</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>-4.8315</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>311.3634</range> <altitudeMode>relativeToGround</altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_forbidden810</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>174.9697,-38.5515,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Mokauiti pipeline</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <styleUrl>#msn_ylw-pushpin1200</styleUrl> <LineString> <tessellate>1</tessellate> <coordinates> 174.9680,-38.5522,0 174.9651,-38.5525,0 174.9628,-38.5530,0 174.9621,-38.5528,0 </coordinates> </LineString> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Mokauiti</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>1963, 1·295 MW + ·63 MW. 140' head.</description> <styleUrl>#msn_target9160</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>174.9620,-38.5527,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> </Folder> <Placemark> <name>Mokoia</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>2002. Mixing station at Mokoia Road where oil and gas from the Rimu wells is processed. Two 624 kW gas engines run on byproducts for local usage (given limited capacity and unreliable supply from the local network), with surplus sent forth to the 11 kV network. Its code MOK used to be for Mokai.</description> <styleUrl>#msn_target_copy:0_copy59</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>174.3510,-39.6486,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Mokopeka</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description><![CDATA[1892, September 21'st. Manual construction of the dam and 550' long canal by John Chambers and farmhands after studying electricity by correspondence. Originally to supply his farm (and a neighbour's), now a "farm park".

His station used a 14HP Victor turbine operating on a 14' head, and a second-hand 8 kW 110 V DC dynamo originally installed in the St. Pancras Station London for the Midland Railway Line. In 1926 he imported a 17 kW dynamo from Sweden, converting the original dynamo into a motor to drive a water pump. The new equipment included a governor regulating the water flow so that the output voltage was kept steady.

In 1965 after several droughts and increased demand the family finally decided to take supply from the now functional Hawke's Bay Power Board, and relegated their own generation to house heating.

See also http://www.ipenz.org.nz/heritage/itemdetail.cfm?itemid=66

]]></description>

<styleUrl>#msn_target142</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>176.9243,-39.7506,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Folder> <name>Motukawa</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <open>1</open> <description>A weir diverts water from the Manganui river along a canal with tunnels, and with some water pumped up from the Mangaotea stream, on to Lake Ratipiko. Unmarked on the topographic maps, a canal and tunnel conveys water to the Motukawa power house on the Makara stream.</description> <Placemark> <name>Tariki weir</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>Weir on the Manganui river to feed lake Ratapiko and thence Motukawa.</description> <styleUrl>#msn_forbidden10</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>174.2756,-39.2172,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Tariki canal</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>To Lake Ratapiko. Repeated collapse of tunnels has led to conversion to open canals. Also known as the Motukawa Race.</description> <styleUrl>#msn_ylw-pushpin540</styleUrl> <LineString> <tessellate>1</tessellate> <coordinates> 174.2758,-39.2174,0 174.2766,-39.2170,0 174.2789,-39.2171,0 174.2812,-39.2180,0 174.2831,-39.2191,0 174.2833,-39.2193,0 174.2834,-39.2194,0 174.2868,-39.2197,0 174.2900,-39.2195,0 174.2943,-39.2182,0 174.2948,-39.2180,0 174.2950,-39.2180,0 174.2955,-39.2181,0 174.2958,-39.2182,0 174.2968,-39.2188,0 174.2969,-39.2188,0 174.3021,-39.2187,0 174.3054,-39.2172,0 174.3057,-39.2171,0 174.3060,-39.2171,0 174.3061,-39.2170,0 174.3064,-39.2168,0 174.3066,-39.2166,0 174.3066,-39.2164,0 174.3067,-39.2163,0 174.3120,-39.2118,0 174.3119,-39.2116,0 174.3119,-39.2114,0 174.3120,-39.2112,0 174.3122,-39.2111,0 174.3131,-39.2109,0 174.3133,-39.2108,0 174.3133,-39.2105,0 174.3134,-39.2101,0 174.3141,-39.2097,0 174.3149,-39.2094,0 174.3198,-39.2054,0 174.3200,-39.2053,0 174.3201,-39.2052,0 174.3201,-39.2052,0 174.3204,-39.2051,0 </coordinates> </LineString> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Motukawa Race</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>2006, Feb. 200 kW from a small dam in the canal. Somewhere around gere.</description> <LookAt> <longitude>174.3040</longitude> <latitude>-39.1969</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>-2.6274</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>8903.0835</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target107</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>174.3038,-39.2180,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Mangaotea uplift</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>2007. Pumps raise water about ten feet from the Mangaotea stream to the canal on to Lake Ratapiko, whence water flows to the Motukawa power station. In 2005, somewhere along this canal, a 200 kW turbine was installed.</description> <styleUrl>#msn_arrow-reverse</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>174.3063,-39.2170,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Mako dam</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>1928 Earth dam. Converted swampland into Lake Ratpiko plus more swampland.</description> <LookAt> <longitude>174.3324</longitude> <latitude>-39.2094</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>-0.2263</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>403.0165</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_forbidden09</styleUrl> <Point> <altitudeMode>absolute</altitudeMode> <coordinates>174.3323,-39.2093,198.9101</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Motukawa intake</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>Somewhere nearby, surely.</description> <LookAt> <longitude>174.3488</longitude> <latitude>-39.2051</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>-0.1688</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>227.1249</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_arrow-reverse1</styleUrl> <Point> <altitudeMode>absolute</altitudeMode> <coordinates>174.3486,-39.2049,201.3679</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Motukawa pipeline</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>Takes water from lake Ratapiko, by unmarked tunnel.</description> <styleUrl>#msn_ylw-pushpin4500</styleUrl> <LineString> <tessellate>1</tessellate> <coordinates> 174.3486,-39.2049,0 174.3726,-39.1889,0 174.3756,-39.1897,0 174.3807,-39.1865,0 174.3815,-39.1842,0 </coordinates> </LineString> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Motukawa</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>1927, 9'th January, last turbine added in 1938 for 4·5 MW. From a weir (with old powerhouse used during construction, 1923+) on the upper Manganui river near Tariki ( 39°13'8"S 174°16'30"E) by canal and tunnel (converted to canal after collapses) to Lake Ratapiko, thence by unnmarked tunnel (?) to the power house on the Makara stream above its junction with the Waitara river, upstream of Tarata.</description> <styleUrl>#msn_target07</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>174.3816,-39.1839,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> </Folder> <Placemark> <name>Motukiekie</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>2009. 6 kW Lister-Petter diesel generator, used as backup for the wind turbine and solar array, programmed to run at least an hour and a half a day. $11,500. The battery of 24 2V cells cost $11,500 and the inverters $13,000.</description> <LookAt> <longitude>174.2007</longitude> <latitude>-35.2163</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>0.0009</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>395.2197</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target030</styleUrl> <Point> <altitudeMode>absolute</altitudeMode> <coordinates>174.2002,-35.2166,38.4009</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Mount Maunganui Saltworks</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>Dominion Salt generates electricity as a part of its salt refining process, using natural gas as its fuel.</description> <LookAt> <longitude>176.1889</longitude> <latitude>-37.6537</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>-2.0368</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>183.8950</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target1800</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>176.1892,-37.6534,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Nevis?</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description><![CDATA[Fed by a pipeline, a "powerhouse" on a hillside as shown on the topographic map has a power line to the Ben Nevis farmstead. Across the river, gold dredge tailing mounds are indicated, worked from the late 1890s to late 1930s. Numerous old water races and pipelines wander about the hills nearby, 80+ miles in 1866.

In 1925 the electric-powered Earnscleugh No.3 gold dredge ceased working the Earnscleugh Flats and was dismantled and carried over the Carrick Range (!) to be reassembled on the upper Nevis river, resuming work in difficult conditions (especially in winter!) in 1928. In 1934 the power plant was converted to diesel and was to be sold in 1936 but the very severe winter of 1937 sank the barge so the sale proceeded in parts. The McLean brothers continued their mining via tunnels, finally giving up in the 1960s.

Since the 1960s there has been talk of damming the Nevis river for perhaps 45 MW.

]]></description>

<styleUrl>#msn_target517</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>168.9772,-45.1775,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Ngahere?</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>Generation from somewhere along Red Jack's Creek to the gold dredge by Ngahere; surplus to the grid.</description> <styleUrl>#msn_target_copy1201</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>171.4656,-42.4169,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Ngatamariki</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>2013, September. 100 MW geothermal from four 25 MW ORMAT systems, nominally, but 87·5 MW is the maximum output so far. The surface hot springs are 2·5 km off to the WNW.</description> <LookAt> <longitude>176.1949</longitude> <latitude>-38.5477</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>-0.9430</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>608.7713</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target</styleUrl> <Point> <gx:drawOrder>1</gx:drawOrder> <coordinates>176.1955,-38.5467,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Ngawha</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description><![CDATA[1998, June of 10 MW from two units, a further 15 MW in August 2008. Geothermal heat at 230°C boils pentane which is condensed via air-based coolers. Aside from high boron and mercury levels, this field is notable for the larger than usual emission of "non-condensing" gases - about a quarter of the CO₂ that would be emitted by a gas turbine of equivalent generation. Not marked on NZ topographical maps...]]></description> <styleUrl>#msn_target122000</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>173.8521,-35.4175,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Normanby</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <open>1</open> <description><![CDATA[1903. The dam marked on the topographic map is a remnant of this station, which ceased operation after a flood in 1967 - the tail race was blocked and then the power house was flooded. (The Alchemy of the Engineer) The third generator survives at the Museum of Transport and Technology, Auckland. The others were sold for scrap.

The weir is twenty feet high and diverted water for a tunnel through the narrow neck of a second-order river meander for a fall of sixty feet and 7-800HP from three turbines. The smooth-overflow weir is used by "dam droppers". The Waingongoro river is not the Waingongoro stream of the Kourarau power scheme in the Wairarapa.

1930s - new powerhouse and raised weir giving more storage and more head for greater generation capacity. Details would be good.

15/7/2008: an article in the Taranaki Daily News reports on proposals to recommission the scheme by Normanby Power Generators Ltd. In 2010, reconstruction has started.

2015, rebuilt as a 1 MW station, or maybe 1·5 MW. No details...

]]></description>

<styleUrl>#msn_target3</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>174.2350,-39.5231,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Oban SIESA</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description><![CDATA[Possibly near here by the village it serves is the Stewart Island Electricity Supply Authority's collection:

320 kW Caterpillar 3406

208 kW × 2 Caterpillar 3408

360 kW Detroit Diesel series 60

550 kW Detroit Diesel, standby.

]]></description>

<styleUrl>#msn_target320</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>168.1276,-46.8906,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Okuru</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>375 kW backup generator for Turnbull, which supplies the isolated Haast community. Somewhere nearby. All the larger consumers (hotels, motor camp, Jackson's bay fishery) have their own emergency generators as well.</description> <styleUrl>#msn_target1320</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>168.8997,-43.9090,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Omanawa Falls</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description><![CDATA[1915 October 2nd, 100' head. First power to Tauranga Borough. Earliest underground power station in N.Z., in the south bank of the river. 150 kW (increased to 650 kW in 1921 with a replacement turbine, from the Karangahake goldmine, head increased to 110') supplying at 11 kV.

Pro-electric propaganda persuaded Mr. R.S. Ready who was having a house built in 1915 to omit all chimneys and thus become the owner of the first "all electric" home in New Zealand. Plus a guarantee that his hot water service would not cost more than six pounds a year.

Decommissioned 1998. The topographic map shows a power line (poles) to the falls, yet it too is presumably also decommissioned. And then enthusiast Jim Berryman revived the station, which resumed operation November 2008.

]]></description>

<LookAt> <longitude>176.0891</longitude> <latitude>-37.8488</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>26.5289</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>998.4789</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target009</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>176.0891,-37.8467,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Folder> <name>Onekaka</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description><![CDATA[Bryan Leyland's pet hydro power project!

The Onekaka Iron & Steel Company was formed in 1920 with the first smelting in April 1922. As part of an expansion to include a pipeworks a 350 kW hydro power station was built in 1930, though not using their own pipe. With the abandonment of mining, generation was supplied to the Golden Bay Electric Power Board, until the Cobb station was enlarged in the 1940s, whereupon in 1954 the power station was dismantled and sent to the Solomon Islands...

]]></description>

<Placemark> <name>Onekaka dam</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>1930. A dam is marked on the topographic map, and this might be the place. The pipeline to the power station was 4100' long so it should be nearby. The headpond had filled with silt, which was dug out for the reactivation.</description> <LookAt> <longitude>172.6877</longitude> <latitude>-40.7822</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>7.7110</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>95.1643</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_forbidden28</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>172.6877,-40.7820,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Onekaka penstock</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>Approximate route.</description> <styleUrl>#msn_ylw-pushpin3700</styleUrl> <LineString> <tessellate>1</tessellate> <coordinates> 172.6878,-40.7819,0 172.6881,-40.7819,0 172.6885,-40.7819,0 172.6886,-40.7818,0 172.6888,-40.7817,0 172.6890,-40.7817,0 172.6893,-40.7819,0 172.6897,-40.7820,0 172.6899,-40.7822,0 172.6906,-40.7820,0 172.6914,-40.7824,0 172.6919,-40.7824,0 172.6924,-40.7822,0 172.6931,-40.7809,0 172.6940,-40.7799,0 172.6944,-40.7792,0 172.6947,-40.7788,0 172.6947,-40.7787,0 172.6948,-40.7786,0 172.6950,-40.7785,0 172.6952,-40.7784,0 172.6953,-40.7783,0 172.6955,-40.7783,0 172.6956,-40.7783,0 172.6957,-40.7782,0 172.6958,-40.7782,0 172.6959,-40.7781,0 172.6960,-40.7780,0 172.6960,-40.7779,0 172.6961,-40.7778,0 172.6962,-40.7775,0 172.6962,-40.7774,0 172.6963,-40.7771,0 172.6964,-40.7769,0 172.6966,-40.7767,0 172.6968,-40.7766,0 172.6974,-40.7765,0 172.6977,-40.7764,0 172.6981,-40.7762,0 </coordinates> </LineString> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Onekaka, revived</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description><![CDATA[2003. The new 930 kW power station was rebuilt adjacent to the old using two Pelton wheels from Tuai which has almost the same 690' head. They had been used during the construction of the station, then later for auxiliary power. One wheel was rebuilt and should manage 89% efficiency while delivering 520 kW. The second is unchanged as it operates only about 25% of the time, at about 80% efficiency.

Local power was provided by a 120 W solar cell, but it proved inadequate in winter to supply the 6 W load of the controls and radio. A two-jet Pelton driving a "Smart Drive" washing machine motor delivers a reliable 80 W.

The initial connection to the 11 kV network limited output to about 400 kW (raising the line voltage from ~10·7 to 11·4 kV), and that only when nearby farmers were running their milking sheds, otherwise 250 kW. After upgrading to a 33 KV connection (24/4/2004), full power can be sent forth without troublesome voltage rise.

]]></description>

<styleUrl>#msn_target17</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>172.6980,-40.7761,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Onekaka tailrace</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <styleUrl>#msn_ylw-pushpin2710</styleUrl> <LineString> <tessellate>1</tessellate> <coordinates> 172.6981,-40.7759,0 172.6981,-40.7759,0 172.6981,-40.7759,0 172.6982,-40.7759,0 172.6983,-40.7758,0 172.6983,-40.7758,0 172.6984,-40.7758,0 172.6984,-40.7758,0 172.6985,-40.7758,0 172.6985,-40.7757,0 172.6985,-40.7757,0 </coordinates> </LineString> </Placemark> </Folder> <Folder> <name>Opuha</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <Placemark> <name>Opuha rebuilt</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <open>1</open> <description><![CDATA[1999 November, 7·5 MW from 15 tonnes/second flow and a head of 160' with a second small dam and reservoir downstream to reduce fluctuations in water flow as full-power generation involves too much, thus generation is usually limited to bursts of a few hours at a go. There is a requirement for a minimum water release to maintain flow in the Opuha river that previously ran dry, thus encouraging fish but also weed growth. Extra water is released to allow for irrigation offtake (directly or via extraction from gravel beds linked to the river) from the Opuha or Opihi river to which it is a tributary. Electricity generation comes last.

Construction began in 1996 and was nearly completed when the dam was overwhelmed by floodwater, ~1a.m. 6'th February 1997. The resulting surge caused a lot of damage downstream, but (only just) no loss of life. Reconstruction began in early 1998, and the dam was commissioned in November 1999, though irrigation uptake was slow. Then on the 13'th January 2001 the washout weir washed out. Further excitement was provided by a fire in November 2003 that ruined the equipment, then on the 17'th May 2009 there was another washout! Further adventures are anticipated...

A previous Google Earth image showed what looked like the generator house at 44° 0'10.00"S, 170°53'30.00"E (that position is now obscured by cloud) while to the SSE is a weir.

Generation departs via a 33 kV line to Fairlie and thence to the national grid at Albury, but Albury's capacity of 5-6 MW limits feedback to the grid; if local load is insufficient, the generation may be restricted. The station cannot start without local power. Operation gives priority to irrigation water storage, plus minimum downstream flow requirements.

]]></description>

<styleUrl>#msn_target0041</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>170.8913,-43.9999,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Opuha weir</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description><![CDATA[Produces a small reservoir downstream of the main dam: surges in outflow as through full-power generation can be held so that the ultimate downriver flow is much less variable. Subsequent irrigation offtake can remain steady and not miss out on water in passing surges in flow as they are mild.]]></description> <LookAt> <longitude>170.8988</longitude> <latitude>-44.0121</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>2.1715</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>2923.9259</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_forbidden16</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>170.8992,-44.0123,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> </Folder> <Folder> <name>Opunake</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <Placemark> <name>Opunake canal</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>A weir by the intake?</description> <styleUrl>#msn_ylw-pushpin73</styleUrl> <LineString> <tessellate>1</tessellate> <coordinates> 173.8670,-39.4571,0 173.8666,-39.4569,0 173.8654,-39.4571,0 173.8653,-39.4573,0 173.8651,-39.4576,0 173.8649,-39.4577,0 </coordinates> </LineString> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Opunake intake</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>This looks to be the place.</description> <LookAt> <longitude>173.8597</longitude> <latitude>-39.4583</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>-1.348157615605348e-011</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>368.5211</range> <altitudeMode>relativeToGround</altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_arrow-reverse41</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>173.8603,-39.4581,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Opunake pipeline</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <styleUrl>#msn_ylw-pushpin9020</styleUrl> <LineString> <tessellate>1</tessellate> <coordinates> 173.8602,-39.4581,0 173.8588,-39.4585,0 173.8587,-39.4585,0 </coordinates> </LineString> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Opunake</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>1923, 11'th September inauguration. A canal takes water from the Waiaua river to Lake Opunake, penstocks to (just north of) the power house thence a tunnel and tailrace to the beach. Head ~60'. A 365 kW generator was commissioned on the 23'rd of April 1996.</description> <styleUrl>#msn_target191</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>173.8587,-39.4586,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> </Folder> <Folder> <name>Paerau</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <open>1</open> <description>A weir on the upper Taiere river produces a reservior whose waters are diverted via canals tunnels and pipelines down to the Paerau power station, thence by further canals for irrigation (westwards) or eastwards to the Patearoa power station where the water rejoins the Taiere river. Above the weir the Logan Burn tributary to the Taieri itself has a weir producing a lake (unnamed on the topographic map) by the Great Moss Swamp.</description> <Placemark> <name>Loganburn</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>The Great Moss Swamp and the reservior store water to help maintain minimum flows during summer.</description> <LookAt> <longitude>169.9273</longitude> <latitude>-45.5192</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>0.8871</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>882.3351</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_forbidden04</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>169.9255,-45.5196,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Paerau weir</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>Obstructs the Upper Taiere River as it starts down its gorge.</description> <LookAt> <longitude>169.9542</longitude> <latitude>-45.4052</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>-0.0022</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>1122.0063</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_forbidden14</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>169.9533,-45.4067,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Paerau canal</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>Canal, tunnel, pipeline.</description> <styleUrl>#msn_ylw-pushpin01</styleUrl> <LineString> <tessellate>1</tessellate> <coordinates> 169.9495,-45.4078,0 169.9492,-45.4074,0 169.9491,-45.4070,0 169.9492,-45.4065,0 169.9492,-45.4061,0 169.9485,-45.4054,0 169.9477,-45.4039,0 169.9472,-45.4033,0 169.9471,-45.4030,0 169.9471,-45.4028,0 169.9473,-45.4024,0 169.9487,-45.4004,0 169.9487,-45.4001,0 169.9481,-45.3958,0 169.9481,-45.3955,0 169.9482,-45.3952,0 169.9513,-45.3826,0 169.9513,-45.3821,0 169.9512,-45.3819,0 169.9510,-45.3814,0 169.9506,-45.3811,0 169.9502,-45.3809,0 169.9497,-45.3807,0 169.9492,-45.3805,0 169.9488,-45.3803,0 169.9486,-45.3796,0 169.9484,-45.3771,0 169.9482,-45.3737,0 169.9483,-45.3733,0 169.9486,-45.3729,0 169.9489,-45.3727,0 169.9494,-45.3724,0 169.9497,-45.3721,0 169.9500,-45.3713,0 169.9502,-45.3710,0 169.9507,-45.3707,0 169.9512,-45.3705,0 169.9528,-45.3702,0 169.9533,-45.3695,0 169.9534,-45.3688,0 169.9536,-45.3684,0 169.9538,-45.3681,0 169.9541,-45.3679,0 169.9556,-45.3670,0 169.9543,-45.3644,0 169.9540,-45.3638,0 169.9537,-45.3633,0 169.9536,-45.3629,0 169.9537,-45.3626,0 169.9539,-45.3622,0 169.9543,-45.3614,0 169.9543,-45.3610,0 169.9541,-45.3605,0 169.9524,-45.3560,0 169.9518,-45.3553,0 169.9486,-45.3515,0 169.9447,-45.3489,0 </coordinates> </LineString> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Styx dam</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>More a shoulder for the canal that runs along an embankment, and not on the Styx creek..</description> <LookAt> <longitude>169.9559</longitude> <latitude>-45.3661</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>0.8674</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>1508.5363</range> <altitudeMode>relativeToGround</altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_forbidden180</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>169.9562,-45.3646,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Paerau</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>1984, 10 MW, head ~425'. Together with the 2·25 MW from Patearoa, power heads north to Ranfurly at 66KV.</description> <styleUrl>#msn_target34</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>169.9446,-45.3488,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Paerau tailrace</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <styleUrl>#msn_ylw-pushpin01</styleUrl> <LineString> <tessellate>1</tessellate> <coordinates> 169.9445,-45.3488,0 169.9444,-45.3486,0 169.9447,-45.3475,0 169.9447,-45.3472,0 169.9446,-45.3469,0 169.9445,-45.3467,0 169.9446,-45.3464,0 169.9448,-45.3459,0 </coordinates> </LineString> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Paerau irrigation</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>Water lost to irrigation.</description> <styleUrl>#msn_ylw-pushpin01</styleUrl> <LineString> <tessellate>1</tessellate> <coordinates> 169.9433,-45.3437,0 169.9429,-45.3435,0 169.9423,-45.3433,0 169.9387,-45.3434,0 169.9384,-45.3433,0 169.9329,-45.3421,0 169.9327,-45.3421,0 169.9237,-45.3427,0 169.9211,-45.3428,0 169.9208,-45.3428,0 169.9053,-45.3390,0 169.9050,-45.3389,0 169.9046,-45.3386,0 169.9027,-45.3370,0 169.9013,-45.3362,0 169.9010,-45.3362,0 169.8979,-45.3355,0 169.8976,-45.3354,0 169.8957,-45.3336,0 169.8956,-45.3334,0 169.8952,-45.3328,0 169.8952,-45.3324,0 169.8952,-45.3320,0 169.8952,-45.3317,0 169.8961,-45.3295,0 169.8966,-45.3277,0 </coordinates> </LineString> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Patearoa canal</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>Canal then penstocks.</description> <styleUrl>#msn_ylw-pushpin01</styleUrl> <LineString> <tessellate>1</tessellate> <coordinates> 169.9466,-45.3439,0 169.9473,-45.3416,0 169.9474,-45.3414,0 169.9477,-45.3412,0 169.9479,-45.3410,0 169.9484,-45.3408,0 169.9489,-45.3405,0 169.9493,-45.3400,0 169.9492,-45.3393,0 169.9493,-45.3389,0 169.9495,-45.3388,0 169.9496,-45.3387,0 169.9498,-45.3385,0 169.9502,-45.3384,0 169.9506,-45.3384,0 169.9509,-45.3384,0 169.9515,-45.3384,0 169.9517,-45.3383,0 169.9520,-45.3380,0 169.9520,-45.3377,0 169.9520,-45.3368,0 169.9521,-45.3365,0 169.9523,-45.3363,0 169.9527,-45.3361,0 169.9531,-45.3359,0 169.9535,-45.3359,0 169.9538,-45.3359,0 169.9540,-45.3360,0 169.9546,-45.3362,0 169.9552,-45.3364,0 169.9557,-45.3363,0 169.9564,-45.3359,0 169.9570,-45.3355,0 169.9572,-45.3350,0 169.9582,-45.3329,0 169.9583,-45.3327,0 169.9583,-45.3312,0 169.9582,-45.3299,0 169.9580,-45.3297,0 169.9573,-45.3294,0 169.9570,-45.3291,0 169.9571,-45.3286,0 169.9571,-45.3266,0 169.9567,-45.3264,0 </coordinates> </LineString> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Patearoa</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>1984, 2·25 MW from one generator attached to two turbines. Head ~120', penstocks arriving from the south and crossing the Taieri river. Downcanal of Paerau but usually inactive during summer as water goes to irrigation. 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<Placemark> <name>Papakura</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>2010, three 1 MW gas-fuelled piston engines for power "export", plus an assortment of diesel backup generators and a warehouse with more goodies. Greymouth Power has extended tentacles.</description> <LookAt> <longitude>174.9644</longitude> <latitude>-37.0686</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>9.877308465755171e-006</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>128.2697</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target1101</styleUrl> <Point> <altitudeMode>absolute</altitudeMode> <coordinates>174.9642,-37.0686,18.0201</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Patea</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description><![CDATA[Lake Rotorangi. Construction began in 1979, completed 1984. Leaks pushed the cost overruns so far that "the project will never pay itself off" - D.C. Cook et al., Commercial Section, NZED.

Three 10 MW turbines, plus a 700 kW auxiliary.

]]></description>

<styleUrl>#msn_target47</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>174.5674,-39.5464,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Penrose?</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>Paper recycling, plus gas-fired; steam and electricity for internal and neighbouring use. Somewhere around here.</description> <LookAt> <longitude>174.8170</longitude> <latitude>-36.9232</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>1.3125</heading> <tilt>4.578933736828756e-011</tilt> <range>1720.2593</range> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target6000</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>174.8170,-36.9232,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Folder> <name>Piriaka</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>Two power houses. Three weirs impede the flow of the Wanganui river to the south; a diversion canal then pipe to the station.</description> <Style> <ListStyle> <listItemType>check</listItemType> <bgColor>00ffffff</bgColor> <maxSnippetLines>2</maxSnippetLines> </ListStyle> </Style> <Placemark> <name>Piriaki weir</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <LookAt> <longitude>175.3422</longitude> <latitude>-38.9158</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>0.0005</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>1094.7176</range> <altitudeMode>relativeToGround</altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_forbidden160</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>175.3412,-38.9189,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Piriaki wier</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <LookAt> <longitude>175.3422</longitude> <latitude>-38.9158</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>0.0005</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>1094.7176</range> <altitudeMode>relativeToGround</altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_forbidden140</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>175.3411,-38.9165,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Piriaki weir</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <LookAt> <longitude>175.3422</longitude> <latitude>-38.9158</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>0.0005</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>1094.7176</range> <altitudeMode>relativeToGround</altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_forbidden030</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>175.3407,-38.9176,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Piriaka canal</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>Canal, then pipeline, splitting just before the two power houses.</description> <styleUrl>#msn_ylw-pushpin1700</styleUrl> <LineString> <tessellate>1</tessellate> <coordinates> 175.3407,-38.9161,0 175.3425,-38.9146,0 175.3426,-38.9145,0 175.3427,-38.9142,0 175.3430,-38.9129,0 175.3428,-38.9121,0 </coordinates> </LineString> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Piriaka</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>1924, 1·3 MW + 300 kW, a second 300 kW added in 1971. The penstock splits to supply the two power houses. Head 27'. Possibly also known as the Karioi hydro power scheme, a proposed 12 MW redevelopment, except that is to have a much higher head?</description> <styleUrl>#msn_target717</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>175.3430,-38.9120,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> </Folder> <Placemark> <name>Pitt Island</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>Diesel generator, somewhere on the island.</description> <LookAt> <longitude>-176.4390</longitude> <latitude>-44.1626</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>-7.0906</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>148564.1892</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target30</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>-176.2165,-44.2767,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Poihipi</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description><![CDATA[1996, November. 55 MW, single turbine fed from four dry-steam wells nearby. 850 kW is required to circulate water through the air-cooled condenser, with a further 900 kW for fans, so ~53 MW nett. Condensate is re-injected, gases vented. Not named on the topographic map. The original design involved two 23 MW refurbished Elliot turbine-generators but late in the design these were abandoned in favour of a newer Fuji 55 MW system (with direct-contact condensor) completed for the Geysers geothermal field in the U.S.A. by the state of California, but never run. Despite the cost of conversion from the U.S.A. standard of 60 cycles/sec. to the N.Z. standard of 50 cycles/sec. the resulting project was much cheaper than using new equipment. (Utilisation of Second-Hand Plant to Reduce Capital Investment and Project Lead Times, Minoru Frederiksens et al., 2000)

Steam supply constraints limited full power to about fourteen hours a day, with only about 3 MW at night. All other geothermal stations are typically run at constant full power. This unusual operating pattern attracted analysis, as in Optimised Numerical Modelling of Production from the Poihipi Dry Steam Zone: Wairakei Geothermal System by Sadiq J. Zarrouk et al, 2006.

Initial maximum power levels soon fell from ~43 MW to 30 MW due to a shortage of steam. In 2001 Contact applied for fresh consents (for both Wairakei and Poihipi) which were granted in 2004 but appealed against by the Taupo Council (concerned over land subsidence) and others. In 2007, approval was gained, so with access to more steam (from the whole field, not just that under the McLachlan's land) generation attained 50 MW, full time.

The station has had an extraordinarily contentious history. In the beginning, Alistair McLachlan and his wife Ava Marie ran a sheep farm for their Waituruturu trust, but also a greenhouse to grow roses and orchids in "artificial monsoon" conditions enabled by geothermal heat: approximately two square kilometres of their land overlay the Wairakei geothermal field. Their Waituruturu trust joined with Mercury Network (wholly-owned subsidiary of Mercury Energy) to form a joint venture, Mercury Geotherm Limited, (33% owned by the McLauchlans, or 49% according to the N.Z. Herald of Tuesday 11'th January 2005) and Poihipi Land Limited, wholly owned by MGL. Some land was for the power station, the rest remained as farmland.

Litigation started in 1989 between the Electricity Corporation of New Zealand and Geotherm Energy Limited (owned by the Waituruturu Trust), challenging ECNZ's entitlement to draw geothermal fluid from the Wairakei field and in 1990 GEL applied to take 44,000 tonnes/day for their new power station, to be named Poihipi, but was granted only 10,000 tonnes/day. ECNZ objected because of their need for the Wairakei power station. A report describing this need was not made available to GEL, despite applications and in frustration, GEL applied to declare the ECNZ "anti-competitive" and using their dominant market position to deter advisors, service providers, customers, financiers and investors from dealing with GEL, as well as making baseless statutory applications to hinder GEL's planning applications, and that the ECNZ intended to prevent GEL from supplying power to Electrical Supply Authorities.

By 1996 the power station was built. MGL attempted to apply for additional consents allowing the discharge of contaminants to the air, but the Ngati Rauhopu hapu appealed due to inadequate consultation. An application to commence usage was rejected because it was MGL's error in deciding to complete the station before securing all necessary consents, but a priority hearing was allowed. Ngati Rauhoto sought to relitigate the power station consent, but were estopped as having already accepted the use of geothermal fluid. Costs of $700,000 were awarded against Ngati Rauhotu.

Immediately after consents were granted, it became clear that the deep liquid steam wells did not provide sufficient fluid. As well, changes to the electricity pricing scheme made it less profitable for Mercury Network to buy power from the station. MGL wrote the value of the plant down to $50,000,000 and could not cover the debenture of $80,000,000, thus the call for the appointing of receivers for MGL and PLL, but the McLauchlans obtained an interim injunction against this. Meanwhile, the Electricity Corporation had been dissolved and the Wairakei power plant was now owned by Contact Energy Limited, who had applied for consent to reinject used fluid as part of their new low-temperature plant to be added to the main Wairaki stations, thus reducing their dumping into the Waikato river. MGL objected because this reinjection of low-temperature fluid (much cooler than that already being re-injected) would be detrimental to their Poihipi plant. But in December 1998 Judge Whiting held that Contact's existing (inherited) consents allowed for reinjection at any temperature and consequently, receivers were appointed for MGL and PLL, who decided to sell the Poihipi power plant and the leased land to Contact.

The McLachlans responded with litigation on two fronts: suing Mercury Energy (by then split, into retail activity still called Mercury Energy but taken over by Mighty River Power, while the line network business became Vector) for faults that led to the failure of the joint venture (claiming $400,000,000), and, denying that the land had been properly sold to Contact as the McLaughlans (the pre-MGL owners) had arranged for the right of first refusal should that land be sold. Multiple entanglements, reaching to the Privy Council ensued.

In a deed of settlement in 2006, the McLauchlans abandoned damages proceedings and further arguments over the lease. This however triggered more reverberations in the workings (or not) of the lease but the High Court held that arguments based on an implied term, rectification, mistake, estoppel, and relief against forfeiture were rejected, and that the lease was void for having an uncertain term of application.

Thus, the "right of first refusal" did not in fact protect the McLauchlans, and, Contact retains a competitive advantage. Details in Climate Change Law, Simon Schofield, 2014.

The web page http://www.contactenergy.co.nz/aboutus/shared/powerstations merely states "The Poihipi Road power station was commissioned in 1997 and was bought by Contact in 2000."

In 2004, the McLachlans secured resource consent for a second Poihipi power station just over a kilometre SSE and again encountered objection from Contact.

]]></description>

<styleUrl>#msn_target122001</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>176.0417,-38.6303,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Poihipi 2</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description><![CDATA[On land remaining to Alistair McLachlan a second power station was begun, possibly to employ the two 23 MW refurbished Elliot turbine-generators that had been the initial design for their first Poihipi power station. In 2004 their Geotherm Group secured resource consent in 2004, despite objection from Contact to the resource application and water rights. (N.Z. Herald, Tuesday 17'th January 2006) Geotherm sought to buy five lots of farmland (2,500 acres) to use some for extraction and re-injection, but Contact sought to bid on Lot D, and, as an overseas-owned company, sought an exemption from the Overseas Investment Act that would require advertisement before sale to give N.Z. residents first opportunity to buy.

Good discharge from the first test well , August 2006. Site activity visible in a satellite image of May 2006... Two years for construction.

In Receivership from the 15'th December 2006, Liquidation 20 July 2012.

Mr. McLachlan died in July 2012.

]]></description>

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The station ran until a "flashover" in 1981 ruined the generator. In August 1982 the Tasman Electric Power Board agreed that the Pupu Hydro Society could restore the scheme, but the board would retain ownership of the equipment. Power generation resumed in 1987 and the society bought ownership in 1990.

]]></description>

<styleUrl>#msn_target162</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>172.7375,-40.8552,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Pupu water race</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>Guessed path of the water race, that continues past the penstock down to the power station to "The Bubu" where gold was sought.</description> <styleUrl>#msn_ylw-pushpin1130</styleUrl> <LineString> <tessellate>1</tessellate> <coordinates> 172.7213,-40.8516,0 172.7223,-40.8519,0 172.7234,-40.8521,0 172.7243,-40.8522,0 172.7250,-40.8522,0 172.7256,-40.8523,0 172.7264,-40.8525,0 172.7279,-40.8528,0 172.7290,-40.8531,0 172.7297,-40.8536,0 172.7302,-40.8542,0 172.7303,-40.8544,0 172.7305,-40.8546,0 172.7309,-40.8546,0 172.7314,-40.8547,0 172.7321,-40.8542,0 172.7330,-40.8541,0 172.7337,-40.8541,0 172.7344,-40.8541,0 172.7351,-40.8542,0 172.7357,-40.8541,0 172.7360,-40.8541,0 172.7365,-40.8542,0 172.7370,-40.8542,0 172.7375,-40.8542,0 </coordinates> </LineString> </Placemark> </Folder> <Placemark> <name>Raetihi</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>1920 or earlier? Possible expansion with river diversion in ~1982? Presumably here. 220 kW, head ~260'. The square head pond is off to the south east.</description> <styleUrl>#msn_target91</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>175.2708,-39.3697,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Rameka?</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>165 kW somewhere nearby. Up to half the flow is channelled uderground 850 metres from the intake. Private supply for the "Skytops Community Centre" only atop the ridge. It is disputed that dispute prevented construction of a connection to the grid.</description> <LookAt> <longitude>172.8560</longitude> <latitude>-40.9144</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>0.0733</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>1779.2114</range> <altitudeMode>relativeToGround</altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target_copy29</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>172.8587,-40.9102,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Folder> <name>Rangitata</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description><![CDATA[1937, April, construction commenced with pick and shovel, later machinery was used. The water race was compled in 1944. Irrigation in summer, and hydro power in winter.

See also http://www.ipenz.org.nz/heritage/itemdetail.cfm?itemid=76

]]></description>

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Water is supplied by a canal from the intake on the Rangitata river as part of an irrigation scheme. Montalto station operates on a seven metre drop early in the canal's path. The canal continues via siphons under the Hinds river (South and North branches) and onwards to Highbank with much offtake along the way for irrigation, etc..</description> <styleUrl>#msn_target166</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>171.3390,-43.8004,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>South Ashburton</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>Canal water passes under the South Ashburton river, but as it has not cut deeply into the alluvial outwash plain, a low weir is enough to divert some of the flow (up to seven tonnes/second is allowed) into the canal, whose capacity is thirty tonnes/second.</description> <LookAt> <longitude>171.4108</longitude> <latitude>-43.7232</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>0.9191</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>131.7089</range> <altitudeMode>relativeToGround</altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_arrow-reverse61</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>171.4105,-43.7232,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Highbank</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description><![CDATA[1945, 8'th June, 25·2 MW, 330' head. Far end of an irrigation scheme.

In December 2010 a pumping station started operation: it reverses the power station by consuming electricity to pump water up from the Rakaia river into the irrigation system. In 2012 there is a plan to double the capacity of this pump, to eight tons a second.

]]></description>

<styleUrl>#msn_target220</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>171.7356,-43.5733,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> </Folder> <Placemark> <name>Riverlands</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>Standby diesel, somewhere off Liverpool Street in the Riverland Industrial Estate. Three 180 kW units, each separately owned and operated by the three adjacent wineries: Jackson Estate, South Pacific Cellars, Mud House wines. Originally acquired for security of supply, and peak trimming during the one month a year of high usage.</description> <LookAt> <longitude>174.0099</longitude> <latitude>-41.5340</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>0.0288</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>864.3833</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target0013</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>174.0093,-41.5326,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Rochfort</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <open>1</open> <description>2013 revival by Kawatiri Energy of the Fairdown power system, somewhere nearby. 4·2 MW from 1360' head and a peak flow of 1·2 tonnes/second. New penstock route of 1·9 km. This time, water is to be diverted into the lake Rochfort catchment via HDPE pipelines as well as historic diversion channels, notably from the Whareatea river that drains and incises the Denniston plateau NE. There is also a proposal for a coal/water slurry pipeline that would parallel this route, on the way to the Fairdown rail depot.</description> <LookAt> <longitude>171.7127</longitude> <latitude>-41.7548</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>1.5225</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>1265.5010</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target5</styleUrl> <Point> <gx:drawOrder>1</gx:drawOrder> <coordinates>171.7081,-41.7544,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Folder> <name>Roaring Meg</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>This scheme is on a tributary to the Kawerau river. There is also a Roaring Meg from which water was diverted through a tunnel to the Blackball creek for gold sluicing, and another Roaring Meg in the Tararua ranges that remains unmessed with.</description> <Placemark> <name>Roaring Meg</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>1947. Dam with small lake in a steep, narrow valley with storage sufficient for a day. Nearby. A pipeline runs down to the upper station, then a second pipeline continues to the lower. The route on the topographic map is not specific on how the pipeline crosses side gullies, and the satellite image is obscured by cloud...</description> <styleUrl>#msn_forbidden20</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>169.0521,-44.9736,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Roaring Meg - Upper</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>1947, July 250 kW, head 450' from the upper dam. The generator failed in 1963 and was replaced by a 500 kW generator, then in 1991 a second generator was added (and a replacement, larger, pipeline) to give 500 + 750 KW.</description> <styleUrl>#msn_target023</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>169.0603,-44.9847,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Roaring Meg - Lower</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description><![CDATA[1936, 19'th March. Two Pelton wheels to two 850 kW generators, head 1,000'. In 1989 one of the two generators (now deemed 1 MW each) was upgraded to a 2 MW generator for 3 MW total.

In November 1999 the power station was inundated by a flood on the Kawerau river; all equipment was ruined if not lost. The generators and turbines could be repaired. Replacement was completed in mid 2000.

]]></description>

<styleUrl>#msn_target145</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>169.0705,-45.0015,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> </Folder> <Placemark> <name>Rotokawa 1</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description><![CDATA[1997, September, 30 MW gross, 24 MW nett. Not marked on the topographic map. Unusually hot and high-pressure steam (320°C, ~70 atmospheres if a well is closed) drives the 15 MW steam turbine whose exhaust boils isopentane for two ORMAT generators (4 - 6·5 MW each, depending on the air temperature), with hot brine from the steam separator heating a third. Higher temperature also means more dissolved silica, so the steam separation pressure is maintained at 20-25 atmospheres to reduce scaling... Despite the nearby Waikato river, all air-cooled, with reinjection of waste fluid. A lot of power is required for pumps and fans (air cooled) so the 24 MW is what emerges to the outside world, rather than the 30 MW that is generated within the station.

2002 December, ~34 MW via a fourth ORMAT (?)

]]></description>

<styleUrl>#msn_target122000</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>176.1936,-38.6124,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Rotokawa 2</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>2010, 18'th January, 132 MW, one three-stage steam turbine. The turbine is rated at 140 MW, but there are two 1·4 MW pumps for the condensate - cooling system: all geothermal fluid is re-injected. Called Nga Awa Purua (also, Taonga) and half owned by the Tauhara No.2 trust and Mighty River Power, as distinct from the Tauhara geothermal power stations to the south owned by Contact.</description> <LookAt> <gx:TimeStamp><when>2012-04-13</when> </gx:TimeStamp> <gx:ViewerOptions> <gx:option name="historicalimagery"></gx:option> <gx:option enabled="0" name="sunlight"></gx:option> <gx:option enabled="0" name="streetview"></gx:option> </gx:ViewerOptions> <longitude>176.1843</longitude> <latitude>-38.6140</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>-0.5195</heading> <tilt>0.2111</tilt> <range>547.7952</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target1</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>176.1839,-38.6141,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Rotorua</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>N.Z. Forest Research Institute, now owned by SCION, employed geothermal heat up to the "Bore War" of the mid-1980s, which forced a conversion to a gas-fuelled 375 kW turbocharged piston engine (8:1 compression) offering 600 kW of exhaust heat. Alas, in summer, not so much heat is required so in meeting the internal electricity demand much is wasted. An experimental pilot plant has a refiner with a 1.2 MW motor, whose intermittent operation is not popular with the power company.</description> <LookAt> <longitude>176.2651</longitude> <latitude>-38.1618</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>-0.3774</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>127.4594</range> <altitudeMode>relativeToGround</altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target_copy:0_copy53</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>176.2651,-38.1617,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Ruatoria</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>~2010 Portable (shipping container) 1 MW diesel generator, semi-permanently positioned at Ruatoria, presumably here.</description> <LookAt> <longitude>178.3005</longitude> <latitude>-37.9027</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>2.239099102268e-005</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>79.0704</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target1031</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>178.3004,-37.9027,73.0313</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Simeon Quay</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>640 kW diesel, inside the substation but moveable if required.</description> <LookAt> <longitude>172.7164</longitude> <latitude>-43.6039</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>6.432671843259961e-011</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>246.2676</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#m_ylw-pushpin3000</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>172.7163,-43.6031,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Sky City Casino</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>Presumably diesel emergency generator. Let there be no interruption to fools separating themselves from their money.</description> <LookAt> <longitude>174.7620</longitude> <latitude>-36.8484</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>0.0040</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>366.5273</range> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target1350</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>174.7622,-36.8485,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Folder> <name>Speedies Road</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <open>1</open> <description>Diversion of the Tawarau river.</description> <Placemark> <name>Intake</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <LookAt> <longitude>174.8605</longitude> <latitude>-38.2831</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>-0.0024</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>793.7553</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_arrow-reverse16</styleUrl> <Point> <altitudeMode>absolute</altitudeMode> <coordinates>174.8599,-38.2813,131.0113</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Pipeline</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>Approximate route.</description> <styleUrl>#msn_ylw-pushpin67</styleUrl> <LineString> <tessellate>1</tessellate> <coordinates> 174.8597,-38.2813,0 174.8586,-38.2808,0 174.8559,-38.2757,0 </coordinates> </LineString> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Speedies Road</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>2011, 14'th June. 2 MW: one generator between twinned Francis turbines, from the Monowai scheme. Misnamed as Speedy's Road by those who have not looked at the topographic map, though that doesn't use apostrophes at all.</description> <LookAt> <gx:TimeStamp><when>2011-08-19</when> </gx:TimeStamp> <gx:ViewerOptions> <gx:option name="historicalimagery"></gx:option> <gx:option enabled="0" name="sunlight"></gx:option> <gx:option enabled="0" name="streetview"></gx:option> </gx:ViewerOptions> <longitude>174.8564</longitude> <latitude>-38.2777</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>118.0356</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>718.9450</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target5001</styleUrl> <Point> <altitudeMode>absolute</altitudeMode> <coordinates>174.8560,-38.2757,55.2420</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> </Folder> <Folder> <name>Talla Burn</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <Placemark> <name>Talla Burn intake</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <LookAt> <longitude>169.5388</longitude> <latitude>-45.7408</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>-0.5301</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>161.5810</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_arrow-reverse2</styleUrl> <Point> <altitudeMode>absolute</altitudeMode> <coordinates>169.5387,-45.7406,331.0401</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Talla Burn canal</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>Canal then pipeline.</description> <styleUrl>#msn_ylw-pushpin200001</styleUrl> <LineString> <tessellate>1</tessellate> <coordinates> 169.5386,-45.7406,0 169.5386,-45.7409,0 169.5385,-45.7409,0 169.5381,-45.7411,0 169.5378,-45.7410,0 169.5375,-45.7410,0 169.5372,-45.7410,0 169.5371,-45.7410,0 169.5370,-45.7408,0 169.5368,-45.7407,0 169.5367,-45.7406,0 169.5366,-45.7404,0 169.5366,-45.7404,0 169.5362,-45.7401,0 169.5361,-45.7401,0 169.5360,-45.7401,0 169.5357,-45.7400,0 169.5355,-45.7400,0 169.5353,-45.7400,0 169.5351,-45.7400,0 169.5349,-45.7401,0 169.5348,-45.7402,0 169.5345,-45.7401,0 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Penstocks from a canal, with no storage. The powerhouse might be drowned if a Clutha river project goes ahead, but could be moved uphill a little.</description> <styleUrl>#msn_target292</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>169.5135,-45.7561,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> </Folder> <Placemark> <name>Tauhara</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>2010, March, 23·4 MW steam and organic vapour turbines, air cooled. Initially called the Centennial Drive power station, then Tauhara One when a second power station (of 250 MW) was planned for the Tauhara steam field, called Tauhara Two. That has not been developed (still farmland), but this station's name has become Te Huka.</description> <LookAt> <gx:TimeStamp><when>2013-03-11</when> </gx:TimeStamp> <gx:ViewerOptions> <gx:option name="historicalimagery"></gx:option> <gx:option enabled="0" name="sunlight"></gx:option> <gx:option enabled="0" name="streetview"></gx:option> </gx:ViewerOptions> <longitude>176.1168</longitude> <latitude>-38.6692</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>-1.1822</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>773.1139</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target13</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>176.1162,-38.6675,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Tauhara 2</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>2012? 2014? A new substation also. 250 MW</description> <LookAt> <longitude>176.1570</longitude> <latitude>-38.6688</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>-1.3314</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>2257.0530</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target0022</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>176.1588,-38.6680,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Te Anau</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>The Te Anau Glowworm caves visitor's site has its electricity generated by a small hydro installation somewhere nearby. It appears to be operated at a steady state, as if the building is too warm, the windows are opened...</description> <LookAt> <longitude>167.7214</longitude> <latitude>-45.2971</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>8.8432</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>1469.9167</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target371</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>167.7268,-45.2947,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Te Araroa</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>~2010 Portable (shipping container) 1 MW diesel generator, semi-permanently positioned at Te Araroa, presumably here.</description> <LookAt> <longitude>178.3517</longitude> <latitude>-37.6399</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>0.0001</heading> <tilt>22.5799</tilt> <range>82.0152</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target211</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>178.3517,-37.6399,5.4422</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Te Awamutu</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>1995, 27 MW. Dairy factory co-generation. Originally coal, then natural gas on the introduction of electricity generation, but can resume coal in the event of a gas supply failure as in October 2011.</description> <styleUrl>#msn_target33</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>175.3109,-38.0036,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Te Marua</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>2009 Te Marua water pumping station. Water arriving from the Kaitoke intake has a head of about 200', so about 250 kW can be generated but is all used internally for other pumping.</description> <LookAt> <longitude>175.1565</longitude> <latitude>-41.0778</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>4.5621</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>338.2823</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target202</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>175.1562,-41.0778,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Te Rapa</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>1991, April: 1·8 MW electricity plus over 2 MW hot water from two natural gas piston engines. Replaced in 1999 by a 44 MW gas turbine & heat co-generation, with some coal usage.</description> <styleUrl>#msn_target442</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>175.2164,-37.7163,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Templeton</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>Women's prison, standby diesel. The chimney to the west is for the diesel-fuelled heating system.</description> <LookAt> <longitude>172.4467</longitude> <latitude>-43.5295</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>-1.6764</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>185.1175</range> <altitudeMode>relativeToGround</altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target_copy40</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>172.4468,-43.5295,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Folder> <name>Teviot river</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description><![CDATA[Gold was discovered in the Teviot river in 1862, prompting the usual surge in hydro works. What remains now combines water storage, irrigation and electricity generation. The first dam licence was issued in 1888, to drown the Dismal Swamp.

For power generation the initial tender was accepted on the 26'th February 1920, for the George power station supplied with water from the Marslin dam. The Teviot Electric Power Board was constituted on the 16'th July 1920, and early estimates of revenue were based on three 60W lights and one "hot point" per residence for four pounds a year, or with six lights for six pounds per year. Previously, electricity had been generated at the Teviot farm, and by the Ladysmith gold-mining company, but not for public supply. In 1957, the area was connected to the national grid.

Various water races/pipelines/earthworks in use or revised or abandoned snake across the landscape. Eventually, five power stations (not counting Lake Onslow at the head which has a 1.8 kW generator only for powering itself) with a sixth, called Kowhai and involving more pipelines, etc. is expected to be running in May 2009.

]]></description>

<Placemark> <name>Lake Onslow</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description><![CDATA[1891 the Dismal Swamp was drowned under Lake Onslow after much dispute over water rights amongst the various gold mining enterprises. This 18' high dam was made from local schist rock cut into blocks.

1894 raised five feet by extra rock courses. Area 1,500 acres.

1933, April, raised three feet by a timber wall, prompted by the dry summer.

1938 a further nine inches of wood - another dry summer.

1957, November, floods wrecked the wood wall and took some stone with it. Concrete replaced stonework and the timber wall was rebuilt.

1982, a new dam drowned the old and raised the lake by fifteen feet, and a concrete-lined tunnel replaced exposed pipeline.

1984 a 1·8 kW generator was installed in the dam, used only to power the control gates and other local equipment.

]]></description>

<styleUrl>#msn_target6</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>169.5920,-45.5506,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Horseshoe Bend dam</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>1999, April. Made of concrete compacted by a roller, the first use in N.Z. of this procedure.</description> <LookAt> <gx:TimeStamp><when>2012-01-08</when> </gx:TimeStamp> <gx:ViewerOptions> <gx:option name="historicalimagery"></gx:option> <gx:option enabled="0" name="sunlight"></gx:option> <gx:option enabled="0" name="streetview"></gx:option> </gx:ViewerOptions> <longitude>169.5040</longitude> <latitude>-45.5419</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>2.3906</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>321.8282</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_forbidden201</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>169.5050,-45.5400,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Horseshoe Bend pipeline</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>Tunnel, then pipe. Approximate route.</description> <styleUrl>#msn_ylw-pushpin3800</styleUrl> <LineString> <tessellate>1</tessellate> <coordinates> 169.5047,-45.5409,0 169.5026,-45.5416,0 169.5023,-45.5419,0 169.5016,-45.5421,0 169.5012,-45.5423,0 169.5005,-45.5421,0 169.4999,-45.5420,0 169.4992,-45.5418,0 169.4988,-45.5417,0 169.4982,-45.5418,0 169.4973,-45.5414,0 169.4947,-45.5411,0 169.4937,-45.5409,0 169.4935,-45.5408,0 </coordinates> </LineString> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Horseshoe Bend</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>1999, May. 4·315 MW, head 280' horizontal axis Francis turbine. One of the five hydro power stations along the Teviot river, this one with a lake and all, but too recent to be shown on the topographic map...</description> <styleUrl>#msn_target15</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>169.4934,-45.5408,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Marslin</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>1982, May.</description> <LookAt> <gx:TimeStamp><when>2011-12-28</when> </gx:TimeStamp> <gx:ViewerOptions> <gx:option name="historicalimagery"></gx:option> <gx:option enabled="0" name="sunlight"></gx:option> <gx:option enabled="0" name="streetview"></gx:option> </gx:ViewerOptions> <longitude>169.3747</longitude> <latitude>-45.5341</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>-0.0639</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>258.5596</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_forbidden5</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>169.3754,-45.5339,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Kowhai?</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description><![CDATA[1935. Built for the Teviot Irrigation Company. Possibly here. Originally, pipes conveyed water to goldmining works, then replaced by a tunnel. But, where to? Possibly to Michelle?

2010, July. Should the river's flow exceed the minimum of 6 tonnes/second despite offtake at Marslin, the excess can now be sent via pipleline to a new power station, Kowhai. Or is it just to the canal downstream of Michelle, as shown on a diagram? It would be good to know.

]]></description>

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169.3315,-45.5396,0 169.3312,-45.5396,0 169.3300,-45.5396,0 169.3298,-45.5395,0 169.3296,-45.5395,0 169.3289,-45.5395,0 169.3286,-45.5395,0 169.3284,-45.5392,0 169.3283,-45.5388,0 169.3281,-45.5385,0 169.3279,-45.5384,0 </coordinates> </LineString> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>George</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description><![CDATA[1924, 27'th March. Originally 2 x 125 kW Francis turbines from the Ladysmith Mining company. In 1926 a third generator of 500 kW was added, and in 1966 the two original turbines were replaced by one 500 kW turbine. In 2002 a refurbishment replaced the two 500 kW by one of 1 MW.

Water from a holding pond drops to George, head 385', then on to Teviot Bridge, head 300'. "First station on the Teviot river"; first chronologically, presumably.

]]></description>

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169.3268,-45.4885,0 169.3267,-45.4885,0 169.3267,-45.4882,0 169.3267,-45.4881,0 169.3266,-45.4879,0 169.3265,-45.4878,0 169.3265,-45.4876,0 169.3266,-45.4875,0 169.3267,-45.4873,0 169.3266,-45.4870,0 169.3266,-45.4869,0 169.3266,-45.4868,0 169.3264,-45.4866,0 169.3263,-45.4865,0 169.3262,-45.4863,0 169.3261,-45.4860,0 169.3261,-45.4859,0 169.3261,-45.4857,0 169.3261,-45.4855,0 169.3260,-45.4853,0 169.3259,-45.4852,0 169.3258,-45.4850,0 169.3258,-45.4849,0 169.3258,-45.4848,0 169.3258,-45.4847,0 169.3259,-45.4847,0 169.3260,-45.4846,0 169.3260,-45.4845,0 169.3259,-45.4845,0 169.3258,-45.4845,0 169.3257,-45.4845,0 169.3255,-45.4844,0 169.3254,-45.4843,0 169.3253,-45.4841,0 169.3254,-45.4838,0 169.3252,-45.4838,0 169.3250,-45.4838,0 </coordinates> </LineString> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Ellis penstock</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <styleUrl>#msn_ylw-pushpin00001</styleUrl> <LineString> <tessellate>1</tessellate> <coordinates> 169.3277,-45.5385,0 169.3274,-45.5389,0 169.3271,-45.5389,0 169.3268,-45.5388,0 169.3266,-45.5387,0 169.3261,-45.5386,0 169.3259,-45.5387,0 169.3253,-45.5388,0 169.3249,-45.5388,0 169.3246,-45.5389,0 169.3239,-45.5388,0 169.3234,-45.5387,0 169.3233,-45.5386,0 169.3229,-45.5381,0 </coordinates> </LineString> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Ellis</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>1972,6·8 MW upgraded to 7·8 MW in 1997, head 675'. Adjacent to the Teviot Bridge power station, receives water direct from the holding pond after Michelle. Two twin Pelton wheels from 1942, previously at Waipori. Also receives water from Marslin via a tunnel bypassing Michelle. (?)</description> <styleUrl>#msn_target115</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>169.3226,-45.5381,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Teviot penstock</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <styleUrl>#msn_ylw-pushpin00001</styleUrl> <LineString> <tessellate>1</tessellate> <coordinates> 169.3333,-45.5402,0 169.3330,-45.5401,0 169.3316,-45.5397,0 169.3315,-45.5397,0 169.3285,-45.5403,0 169.3284,-45.5403,0 169.3248,-45.5401,0 169.3247,-45.5400,0 169.3239,-45.5392,0 169.3238,-45.5391,0 169.3228,-45.5381,0 </coordinates> </LineString> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Teviot Bridge</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>1981, 1·125 MW, head 300'. Fed by pipeline from George.</description> <styleUrl>#msn_target112</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>169.3228,-45.5380,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> </Folder> <Placemark> <name>Tikitere</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>2015? Initially 45 MW? A proposal to construct a geothermal power station, somewhere around here that will not detract from the surface attractions...</description> <LookAt> <longitude>176.3606</longitude> <latitude>-38.0765</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>-0.0008</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>4428.6254</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target201</styleUrl> <Point> <altitudeMode>absolute</altitudeMode> <coordinates>176.3649,-38.0660,320.3580</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Tolaga Bay</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>~2010 Portable (shipping container) 1 MW diesel generator, semi-permanently positioned atTolaga Bay, presumably here.</description> <LookAt> <longitude>178.2929</longitude> <latitude>-38.3719</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>1.0962</heading> <tilt>3.5880</tilt> <range>164.1922</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target181</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>178.2931,-38.3720,31.6362</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Totara Valley</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>2006, January. 2 kW. Somewhere nearby.</description> <styleUrl>#msn_target641</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>176.0574,-40.3907,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Turitea</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>Part of the water supply to Palmerston North, the upper dam. No power station is marked on the topographic map, but it is at the base of the upper dam...</description> <styleUrl>#msn_target3030</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>175.6734,-40.4307,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Folder> <name>Turnbull</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <Placemark> <name>Turnbull intake</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>This looks likely, and there is some sign of a weir in the river too.</description> <LookAt> <longitude>168.9526</longitude> <latitude>-43.9845</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>-0.1173</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>503.2043</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_arrow-reverse14</styleUrl> <Point> <altitudeMode>absolute</altitudeMode> <coordinates>168.9521,-43.9845,137.6735</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Turnbull pipeline</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>Appears to run somewhere nearby.</description> <styleUrl>#msn_ylw-pushpin107</styleUrl> <LineString> <tessellate>1</tessellate> <coordinates> 168.9523,-43.9846,0 168.9529,-43.9845,0 168.9548,-43.9825,0 168.9548,-43.9823,0 168.9548,-43.9822,0 168.9550,-43.9818,0 168.9557,-43.9807,0 168.9558,-43.9805,0 168.9559,-43.9804,0 168.9559,-43.9802,0 168.9558,-43.9795,0 168.9544,-43.9778,0 168.9532,-43.9754,0 168.9530,-43.9750,0 168.9525,-43.9745,0 168.9517,-43.9745,0 168.9512,-43.9742,0 168.9507,-43.9736,0 168.9505,-43.9730,0 </coordinates> </LineString> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Turnbull spillway</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <LookAt> <longitude>168.9515</longitude> <latitude>-43.9742</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>-0.1165</heading> <tilt>5.3005</tilt> <range>294.8877</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_arrow0</styleUrl> <Point> <altitudeMode>absolute</altitudeMode> <coordinates>168.9512,-43.9743,107.0380</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Turnbull</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>800 kW from a head of ~240' depending on whether a canal is used or a pipeline all the way. Supplies the Haast area, which is isolated from the national network. A 375 kW diesel backup is at Okuru. Outflow from the station does not return to the Turnbull river but flows north into a wetland.</description> <styleUrl>#msn_target1460</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>168.9505,-43.9730,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Turnbull tailrace</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>Does not rejoin the river but dribbles away into wetland.</description> <styleUrl>#msn_ylw-pushpin3420</styleUrl> <LineString> <tessellate>1</tessellate> <coordinates> 168.9504,-43.9729,0 168.9504,-43.9728,0 168.9505,-43.9716,0 </coordinates> </LineString> </Placemark> </Folder> <Placemark> <name>Twizel</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>Diesel generator, somewhere around the town.</description> <LookAt> <longitude>170.0959</longitude> <latitude>-44.2654</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>0.0030</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>1275.7062</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target210</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>170.0994,-44.2650,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Folder> <name>Wahapo</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>Pipeline from lake Wahapo to the Ōkārito river.</description> <Placemark> <name>Wahapo</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <styleUrl>#msn_ylw-pushpin630</styleUrl> <LineString> <tessellate>1</tessellate> <coordinates> 170.2443,-43.2531,0 170.2413,-43.2530,0 170.2412,-43.2530,0 170.2410,-43.2530,0 170.2410,-43.2529,0 170.2409,-43.2528,0 170.2400,-43.2494,0 170.2399,-43.2493,0 170.2397,-43.2492,0 170.2383,-43.2487,0 170.2342,-43.2475,0 </coordinates> </LineString> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Wahapo</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description><![CDATA[1960, 90' head. Known as the Ōkārito Forks power station using a generator from the Homer Tunnel construction project.

In 1990, redevelopment to 3·1 MW. Somewhere in the shade.

]]></description>

<styleUrl>#msn_target070</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>170.2341,-43.2475,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> </Folder> <Folder> <name>Waihi</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>Pipeline from Lake Ruapapa? (This is nothing to do with the Waihi town, gold field and its associated dams, lakes, tailings,etc. nor the village of Waihi on the SW shore of lake Taupo) The tail end of the pipeline is visible, but, where is the inlet?</description> <Placemark> <name>Waihi dam</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>Built 1986. Three sluice gates are opened at times of high flow to flush out silt. A storm in September 2015 brought down logs, etc. that damaged the sluice gates, one not closing properly. Repairs completed 23'rd March but silt discharge caused troubles. See http://www.eastland.nz/2016/03/31/waihi-dam-sluice-gate-damage-and-repair/</description> <LookAt> <longitude>177.1605</longitude> <latitude>-38.9331</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>-1.8572</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>1528.6747</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_forbidden</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>177.1607,-38.9298,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Waihi</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>1986, 5 MW, head ~300'. Built by the Wairoa Electric Power Board.</description> <styleUrl>#msn_target199</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>177.1560,-38.9375,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> </Folder> <Folder> <name>Waihopai</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <Placemark> <name>Waihopai dam</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>1928. The lake formed by the concrete arch dam filled with gravel in a decade, as expected. A siphon was intended to maintain a pool at the intake but had to be supplemented by a digger. This also was insufficient; now a sluice has been cut into the dam. The flood of 1927 poured past both sides of the dam, in a treeless landscape.</description> <LookAt> <longitude>173.5729</longitude> <latitude>-41.6643</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>0.0009</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>487.9211</range> <altitudeMode>relativeToGround</altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_forbidden08</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>173.5709,-41.6646,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Waihopai</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>Tunnel, then pipe.</description> <styleUrl>#msn_ylw-pushpin0211</styleUrl> <LineString> <tessellate>1</tessellate> <coordinates> 173.5714,-41.6645,0 173.5731,-41.6644,0 173.5740,-41.6644,0 173.5742,-41.6644,0 </coordinates> </LineString> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Waihopai</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description><![CDATA[1928, 6'th April. 1 MW via two turbines, head 95'. The flood of 1927 passed on both sides of the dam, in a treeless landscape.

In 1996 one turbine was replaced by a 2 MW unit, for a nominal 2·4 MW total.

]]></description>

<styleUrl>#msn_target130</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>173.5742,-41.6644,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> </Folder> <Placemark> <name>Waihopai spy station</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>Standby diesel.</description> <LookAt> <longitude>173.7390</longitude> <latitude>-41.5765</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>-0.1095</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>245.1270</range> <altitudeMode>relativeToGround</altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target1841</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>173.7384,-41.5768,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Wainuiomata</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>2011, October. 300 kW, head ~300', somewhere around here. Long-established treatment plant that takes water via a tunnel from the Orongorongo river. Most power is used internally. The recent decades of power price rises well above inflation and the expectation of more has made this project worthwhile.</description> <LookAt> <longitude>174.9952</longitude> <latitude>-41.2646</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>0.0002</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>1195.5530</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target146</styleUrl> <Point> <altitudeMode>absolute</altitudeMode> <coordinates>174.9956,-41.2646,129.0304</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Waipa</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description><![CDATA[1939. State-funded initiative to demonstrate the milling of pinus radiata. Co-generation from the beginning, burning wood waste. In early 1986 a replacement boiler of 20 MW fired from wood sawdust (even wet), shavings and offcuts (ground to shavings: "hogged"), supplying a 3.5 MW steam turbine - most of the heat is used for kiln drying of the timber. With increasing demand for heat, in 1992 a second 20 MW boiler was added, this one able to burn bark as well that previously had to be disposed of.

The generation runs close to full power most of the time, reducing the mill's demand to about 1 MW. The mill does not operate in the weekends so more power could be sold, but the prices available are not always worthwhile. The connection line can only manage 2 MW, so failure of the generator restricts mill operation.

]]></description>

<LookAt> <longitude>176.2704</longitude> <latitude>-38.1825</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>-0.0038</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>165.0504</range> <altitudeMode>relativeToGround</altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target62</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>176.2706,-38.1827,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Waipa</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <open>1</open> <description>2010, 9 MW, approximately. Started by Mighty River Power in 2006, taken over by Renewable Power in 2010.</description> <LookAt> <longitude>175.3791</longitude> <latitude>-38.4287</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>-0.7375</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>354.1353</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target20</styleUrl> <Point> <gx:drawOrder>1</gx:drawOrder> <coordinates>175.3793,-38.4288,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Wairakei Road</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>Christchurch Airport, maintenance depot. Standby diesel.</description> <LookAt> <longitude>172.5463</longitude> <latitude>-43.4852</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>-1.7792</heading> <tilt>3.05171807294064e-011</tilt> <range>1132.2012</range> <altitudeMode>relativeToGround</altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target_copy1105</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>172.5467,-43.4849,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Wairere Falls</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>1925 with one 490 kW turbine, three more in 1938 and later. 4·5 MW from 65' head.</description> <styleUrl>#msn_target054</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>175.0082,-38.5316,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Wairoa</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>Part of the water supply. Presumably the generation is at the base of the inlet tower, as at Mangatangi, which also has algae exuberance.</description> <styleUrl>#msn_target_copy293</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>175.1194,-37.1030,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Folder> <name>Wairua</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>Not Wairoa, even though the site is in the area of the Northern Wairoa Hydro Electric Power Board.</description> <LookAt> <longitude>174.0753</longitude> <latitude>-35.7509</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>-2.173408187417983e-010</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>1902.8545</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <Placemark> <name>Wairua dam</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>Just downstream a gully is eroding back into the local plateau at Wairua falls, also known as Omiru falls.</description> <LookAt> <longitude>174.0839</longitude> <latitude>-35.7452</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>-0.0094</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>481.3601</range> <altitudeMode>relativeToGround</altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_forbidden01</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>174.0843,-35.7445,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Wairua canal</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <styleUrl>#msn_ylw-pushpin10300</styleUrl> <LineString> <tessellate>1</tessellate> <coordinates> 174.0839,-35.7442,0 174.0833,-35.7445,0 174.0790,-35.7464,0 174.0763,-35.7475,0 174.0752,-35.7480,0 174.0744,-35.7485,0 174.0735,-35.7492,0 174.0709,-35.7515,0 174.0703,-35.7520,0 174.0698,-35.7526,0 174.0663,-35.7571,0 174.0676,-35.7575,0 </coordinates> </LineString> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Wairua</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>1916, 2 MW, commissioned by the Dominion Portland Cement Company, subsequently expanded to 3 MW. Head ~100'. Now possibly 5 MW.</description> <styleUrl>#msn_target133</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>174.0676,-35.7575,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> </Folder> <Placemark> <name>Waitahinga</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <open>1</open> <address>Rangitatau East Rd, Wanganui, 4578, New Zealand</address> <description>1905 dam on the Okehu stream for water supply to Whaganui until 2002. Since ~2010 used for Wanganui Valley Hydro's 250 kW (or 500 kW?) generator, fed from a one-week storage lake and a head of 520'.</description> <LookAt> <longitude>174.9379</longitude> <latitude>-39.7524</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>-0.4502</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>637.3740</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target7</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>174.9382,-39.7512,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Waitakere</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <open>1</open> <description>Part of the water supply. Pipeline down from the Waitakere reservoir (36°53'59"S 174°31'44"E), to a pressure reduction station. 50 kW.</description> <styleUrl>#msn_target42</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>174.5554,-36.8923,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Waitangi</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>75 KW in the fish factory.</description> <LookAt> <longitude>-176.5615</longitude> <latitude>-43.9514</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>-6.7884</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>503.1969</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#m_ylw-pushpin1000000</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>-176.5622,-43.9501,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Waitoa</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>1903 dairy factory. Co-generation began somewhat later, somewhere around here. Originally coal, then natural gas but can resume coal in the event of a gas supply failure as in October 2011. In 2016 there was vague mention of 4·4 MW generator.</description> <styleUrl>#msn_target400</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>175.6300,-37.5989,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Folder> <name>Waitui</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <Placemark> <name>Waitui</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <open>1</open> <description>Intake and small pond, somewhere nearby.</description> <LookAt> <longitude>172.8089</longitude> <latitude>-41.0579</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>0.0021</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>477.8259</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_arrow-reverse3</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>172.8084,-41.0579,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Waitui pipeline</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <open>1</open> <description>Approximate path.</description> <styleUrl>#m_ylw-pushpin1100</styleUrl> <LineString> <tessellate>1</tessellate> <coordinates> 172.8085,-41.0578,0 172.8101,-41.0576,0 172.8104,-41.0554,0 172.8102,-41.0542,0 172.8103,-41.0532,0 172.8107,-41.0529,0 172.8119,-41.0474,0 172.8119,-41.0471,0 172.8121,-41.0468,0 172.8120,-41.0443,0 172.8118,-41.0430,0 172.8109,-41.0418,0 172.8100,-41.0411,0 172.8094,-41.0401,0 172.8090,-41.0392,0 172.8088,-41.0383,0 172.8083,-41.0376,0 172.8078,-41.0378,0 </coordinates> </LineString> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Waitui</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>2011. Farmer Nigel Harwood's scheme to divert water for irrigation also involves about 220 kW of generation. The generator is near here</description> <LookAt> <longitude>172.8070</longitude> <latitude>-41.0386</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>5.1922</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>470.5827</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target0000</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>172.8078,-41.0378,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> </Folder> <Placemark> <name>Whakatane</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>Paper mill, gas-fuelled steam turbine. Somewhere nearby.</description> <styleUrl>#msn_target_copy142</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>176.9654,-37.9559,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Whareroa</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description><![CDATA[Dairy factory. Gas fired gas and steam turbine generation.

1996 two 10 MW gas turbines (exhaust heat used for process steam).

1997 two 10·5 MW gas turbines, plus a 28 MW steam turbine; exhaust heat produces steam over-hot for dairy factory process use. In times of high demand, the temperature of the gas turbine exhaust is boosted by supplemental firing that uses residual oxygen.

]]></description>

<styleUrl>#msn_target236</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>174.2994,-39.6079,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Folder> <name>Wheao</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <Placemark> <name>Wheao dam</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <LookAt> <longitude>176.5688</longitude> <latitude>-38.6811</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>0.3425</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>234.0269</range> <altitudeMode>relativeToGround</altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_forbidden22</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>176.5689,-38.6810,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Wheao tunnel</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <styleUrl>#msn_ylw-pushpin401</styleUrl> <LineString> <tessellate>1</tessellate> <coordinates> 176.5689,-38.6810,0 176.5688,-38.6809,0 176.5687,-38.6809,0 176.5685,-38.6808,0 176.5683,-38.6804,0 176.5681,-38.6801,0 176.5671,-38.6793,0 176.5522,-38.6631,0 </coordinates> </LineString> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Flaxy dam</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <LookAt> <longitude>176.5524</longitude> <latitude>-38.6572</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>0.0022</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>1811.1309</range> <altitudeMode>relativeToGround</altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_forbidden161</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>176.5548,-38.6580,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Flaxy canal</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <styleUrl>#msn_ylw-pushpin620</styleUrl> <LineString> <tessellate>1</tessellate> <coordinates> 176.5534,-38.6571,0 176.5502,-38.6512,0 176.5501,-38.6509,0 176.5500,-38.6506,0 176.5500,-38.6503,0 176.5501,-38.6499,0 176.5501,-38.6496,0 176.5502,-38.6494,0 176.5502,-38.6491,0 176.5500,-38.6440,0 176.5510,-38.6427,0 176.5512,-38.6423,0 176.5519,-38.6400,0 176.5521,-38.6395,0 176.5525,-38.6391,0 176.5537,-38.6381,0 176.5577,-38.6344,0 </coordinates> </LineString> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Flaxy</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>1982, 2·1 MW, head ~130'. Upcanal of Wheao.</description> <styleUrl>#msn_target49</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>176.5579,-38.6343,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Rangitaiki weir</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <LookAt> <longitude>176.5237</longitude> <latitude>-38.6302</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>0.0201</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>739.4934</range> <altitudeMode>relativeToGround</altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_forbidden190</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>176.5233,-38.6296,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Rangitaiki canal</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <styleUrl>#msn_ylw-pushpin63</styleUrl> <LineString> <tessellate>1</tessellate> <coordinates> 176.5237,-38.6300,0 176.5240,-38.6301,0 176.5243,-38.6302,0 176.5301,-38.6294,0 176.5307,-38.6294,0 176.5312,-38.6294,0 176.5316,-38.6294,0 176.5427,-38.6313,0 176.5433,-38.6314,0 176.5439,-38.6314,0 176.5444,-38.6315,0 176.5448,-38.6314,0 176.5453,-38.6314,0 176.5457,-38.6313,0 176.5489,-38.6302,0 176.5492,-38.6302,0 176.5495,-38.6301,0 176.5498,-38.6301,0 176.5501,-38.6301,0 176.5503,-38.6301,0 176.5506,-38.6302,0 176.5508,-38.6302,0 176.5580,-38.6337,0 176.5627,-38.6329,0 176.5633,-38.6328,0 176.5638,-38.6329,0 176.5643,-38.6329,0 176.5648,-38.6330,0 176.5652,-38.6331,0 176.5656,-38.6332,0 176.5660,-38.6333,0 176.5664,-38.6335,0 176.5668,-38.6337,0 176.5695,-38.6355,0 176.5698,-38.6357,0 176.5701,-38.6358,0 176.5704,-38.6358,0 176.5721,-38.6356,0 176.5724,-38.6356,0 176.5734,-38.6351,0 176.5763,-38.6338,0 176.5767,-38.6336,0 176.5774,-38.6335,0 176.5780,-38.6333,0 </coordinates> </LineString> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Canal failure!</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>1982, around 8am on the 30-'th December the canal bank adjacent to the penstock intake collapsed, the flood dumping boulders into the powerhouse downstream.</description> <LookAt> <gx:TimeStamp><when>2010-03-03</when> </gx:TimeStamp> <gx:ViewerOptions> <gx:option name="historicalimagery"></gx:option> <gx:option enabled="0" name="sunlight"></gx:option> <gx:option enabled="0" name="streetview"></gx:option> </gx:ViewerOptions> <longitude>176.5744</longitude> <latitude>-38.6347</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>-0.3200</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>1019.3796</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_water0</styleUrl> <Point> <altitudeMode>absolute</altitudeMode> <coordinates>176.5740,-38.6350,501.0594</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Wheao</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>1983, 2 x 12 MW, head ~400'. Downcanal of Flaxy. At about eight a.m. on the 30'th December 1982 the canal bank by the penstock intake failed, destroying the power house and burying the generators under debris. The station was nearly completed, but thanks to the Christmas/New Year holidays, no-one was present at the time.</description> <styleUrl>#msn_target463</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>176.5781,-38.6333,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> </Folder> <Placemark> <name>Whirinaki pulp&paper</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>Carter-Oji-Kokusai Pan-Pacific Pulp and Paper Mill uses wood waste and effluent sludge to provide about a third of its heat energy needs, plus 13 MW electricity, but this seems to be entirely consumed within the mill, whose consumption reaches 90 MW.</description> <LookAt> <longitude>176.8905</longitude> <latitude>-39.3805</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>-1.0899</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>2831.8716</range> <altitudeMode>relativeToGround</altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target150</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>176.8883,-39.3812,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Folder> <name>Wye Creek</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <Placemark> <name>Wye Weir</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <LookAt> <longitude>168.7677</longitude> <latitude>-45.1389</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>-0.0060</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>439.9170</range> <altitudeMode>relativeToGround</altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_forbidden240</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>168.7685,-45.1387,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Wye Pipe</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <styleUrl>#msn_ylw-pushpin2700</styleUrl> <LineString> <tessellate>1</tessellate> <coordinates> 168.7686,-45.1387,0 168.7684,-45.1387,0 168.7682,-45.1387,0 168.7680,-45.1387,0 168.7676,-45.1386,0 168.7669,-45.1387,0 168.7659,-45.1385,0 168.7656,-45.1384,0 168.7650,-45.1385,0 168.7647,-45.1384,0 168.7641,-45.1385,0 168.7633,-45.1385,0 168.7627,-45.1386,0 168.7613,-45.1388,0 168.7609,-45.1388,0 168.7604,-45.1388,0 168.7599,-45.1388,0 168.7593,-45.1388,0 </coordinates> </LineString> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Wye Creek</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description><![CDATA[1929, 348 kW from a 1,380' head for the Golden Terrace Extended Gold Dredging Company. In 1991 a major refit added a 1 MW set from the lower Roaring Meg scheme.

2008, December 16'th, around 8:20 a.m. a turbine failure. The water blast wrecked the station though the smaller generator was not at fault. Yet, it has been abandoned, and only the 1 MW turbine continues. No dates known.

]]></description>

<styleUrl>#msn_target138</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>168.7592,-45.1388,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> </Folder> </Folder> <Folder> <name>Defunct</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description><![CDATA[These are no more.

The "defunct" list concerns those generation stations which were operated for the long term (not just a single event, or demonstration), but which have since ceased operation.

http://www.davidpbrown.co.uk/jokes/monty-python-parrot.html

http://www.mtholyoke.edu/~ebarnes/python/dead-parrot.htm

]]></description>

<Folder> <name>Destructors</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description><![CDATA[Incinerators of miscellaneous town waste produced stink, smoke, ash and possibly, heat or steam that might be put to use. Better designs used flue gases to pre-heat furnace air, though secondary combustors (to ensure combustion of noisome gases) were too costly to run.

Previously, rubbish might have been disposed of by teams of roving pigs...

]]></description>

<Placemark> <name>Christchurch Destructor</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description><![CDATA[1902 commissioning, electricity produced in 1903. A pair of steam engines, each driving a 100 kW generator. In 1905 a 150 kW (200HP) generator was added, plus a boilerhouse for coal-firing, as the rubbish stream was inadequate. Then in 1910 another coal-fired boiler was added to supply two 200 kW generators. http://library.christchurch.org.nz/heritage/photos/disc3/img0026.asp

In 1907 construction began on the Municipal Tepid Baths, to be warmed by waste heat.

]]></description>

<LookAt> <longitude>172.6406</longitude> <latitude>-43.5304</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>61.8400</heading> <tilt>49.7094</tilt> <range>1030.4071</range> <altitudeMode>relativeToGround</altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target_copy4</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>172.6410,-43.5291,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Freeman's Bay</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description><![CDATA[1908-1913 The city waste destructor at Freeman's Bay was built in 1905 prompted by fears of bubonic plague. The area was in the 1800s called Dedwood (yes, no "a"), with slum housing around the abattoir, city morgue, "nightsoil" dump and the like. In 1872, Dedwood became Ponsonby.

As for the Meldrum destructor, it was converted to produce 450 kW of electricity from two boilers in 1908 (twelve customers), for which coal had to be added to supplement the rubbish. Electricity generation was abandoned upon the commissioning of the King's Wharf power station in 1913 while the rubbish destruction continued until 1972. The chimney still stands at what is now the Victoria Park market.

]]></description>

<LookAt> <longitude>174.7540</longitude> <latitude>-36.8483</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>6.3275</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>175.4678</range> <altitudeMode>relativeToGround</altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target97</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>174.7540,-36.8484,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Wellington Destructor</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>1889, May 1'st. Rubbish-fuelled (This is not in Toronto), near here. A second destructor (and chimney) was added in 1908, designed to supply steam for its own air compressors and also the sewer system pumps. Boosted by coal from the 1930s. Operations were scaled back in 1939 as landfill became more common, and ceased in 1946.</description> <LookAt> <longitude>174.7850</longitude> <latitude>-41.2925</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>3.4538</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>387.7678</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#ms_ylw-pushpin2</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>174.7845,-41.2927,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> </Folder> <Placemark> <name>Akaroa</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>1911, 11'th September. Pelton wheel fed from the reservoir on L'Aube hill, fed from the Balguerie stream. 295' head, 50HP. Initially DC, changed to AC in June 1923 when transmission lines across the port hills arrived with power from Lake Coleridge and the system was reduced to supplemental use then decommissioned in 1955. The equipment was sold to Maruia Springs,where it was used until 1995. In 1997 the system was rebought and returned to working order as a display. A few years after commencement, a gas engine was added, because summertime flows were inadequate.</description> <LookAt> <longitude>172.9693</longitude> <latitude>-43.8030</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>-0.0023</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>150.8929</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target0005</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>172.9693,-43.8030,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Folder> <name>Amethyst</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <Placemark> <name>Amethyst dam</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>Near here...</description> <LookAt> <longitude>170.6342</longitude> <latitude>-43.1714</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>1.1016</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>1599.1112</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_forbidden12</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>170.6362,-43.1706,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Amethyst canal</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>Possible route of the water race then penstocks down to the power house.</description> <styleUrl>#msn_ylw-pushpin5400</styleUrl> <LineString> <tessellate>1</tessellate> <coordinates> 170.6361,-43.1708,0 170.6357,-43.1708,0 170.6353,-43.1710,0 170.6350,-43.1707,0 170.6346,-43.1707,0 170.6343,-43.1710,0 170.6340,-43.1709,0 170.6337,-43.1711,0 170.6330,-43.1711,0 170.6320,-43.1710,0 170.6317,-43.1711,0 170.6309,-43.1709,0 170.6285,-43.1703,0 </coordinates> </LineString> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Amethyst</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description><![CDATA[1954, abandoned ~1988. Dam at the mouth of the Amethyst ravine, powerhouse by the Wanganui river. The topographic map shows what might be a remnant watercourse to the power house, but, no power line connection is shown even though Bruce asserts that it yet exists as he has seen it, poles line and all. If a watercourse, the drop from the river terrace would be about 50', but if a pipeline from the dam the head would be more like 250'.

The Hokitika Guardian 10/6/2008 reports plans to build a new power station north of the old, with water supplied via a tunnel. 6 MW suggested. No part of the old station will be reused.

]]></description>

<styleUrl>#msn_target116</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>170.6285,-43.1703,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> </Folder> <Folder> <name>Arthur's Pass</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>The village has been called Camping Flat, McLean's Town, Bealey Flat (as distinct from Bealey Spur off to the SSE), and finally, Arthur's Pass.</description> <Placemark> <name>Devil's Punchbowl intake</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>Near here.</description> <LookAt> <longitude>171.5710</longitude> <latitude>-42.9331</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>-0.0035</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>429.2866</range> <altitudeMode>relativeToGround</altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_arrow-reverse8</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>171.5705,-42.9328,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Devil's Punchbowl tunnel</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>Approximate route, as Bruce Smith recalls. There are two intakes, and the main tunnel (800' long) is part blocked. It emerges for a short viaduct (gone) across a gully head, another tunnel (200' long), then the penstock (gone) down to the power station.</description> <styleUrl>#msn_ylw-pushpin331</styleUrl> <LineString> <tessellate>1</tessellate> <coordinates> 171.5704,-42.9328,0 171.5671,-42.9341,0 171.5667,-42.9343,0 171.5661,-42.9345,0 171.5624,-42.9348,0 </coordinates> </LineString> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Devil's Punchbowl</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description><![CDATA[1909. Work started on the Otira rail tunnel, and to provide power for the houses, hospital, and works (especially, air compressors), a hydro power station was constructed. Near here are the remnant foundations of the power house. A pipeline from above the Devil's Punchbowl falls enabled a 710' head, powering two 187 kW 550 VDC 600rpm Pelton wheels. Deconstructed 1929.

The Press (Christchurch) of the 13'th August 1908 reports on the construction, under the headline The Works at The Bealey, as the village area was then called.

]]></description>

<styleUrl>#msn_target716</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>171.5623,-42.9348,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> </Folder> <Placemark> <name>Ashburton</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>1908, a steam tractor engine was attached to a 30 kW 220 volts DC generator by Craddock&Company... Somewhere.</description> <LookAt> <longitude>171.7343</longitude> <latitude>-43.9108</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>-4.4146</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>10436.0680</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target426</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>171.7473,-43.9059,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Awakaponga</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>1922, a Pelton wheel fed from a low concrete dam. Abandoned 1938. Somewhere nearby, presumably on the Awakaponga stream. This might be a mislocation of the Karaponga scheme, or, vice-versa.</description> <LookAt> <longitude>175.5645</longitude> <latitude>-37.9476</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>0.9039</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>192896.8434</range> <altitudeMode>relativeToGround</altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target11002</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>176.74,-37.9253,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Belltopper Falls</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <open>1</open> <description><![CDATA[1897(?) A Pelton wheel drove a generator for the Port Pegasus fish factory's freezer, etc. and lighting for the five houses. Somewhere in the bush nearby.

Alternatively, the fish factory started with a thermal refrigerator (kerosine burner), closed during WW I, reopened to be destroyed by a landslide, then was rebuilt in a new location and only then using the water from above Belltopper falls to drive a Pelton wheel.

]]></description>

<LookAt> <longitude>167.6965</longitude> <latitude>-47.1510</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>0.4795</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>424.4768</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target004</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>167.6962,-47.1511,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Blackball</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>Water race for gold sluicing, somewhere around here. A proposed revival may include parts of the old scheme, or construct all new arrangements. The riginal scheme had a tunnel from the Roaring Meg stream, thence the Perotti water race, with a head of 900'.</description> <LookAt> <longitude>171.4111</longitude> <latitude>-42.3362</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>2.0385</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>6119.3856</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_forbidden60</styleUrl> <Point> <altitudeMode>absolute</altitudeMode> <coordinates>171.3983,-42.3324,571.2148</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Bluff</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>1885. The Southland Frozen Meat company had been generating its own power (coal-fired steam) but, for internal use only. However in 1903 power was sent forth for street lighting and public use, initially forty-five street lamps of twenty-five candlepower. Somewhere around.</description> <LookAt> <longitude>168.3334</longitude> <latitude>-46.5972</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>4.1001</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>9604.5247</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target43</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>168.3083,-46.5922,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Brightwater</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>Flour mill waterwheel, somewhere around here, 250 kW with 150 kW of that coming from a second generator downstream, operated for the evening peak by Mr. Bloomfield. Farmer Robert Ellis in 1911 gained a licence for the commercial supply of electricity, as the Waimea Electric Supply & Manufacturing Company. By order-in-council, 21'st July 1933 the Waimea Electric Power Board was authorised to raise a loan to purchase the company.</description> <LookAt> <longitude>173.1267</longitude> <latitude>-41.3821</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>14.7770</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>3941.6036</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target205</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>173.1199,-41.3760,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Brunnerton</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description><![CDATA[1895 or so. The Brunnerton community somewhere nearby, serving the Brunner mine where work began in 1864. Electricity was generated for motive power in the mine (a first in NZ), but how much, and what fuel? Presumably coal.

At 9:15a.m. on the 26'th of March 1896 an explosion entombed sixty-five men and boys, about half the work force.

]]></description>

<LookAt> <longitude>171.3256</longitude> <latitude>-42.4330</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>0.8815</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>876.9036</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target2141</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>171.3233,-42.4326,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Bullendale</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description><![CDATA[1886, 3'rd February for first power trials, near here, was the first industrial hydro-electric power scheme in New Zealand where power left the building, despite the only access being by pack track through rugged mountains, with a good day's progress for heavy equipment such as a three-ton dynamo being about two hundred yards. A small dynamo had been used for lighting in 1884 (Lake Wakatipu Mail, 5'th December 1884) but here, on what is now called Dynamo Flat, at the foot of the bluff, two 50 horsepower Pelton wheels designed and made by A&G Price of Thames Engineering (N.Z.) were installed with leather belt drives to two DC generators, fed by two tapering wrought-iron pipes dropping 185 feet from an open water race that had captured some of the headwaters of the stream Skipper's Creek Left Branch (though if looking downstream, "right branch" would be proper), rechristened Dynamo Creek. The scheme was designed by Mr. Walter Prince, of R.E. Fletcher & Company, a Dunedin engineering firm.

N.Z.'s first transmission line, of two cables of No. 8 copper wires across the Southberg Spur connected the Phoenix quartz-crushing battery two miles away north-east on the Skipper's Creek Right Branch (not the Shotover river), where the water supply for a local water-powered battery was insufficient, running low in summer and freezing in winter; also, other miners had prior rights. The same poles also carried a two-line telephone circuit, unaffected by line hum because the power link was DC, not AC, though there would be some commutator crackle. Alas, at first only about 20HP was received at the motor of the 70HP generated from the two 50HP Pelton wheels. The low voltage available from the generators (transformers require AC) would have meant high current and thus resistive loss in the transmission line. By 1887 after experiments conducted by Mr. James Evans (including replacing the solid iron armatures of the generators with laminated ones), 50HP was received. So much for the first LVDC link.

The cost of the power scheme was estimated as £5,000, the equipment requiring £2,190; custom built to the latest designs, though the transmission towers were just railway irons. A comfortable salary at the time was £100 a year.

In 1907, the gold-bearing quartz was mined out.

]]></description>

<styleUrl>#ms_ylw-pushpin2</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>168.6618,-44.8015,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Crown Hill</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>The Crown Hill Battery was constructed in 1892 and was powered by three Pelton water wheels, later by steam and electricity but the Karangahake gorge brochure doesn't make clear how it was generated.</description> <styleUrl>#msn_target042</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>175.7174,-37.4196,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Denniston</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <open>1</open> <description>1920s. Somewhere around here a 1000HP (750 kW) steam powered generator, doubtless fuelled by coal.</description> <styleUrl>#msn_target1360</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>171.7964,-41.7363,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Devonport</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description><![CDATA[~1915, steam engine, somewhere on Church Street, possibly near here. The Electricity Supply Corporation of New Zealand Limited was formed to supply power for street lighting (conversion in 1916) and domestic use. Sewage pumps were converted to electric power in 1917.

The company proved unable to meet the growing demand and make a profit, and in 1922 was taken over by the Devonport borough.

]]></description>

<LookAt> <longitude>174.8015</longitude> <latitude>-36.8264</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>-0.0001</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>75.3228</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target614</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>174.8014,-36.8263,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Devonport Road</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>In ~1915 somewhere along Devonport Road, Lloyd Mandeno, with an oil-fuelled engine to drive a dynamo, set up a shop to encourage the use of electricity in the home, not just for lighting but for cooking and water heating so as to use the power from the Omanawa Falls station. R.S. Ready was persuaded to build a new house with no chimney - thus all-electric.</description> <LookAt> <longitude>176.1642</longitude> <latitude>-37.6972</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>-0.0005</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>977.5980</range> <altitudeMode>relativeToGround</altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target4011</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>176.1622,-37.6994,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Dobson</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>1938, October. Four U-boat diesels from WW1 reparations were moved from somewhere in Lyttelton to somewhere around here, remaining in use to 1958. Possibly 430HP at 375rpm, so that's 1280 kW, but 5760 kW are stated in the Public Works statement by R. Semple, 1937.</description> <LookAt> <longitude>171.3032</longitude> <latitude>-42.4535</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>0.8966</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>1645.2729</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#mdefault</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>171.3032,-42.4535,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Dummy's Beach</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <open>1</open> <description>1900 or so, a goldmining exercise generated electricity for night shift lighting. Somewhere around.</description> <LookAt> <longitude>169.3015</longitude> <latitude>-46.5905</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>3.3965</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>24351.0440</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target43</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>169.2479,-46.6284,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Dunedin</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>Somewhere around, there were steam and diesel generators in the 1940s.</description> <LookAt> <longitude>170.5236</longitude> <latitude>-45.8550</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>-0.4843</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>9003.7139</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target971</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>170.5043,-45.8885,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Dunedin</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>A steam power house was here.</description> <LookAt> <longitude>170.4849</longitude> <latitude>-45.8661</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>-0.0003</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>101.8114</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target109</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>170.4848,-45.8661,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Earnscleugh</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>1901 Somewhere around. The Earnscleugh No. 3 Dredging and Electric Power Company operated a gold dredge off to the south-east on the Clutha river for twenty+ years. 200HP came from a 50 cycles/sec 5,000 volt three-phase AC generator on the Fraser/Earnscleugh river delivering 200HP.</description> <LookAt> <longitude>169.2969</longitude> <latitude>-45.2147</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>0.1218</heading> <tilt>2.004308924194409e-012</tilt> <range>3449.4625</range> <altitudeMode>relativeToGround</altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target422</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>169.3010,-45.2060,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Earnscleugh watercourse</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>Relic watercourse; visible remains end in countryside. 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169.2172,-45.2337,0 169.2171,-45.2337,0 169.2171,-45.2336,0 169.2172,-45.2335,0 169.2171,-45.2334,0 169.2172,-45.2333,0 169.2173,-45.2333,0 169.2173,-45.2333,0 169.2172,-45.2332,0 169.2170,-45.2331,0 169.2169,-45.2331,0 169.2169,-45.2330,0 169.2169,-45.2328,0 169.2170,-45.2327,0 169.2171,-45.2326,0 169.2170,-45.2325,0 169.2167,-45.2324,0 169.2167,-45.2323,0 169.2167,-45.2322,0 169.2168,-45.2320,0 169.2169,-45.2319,0 169.2171,-45.2318,0 169.2170,-45.2318,0 169.2170,-45.2317,0 169.2171,-45.2316,0 169.2172,-45.2315,0 169.2175,-45.2314,0 169.2176,-45.2313,0 169.2177,-45.2312,0 169.2178,-45.2311,0 169.2180,-45.2310,0 169.2182,-45.2311,0 169.2183,-45.2311,0 169.2183,-45.2310,0 169.2183,-45.2310,0 169.2184,-45.2308,0 169.2185,-45.2308,0 169.2186,-45.2308,0 169.2188,-45.2308,0 169.2190,-45.2309,0 169.2191,-45.2309,0 169.2191,-45.2307,0 169.2190,-45.2306,0 169.2190,-45.2305,0 169.2189,-45.2304,0 169.2189,-45.2302,0 169.2190,-45.2302,0 169.2189,-45.2300,0 169.2190,-45.2300,0 169.2192,-45.2300,0 169.2194,-45.2299,0 169.2196,-45.2299,0 169.2199,-45.2297,0 169.2202,-45.2297,0 169.2204,-45.2297,0 169.2205,-45.2296,0 169.2204,-45.2295,0 169.2204,-45.2295,0 169.2204,-45.2294,0 169.2203,-45.2293,0 169.2204,-45.2293,0 169.2205,-45.2292,0 169.2207,-45.2291,0 169.2209,-45.2290,0 169.2211,-45.2289,0 169.2215,-45.2290,0 169.2216,-45.2291,0 169.2219,-45.2292,0 169.2221,-45.2294,0 169.2222,-45.2295,0 169.2224,-45.2295,0 169.2225,-45.2294,0 169.2227,-45.2295,0 169.2229,-45.2294,0 169.2230,-45.2294,0 169.2233,-45.2294,0 169.2237,-45.2293,0 169.2239,-45.2292,0 </coordinates> </LineString> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Eketahuna</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <open>1</open> <description><![CDATA[1909, May, 95 kW from three British Westinghouse generators of 50, 30 and 15 kW, driven by suction gas engines fuelled from burning coke and probably, wood waste. A month's notice was given to the town lamplighter as poles and lines disfigured the streets and meters were installed in homes.

A lead-acid storage battery of 125 cells assisted with voltage stability, in principle. Mr. Wesley Parker recalls that "No-one who lived in Eketahuna in those days could forget the Power House. Over long periods there was not a single night without a breakdown of some kind. Sometimes it resulted in instant darkness. At other times it was as gradual as a sunset - and, indeed, the recovery, too, (if it came at all) could be as gradual as the sunrise." His father would settle down to read after dinner with the light growing dimmer and dimmer... "Great Scott, is that thing not out yet? Anyway, the candles are better", then on further vexation , "If it isn't an infuriating business! ... Why doesn't someone go down and blow the place to pieces!" (Eketahuna: Stories From Small Town New Zealand by Peter Best)

In 1913 a 15 kW hydro generator (using the town water supply) was added nearby.

In 1922 the Tararua Electric Power Board was formed and it took over the system, and with the opening of the Mangahao hydro power station in 1924, the system was closed. The building was converted to a butter factory run by the Eketahuna Dairy Company, then was wrecked by the earthquake of 1942.

]]></description>

<LookAt> <longitude>175.7010</longitude> <latitude>-40.6469</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>0.7955</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>732.9063</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target11010</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>175.6990,-40.6453,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Eketahuna hydro</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <open>1</open> <description>1913 a 15 kW generator powered by a Boving Pelton wheel was installed on the river bank at the base of the Cliff Walk near here, and although above the highest known flood level of the Makakahi, after being flooded a second time it was repositioned at the top of the cliff. The cliff's drop is around 50', but the water came from the town supply, taken from the Makakahi river near the foot of the Tararua ranges, that had been completed in October 1913. Unknown head. This supplemented the power from the thermal generators nearby. Both systems were closed on the arrival of power from Mangahao in 1924.</description> <LookAt> <longitude>175.7010</longitude> <latitude>-40.6469</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>-1.114227818783706e-011</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>732.9063</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target11010</styleUrl> <Point> <gx:drawOrder>1</gx:drawOrder> <coordinates>175.6996,-40.6453,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Evan's Bay</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description><![CDATA[1924. Coal-fired, 5 MW, with units added from Harris Street and Jervois Quay. Near here. In 1925 the arrival of power from the new station at Mangahao forced conversion to fifty cycles/second. The warmed water around the condenser outlet was enjoyed by swimmers, and there was also good fishing.

Also diesels from German U-boats taken as war reparations.

22 MW in 1965.

]]></description>

<LookAt> <longitude>174.8031</longitude> <latitude>-41.3186</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>-4.985320678526471e-011</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>1358.0705</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target11300</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>174.8039,-41.3181,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Folder> <name>Fairdown</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <Placemark> <name>Fairdown pipeline</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>Approximate path.</description> <styleUrl>#m_ylw-pushpin000100</styleUrl> <LineString> <tessellate>1</tessellate> <coordinates> 171.7246,-41.7634,0 171.7247,-41.7617,0 171.7237,-41.7607,0 171.7217,-41.7597,0 171.7185,-41.7571,0 171.7165,-41.7573,0 171.7153,-41.7567,0 171.7117,-41.7546,0 </coordinates> </LineString> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Fairdown</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <open>1</open> <description><![CDATA[1926 Near the end of Powerhouse Road by Christmas stream the topographic map mentions the Fairdown Power Station (disused) but shows no mark. Further towards lake Rochfort is marked a pipeline (unused) that would have taken water that otherwise would have flowed out via Lake stream. About 1300' head, operated by the Buller Electric Power Board.

Abandoned in 1968, revived and rebuilt 2103.

]]></description>

<styleUrl>#msn_target28</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>171.7117,-41.7546,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> </Folder> <Placemark> <name>Falsgrave Street</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>1905 power station for the Tramway Board. Somewhere nearby. Two 500 kW steam turbines, the first in NZ.</description> <LookAt> <longitude>172.6503</longitude> <latitude>-43.5415</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>-0.0034</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>413.5289</range> <altitudeMode>relativeToGround</altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target131</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>172.6504,-43.5415,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Fourteen Mile Beach</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>1900 A wooden flume then iron penstocks conveyed water down 300 feet to a Pelton wheel to drive a 150HP (110 kW) three-phase AC generator at 50 cycles/sec. and 2,300 volts. This gold dredge is said to be the first example of the use of three-phase AC in NZ.</description> <LookAt> <longitude>169.3109</longitude> <latitude>-45.4019</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>3.6866</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>5804.7647</range> <altitudeMode>relativeToGround</altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target00610</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>169.3091,-45.4002,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Frankton</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <open>1</open> <description>1913, April. Two 45 kW generators fuelled via coal gas at the waterworks, somewhere around. For lighting (April 1913) and domestic supply which soon became popular. There had been some private home generators, but public supply was easier and cheaper. Supply to Hamilton was agreed in 1914, and discussions over Frankton's sewage also going to Hamilton began, Frankton lacking funds having spent heavily on its electricity. Then in 1917 came union with Hamilton as a "special" area, which opinion didn't last long from the council offices in Hamilton's Victoria Street. During power shortages in 1920, restrictions applied to Frankton were resented. Frankton had more consumers, but Hamilton used more power, and had political power too.</description> <LookAt> <longitude>175.2651</longitude> <latitude>-37.7903</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>3.1383</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>3879.1618</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#ms_ylw-pushpin10</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>175.2609,-37.7907,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Gibbston</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <open>1</open> <description>1921, Fred Bloxham took over the Glenroy Station in September 1920 and installed an electric generator driven by a Pelton wheel, somewhere on Tom's Creek. All lights had to be on, lest excess power blow the filaments. In December 1928 he transferred to Bendemeer Station by Lake Hayes, and replaced acetylene lighting with a similar system.</description> <LookAt> <gx:TimeStamp><when>2013-03-19</when> </gx:TimeStamp> <gx:ViewerOptions> <gx:option name="historicalimagery"></gx:option> <gx:option enabled="0" name="sunlight"></gx:option> <gx:option enabled="0" name="streetview"></gx:option> </gx:ViewerOptions> <longitude>168.9252</longitude> <latitude>-45.0173</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>3.7779</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>611.5477</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target025</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>168.9249,-45.0157,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Gisborne</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>1912, 20'th March. Two 100HP diesels and a steam engine as well. Additional diesels in 1913 and 1914. Somewhere.</description> <LookAt> <longitude>178.0095</longitude> <latitude>-38.5813</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>-2.3669</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>47932.0443</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target1300</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>178.0244,-38.6671,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Gore</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description><![CDATA[1894, evening of the 30'th July. The Gore Electric Lighting Works generated 60HP, coal-fired, as a part of the water-supply pumphouse. Gore was the second town in New Zealand to have electric street lighting. Somewhere along Ordsal Street. This was earlier the site of an experiment in supplying urban gas from ... mutton fat reacted with water and air, heated via coal gas. The first test was on the 10'th October 1889 and the light was good, but problems with reactor failure, gas storage, and clogging of distribution pipes with vile gunk meant abandonment on the 6'th of June. Fuel generation from biological waste is not a new idea.

In May 1902 the council purchased the plant. On the 28'th January 1904 a fire burnt out the whole block containing Holland's Arcade, sparing only the power station.

On the second of May 1905 a power line from Mataura arrived, and the connection was opened on the 31'st May 1905. The steam plant went to standby, useful when ice blocked the Mataura hydro statio in June.

]]></description>

<LookAt> <longitude>168.9464</longitude> <latitude>-46.0956</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>0.5367</heading> <tilt>8.901213088175247e-012</tilt> <range>3261.9641</range> <altitudeMode>relativeToGround</altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target410</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>168.9451,-46.0975,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Gowan</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <open>1</open> <description><![CDATA[~1920 Somewhere around here was a 3,000HP (2200 kW) power station, surely hydro power.

In 2005 there arose opposition to a proposed hydro power station.

]]></description>

<styleUrl>#msn_target1990</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>172.5893,-41.7925,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Folder> <name>Hanmer Springs</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <Placemark> <name>Hanmer flare</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <open>1</open> <description>Somewhere near here is a burnoff of methane from the hot springs water, that used to be stored in a small gasometer for town supply, and possibly, electricity generation.</description> <LookAt> <longitude>172.8282</longitude> <latitude>-42.5225</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>0.0004</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>201.4671</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_firedept</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>172.8281,-42.5221,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Hanmer Springs</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <open>1</open> <description>1926. The Power House Cafe is described as being in a historic hydro power station. Except that there is no sign of any hydro aspect nearby. There is (unusually) a methane source in the Hanmer hot springs that had been used for town supply and possibly, power generation, but if so, why here?</description> <LookAt> <longitude>172.8287</longitude> <latitude>-42.5216</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>0.7809</heading> <tilt>1.3298</tilt> <range>186.9094</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target03</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>172.8284,-42.5213,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> </Folder> <Placemark> <name>Harris Street</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description><![CDATA[1893 Four horizontal steam engines with large flywheels and rope link to drive 75 kW generators at 80 cycles/second at 2000 volts, stepped down to 105 volts for supply to private consumers at a charge of 16 schillings/annum, per eight-candlepower lamp. Expansion to 1,725 kW by 1906 via assorted equipment.

Conversion to 50 cycle in 1925 with the arrival of power from the newly-completed Mangahao hydro power station.

]]></description>

<LookAt> <longitude>174.7768</longitude> <latitude>-41.2908</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>-3.015900647920326e-005</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>1401.6763</range> <altitudeMode>relativeToGround</altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target524</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>174.7768,-41.2882,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Hastings</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description><![CDATA[1912, 200 kW from two 150 V DC generators, diesel powered. A further 200 kW in around 1920, and 320 kW in 1925. In 1927 power from the national grid started to be bought but the power house continued operation then was retained as a standby. After the earthquake of the third of February 1931 it supplied power until the Redclyffe substation was repaired a few weeks later.

Converting from DC to AC (as per the national grid) was too expensive so the Hastings Borough Council sold its electrical system to the Hawke's Bay Electric Power Board in 1936.

]]></description>

<LookAt> <longitude>176.8448</longitude> <latitude>-39.6432</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>48.7263</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>1337.1368</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target18050</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>176.8449,-39.6448,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Hautapu</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>1913, a weir for a tunnel intake, leading to a head of 500' and about 1 MW. Abandoned 1960 or so. Since 2011, talk of reconstruction via Renewable Power Limited.</description> <LookAt> <longitude>175.8053</longitude> <latitude>-39.6699</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>-1.0045</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>604.6262</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_forbidden0</styleUrl> <Point> <altitudeMode>absolute</altitudeMode> <coordinates>175.8050,-39.6695,420.4698</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Hobson street</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description><![CDATA[1902, 17'th November. Coal-fired power station on lower Hobson Street for the Auckland Electric Tramway company formed in 1899 when the horse tramsways company was purchased. In 1903 the company was obliged to supply power for lighting Queen Street. When the Tepid Baths were built in 1914, waste heat was diverted: what is now praised as co-generation is not a new concept. Arguments were resolved by the city council purchasing the company in 1919 and the following year, stopped generation here in favour of supply from their Kings' Wharf power station.

In 1949 trams were replaced by electric trolley buses, that ran until 1980. Diesel fumes since.

]]></description>

<LookAt> <longitude>174.7636</longitude> <latitude>-36.8472</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>-0.4491</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>857.9439</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target97</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>174.7633,-36.8449,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Hollyford?</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>Somewhere near NZMG 2117400E 5588100N by the Milford road was the 1936 Upper Hollyford Hydro Station... Possibly this was the power station used during the digging of the Homer Tunnel, whose generator later went to Wahapo.</description> <styleUrl>#msn_target0060</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>168.0344,-44.8086,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Homebush</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>Adjacent to the homestead is a brick water tower, fed by a tunnel from the Waianiwaniwa river. A water "mill" via belts ran grinders and threshers and ... a small electric generator.</description> <LookAt> <longitude>171.9942</longitude> <latitude>-43.4712</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>-0.0314</heading> <tilt>1.055771987622302e-010</tilt> <range>288.5052</range> <altitudeMode>relativeToGround</altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target8000</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>171.9941,-43.4713,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Hora Hora</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description><![CDATA[1913-1947 Built by the Waihi gold-mining company to generate 6·3 MW from a head of 27' though using only part of the river's flow. Bought by the government in 1919 and expanded to 10·3 MW. Supplied power to Waikino to run mine fans and quartz stampers, etc. via the country's first high voltage (50KV) transmission line.

Drowned by the filling of lake Karapiro in 1947 while still running until its generators were awash!

]]></description>

<LookAt> <longitude>175.5454</longitude> <latitude>-37.9461</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>0.7737</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>5612.7355</range> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target7140</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>175.5460,-37.9298,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Invercargill</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>1912. Steam power generators for the tramways, plus street lighting, etc. until 1956. Somewhere on the site now occupied by Warehouse Stationery.</description> <LookAt> <longitude>168.3456</longitude> <latitude>-46.4073</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>-0.0049</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>801.0711</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target004</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>168.3447,-46.4082,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Invercargill theatre</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <open>1</open> <description>1905 Some coal gas from the gasworks for public gas lighting was diverted to a gas engine running a dynamo to provide electric lighting, initially for the Civic Theatre. I'm guessing that this equipment was within the theatre, at 88 Tay street.</description> <LookAt> <longitude>168.3540</longitude> <latitude>-46.4129</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>-0.0110</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>1858.3814</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target004</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>168.3520,-46.4124,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Irishman Creek</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <open>1</open> <description>1927 C.W.F. Hamilton installed a 17.5 kW generator for his farm and inventor's workshop.</description> <styleUrl>#msn_target354</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>170.3417,-44.0693,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Jervois Quay</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>1904, June 30'th. Power for the city's trams was supplied by four steam-driven DC generators, totalling 1400HP (1050 kW), soon augmented by two AC generators adding 110 kW on purchasing the street-lighting system in 1905. Three further steam-powered generators took the capacity to 3 MW in 1910, but still there was not enough power for the evening rush until in 1921 a 1 MW tirbine was added. In 1924 the station was closed on the arrival of power from Mangahao.</description> <LookAt> <longitude>174.7773</longitude> <latitude>-41.2890</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>-3.6124</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>831.9502</range> <altitudeMode>relativeToGround</altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#ms_ylw-pushpin2</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>174.7790,-41.2907,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Kaiapoi</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description><![CDATA[1883, February. Somewhere around here the Kaiapoi woolen mill added a four-pole Gulcher dynamo capable of running two hundred lights. The 1886 expansion replaced it by a double-pole Crompton dynamo to run 620 lamps, requiring 56¹/₂ horsepower.]]></description> <LookAt> <longitude>172.6580</longitude> <latitude>-43.3849</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>-0.0125</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>1127.3263</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target41</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>172.6580,-43.3849,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Kaitangata</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>The Kaitangata Coal Company ran a Coal-fired power station somewhere around, presumably not far from its mine.</description> <LookAt> <longitude>169.8486</longitude> <latitude>-46.2801</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>0.0011</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>8524.1257</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target1117</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>169.8486,-46.2801,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Kakaha Stream</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>Somewhere around on the Kakaho farm. A race from the Kakaha stream to a waterwheel, generating at 24 volts, for the cowshed and farmhouse. In 1947, connected to the power board network.</description> <LookAt> <longitude>174.8850</longitude> <latitude>-41.0864</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>-1.9285</heading> <tilt>1.319570951833347e-011</tilt> <range>3411.5755</range> <altitudeMode>relativeToGround</altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target700</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>174.8808,-41.0882,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Kakaramea</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description><![CDATA[1902. First power station to be run from the beginning by a local authority, the Patea Borough council. Possibly here, or at some other extension of the now possibly truncated Powerhouse Road. The power station was built at the base of the coastal cliffs, supplied with water from a shallow lake/ flax swamp. In 1920 the holding dam at the cliff top gave way, sweeping two men from the powerhouse into the ocean where they nearly drowned. (The Alchemy of the Engineer: Taranaki Hydro-electricity)

A plan to add water from the Mangaroa stream to the Kaikura stream was dropped when instead a new power house was built lower down the cliff.

Transmission at 3,000 V three miles to Patea, for retail at 110 V. Initially for lighting only, then Monday afternoons were opened for ironing. In 1952 an engineer's report stated that the generator was burnt out and that no repairs should be attempted.

]]></description>

<styleUrl>#msn_target019</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>174.4195,-39.7318,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Kaponga</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>1916. Somewhere nearby. The dam on the Kaupokonui river was removed but the hemispherical concrete powerhouse remains as a farm shed. (The Alchemy of the Engineer) Across the road from the school are the remains of a historic dairy factory, which is not the Kapuni Dairy factory to the south.</description> <styleUrl>#msn_target643</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>174.1472,-39.4281,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Kaupokonui</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <open>1</open> <description>1900 Hydro power from two 25HP McCormick turbines for the Kaupokonui Dairy Factory, somewhere around here.</description> <styleUrl>#msn_target93</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>174.0718,-39.5445,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Kerikeri?</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>1930, 11'th June until 1967, ~200 kW (300HP design estimate by Lloyd Mandeno), head ~100'. Remains of the powerhouse, somewhere near here, on the north bank. A dam and mile-long canal, with water from both the Kerikeri and Puketotara rivers. Details would be good.</description> <styleUrl>#msn_target228</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>173.9557,-35.2139,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>King's Wharf</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description><![CDATA[1913-1968 coal-fired. Four steam engines supplied 3·3 MW. A further four units were ordered but delayed by military distractions, were not installed until 1920, to give a capacity of 4,500HP (3·36 MW) DC and 9450HP (7.05 MW) AC. Still more expansion by 1925 to 18 MW AC and 4·5 MW DC.

In March 1930 the power board converted to using power from Arapuni, but in May the Arapuni headrace cracked, and full-power use was resumed; failure of the government power supply meant that the government met the cost of a new 15 MW generator, which started in 1931 and ran full-power until Arapuni was returned to use in 1932, so standby status was resumed.

During WW2 the station ran most of the year as coal was available. The government bought the station in 1942 and discarded the DC generators, reducing the capicity to 27 MW AC only despite the post war shortages. In 1952 Maretai became available, and the station was shut for a refit, followed by full use from 1955 to 1960, but after that until shutdown in 1968 little power was generated.

]]></description>

<LookAt> <longitude>174.7687</longitude> <latitude>-36.8459</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>0.0096</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>2524.6938</range> <altitudeMode>relativeToGround</altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target97</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>174.7724,-36.8439,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Kohatu</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <open>1</open> <description>1908, somewhere around here. Farmer Robert Ellis for his home.</description> <styleUrl>#msn_target248</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>172.8373,-41.4536,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Lambton Quay</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <open>1</open> <description>1879 Jewellers Kohn & Company, shop window. Somewhere on Lambton Quay.</description> <LookAt> <longitude>174.7779</longitude> <latitude>-41.2871</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>-0.5411</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>2131.7555</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target0061</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>174.7756,-41.2832,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Lower Hutt</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>~1900, Balgownie generator building, 16b Hamerton Street, near here. Just a shell remains of what is known as a pumping house. If not from a water main's pressure reduction site, the generator may have been run off the pumping engine, presumably coal-fired steam power.</description> <LookAt> <longitude>174.9379</longitude> <latitude>-41.2056</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>-1.4203</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>685.4688</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target10001</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>174.9401,-41.2052,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Lyttelton</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description><![CDATA[Somewhere around here the Lyttelton Harbour Board installed electric arc lighting in 1883. The cool store also ran a 100HP steam engine attached to a Kapp dynamo.

1931. After a severe drought in 1930, four U-boat diesels from WW1 reparations were installed somewhere around. R. Semple announced their movement to Dobson in the Public Works statement for 1937 and gave the capacity as 5760 kW.

]]></description>

<LookAt> <longitude>172.7172</longitude> <latitude>-43.6025</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>-0.8464</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>1878.7470</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#mdefault</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>172.7192,-43.6037,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Mangaori</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>Sometime around 1920, somewhere around was a steam-powered generator at "Mangaori", used for Levin's street lights and the first house with electric power, 48 Liverpool Street, built by the Prouse family around 1924 when the street was called Mako Mako Road. Then hydro power arrived.</description> <LookAt> <longitude>175.2847</longitude> <latitude>-40.6239</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>-1.2833</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>2479.4491</range> <altitudeMode>relativeToGround</altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target024</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>175.2875,-40.6222,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Mangaweka</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description><![CDATA[1911-1937 25 kW, ~30' head. Adjunct to the water supply and sewage treatment. A small dam on the Mangawharariki stream, just before it joins the Rangitikei river by Mangaweka. Nearby.

See also http://www.ipenz.org.nz/heritage/itemdetail.cfm?itemid=2231

]]></description>

<styleUrl>#msn_target10000</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>175.8117,-39.8037,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Mangatepopo</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <open>1</open> <description><![CDATA[1950s. Alwyn Carter built a dam across the Mangatepopo stream to supply electricity to the adjacent (and now abandoned) village of Ketetahi, and Taurewa further south. When the timber workers' weekly payments had paid off the construction, further supply was free. (Taurewa: The Story of a Timber-Milling Town by B.W.Gough)]]></description> <LookAt> <longitude>175.5597</longitude> <latitude>-39.0624</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>-0.0166</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>1787.9050</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#m_ylw-pushpin2010</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>175.5622,-39.0589,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Manners Street</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>1889, June 29'th. Near here, powered by water from the public mains supplied both from Karori and Wainuiomata, and discharging into the Te Aro stream; two 30HP water turbines, power for street lighting: 480 Swan Edison incandescent lamps of 20 candlepower. As with Panama Street, but closed in 1891.</description> <LookAt> <longitude>174.7763</longitude> <latitude>-41.2929</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>3.4596</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>814.8107</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#ms_ylw-pushpin2</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>174.7779,-41.2920,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Maraetotara</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description><![CDATA[1922 - The Havelock North Borough Council built a dam atop the Maraetotara falls a thirty minute walk upstream from the turbine house and surge tower for the pipeline.

The topographic map merely has "Disused power station" with no associated mark. So, somewhere nearby...

The unnamed sidestream entering from the north presumably is too small to supply such a power station, while up the main stream (river on the map) is a waterfall showing a substantial flow.

The scheme supplied the bulk of the power used in Havelock North, and was purchased by the Hawke's Bay Electric Power Board in 1936. Dismanthed in 1941 due to damage to the castings.

]]></description>

<styleUrl>#msn_target180500</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>176.9458,-39.7453,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Marsden A</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description><![CDATA[240 MW from two steam turbines, seawater condenser. Marsden A burnt heavy oil delivered by a pipeline from the refinery, was commissioned in 1968 and ceased running after the oil-price adjustments of the 70s corrected for the inflation-reduced price of oil (see http://www.wtrg.com/prices.htm) that had seemed cheap stuff. Its fuel tanks, boiler room and chimney were removed in 1997 along with Marsden B's chimney.

In November 2005 the generator was put to use as a synchronous condenser.

]]></description>

<styleUrl>#msn_target36</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>174.4676,-35.8762,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Marsden B</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description><![CDATA[240 MW from one steam turbine, but... As with Marsden A, Marsden B was to burn heavy oil and was completed in 1980 after the oil "shock" of the late 1970s had adjusted the inflation-eroded price of oil. Refer to (e.g.) http://www.wtrg.com/prices.htm for inflation-adjusted prices.

The new station has never run (other than to demonstrate that it worked), then after being "mothballed" its chimney was removed on the 20'th of October 1997.

A 2005 proposal for a Marsden C, but fuelled by coal, has generated wide opposition.

In 2011 the station is to be dismantled and sent to Bangalore for United Telecoms, India. In 2012 the parts are sitting on a Whangarei dock as legal disputes are conducted over the bill for asbestos removal. In May a payment was made to a trust fund for the bill, and the parts are free to go.

]]></description>

<styleUrl>#msn_target1213</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>174.4686,-35.8748,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Maruia Falls</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description><![CDATA[1951, 24'th February opening, using a turbine from Brightwater. A "disused power house" is named on the map near here but not marked other than by that text. Presumably it once employed the head offered by the Maruia Falls nearby.

The Murchison earthquake (magnitude estimated as 7¾ at 10:17 a.m. of the 17'th June 1929 caused surface rupture along the White Creek fault (approx. the path of the Deepdale river, one valley west from Maruia falls) that dislocated the Buller road with a rise of fifteen feet and a horizontal shift of eight feet.

One of the many landslides was at what became Maruia falls. It shoved the river to the west, to drop over an uneroded portion of another fault scarp, rapidly excavating a new channel downstream through the old gravel layer above the rock. The earthquake caused no local differential movement.

]]></description>

<styleUrl>#msn_target913</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>172.2521,-41.8598,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>McLaren falls</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>1925 June 25'th for the first 1.4 MW generator, the second in September. A tunnel diverts the Mangakarengorengo stream into Lake McLaren, 85' head. The McLaren falls power station was superseded by the canal to the Ruahihi powerstation in 1989.</description> <styleUrl>#msn_target3011</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>176.0457,-37.8060,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Folder> <name>Meremere</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <Placemark> <name>Meremere</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>Up to three hundred tons an hour were carried by two cableways, each having buckets suspended from a single cable. Exact start and stop points in the stockpiles at each end are guesses.</description> <styleUrl>#msn_ylw-pushpin570</styleUrl> <LineString> <tessellate>1</tessellate> <coordinates> 175.1698,-37.2763,0 175.0698,-37.3123,0 </coordinates> </LineString> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Meremere</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description><![CDATA[180 MW coal-fired. Construction began in 1956, finished 1958 with six generators and six boilers, etc. A seventh generator in 1967 to bring the total to 210 MW, but no extra chimney as well. The adjacent Waikato river supplied cooling water and two bucket cableways brought up to three hundred tons an hour of coal from the Kopaku opencast mine six miles away ENE in the Maramarua coalfield, though about a third of Meremere's coal arrived from other mines by rail. The initial tests had used coal brought all the way from Britain, but the soft Waikato coal produced too much fly ash to increasing annoyance, until a refurbishment in 1982 added electrostatic precipitators.

Decommissioned in March 1991, wrapped in plastic (asbestos had been used), deconstructed and now considered for reconstruction, though in 2008 a waste processing operation began, using the old coal pit as a dump.

]]></description>

<styleUrl>#msn_target326</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>175.0678,-37.315,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> </Folder> <Placemark> <name>Mill Street</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <open>1</open> <description><![CDATA[1907, December 24'th, 8:45pm. near here. Mayoress Mrs. Cragie pulled the lever that admitted power to arc lights along Stafford Street between Mill Street and Canon Street. Lights of 800 and some of 1,000 candlepower greatly outshone the existing gas lighting. Thousands of residents thronged the street and gave involuntary exclamations of awe and cheers heard in every corner of the town. The Timaru Herald editorialised about the waste incurred by over-lighting, and the unfavourable compaison it caused for less expensively-lit streets.

There had been an oatmeal mill at the site, belching smoke from a large chimney. The building partially collapsed in the late 1880s, and shortly after as snow fell, it caught fire. A charred shell remained, but the chimney was still sound and in 1906 there were ideas about an electric power generation station that would use the chimney. A contract was let to the Scott Brothers Company on the 11'th March 1907, but the equipment would not be available for several months as it still formed a part of the Christchurch Exhibition.

The boilerhouse contained three tubular boilers supplying steam at 160psi for 150HP; generally only one was required with the second used for peak demand. There were three dynamos and their engines at Christchurch but the smaller was not used at Timaru. The two were a cross-compound Scott Brothers engine of 150HP driving a General Electric 110 kW dynamo by belt. The second was Belliss high-speed compound condensing engine of 110HP (very noisy at Christchurch where it was operated without a condenser) direct-driving a 75 kW dynamo from General Electric's English representative, the Thomas-Houston Company.

Power was generated at 440 V, and was distributed via three wires at 220 V. The omitted third engine had generated at 220 V. Distribution was impeded by the need to obtain permission from the Post and Telegraph Office, plus a licence from the Electric Lines Department, necessitating a visit from the mayor to the head office in Wellington. Later extension to Caroline Bay required agreement from the Railways Department for power to cross their railway lines.

The initial agreement was for supply to the council for street lighting only. There was confusion over poublic supply, resolved by the council having the responsibility for collecting money and its staff would read the meters. Power for street lighting was charged at a shilling per unit, but sixpence a unit otherwise. Some note was taken of the need to compete with the town Gas company. By 1913 there were 1,400 power poles and 150 miles of wire. In 1915, when the Borough Council bought out the company for £34,000, eighty miles of street were lit costing £1,300 a year.

The power plant suffered frequent breakdowns, an inquiry finding a "deplorable state of affairs at the power house"; at the council meeting of the 23'rd October 1923 the Mayor suggested giving two or three month's notice to all staff but Councillor A.M.H.Shirtcliffe responded that this was the best business the council has got. There were further stormy meetings over replacing engineers (or not), and should Timaru be engulfed by the South Canterbury Electric Power Board, with petitions in favour and against, and a further petition by some to unsign their earlier petition for - but a ruling from the Crown Law Office rejected that. Reverberations continued for decades, but the key development was the arrival of bulk power from the Lake Coleridge system in early December 1923, which the Timaru Municipal Electricity Department was obliged to buy - and resold profitably to the Timaru Borough Council, which charged its customers high prices... Nor was the Gas Company absent from these manoeuvrings. On the 14'th July 1954 the South Canterbury Power Board adopted a resolution to sue the Mayor, councillors and citizens of Timaru and the writ was issued on the 9'th August. The matter came to aribtration in October 1959, unfavourably to Timaru, until an Electricity Amendment Bill was passed in October 1966. Much more detail is found in Timaru Centenary pp106-125.

With the arrival of power from Lake Coleridge, the Mill Street plant was scrapped (p112) but the chimney remained and the building was used for pottery production. Generation capacity was retained for many years (to abate peak demand - p119) but from what equipment is not stated.

]]></description>

<LookAt> <longitude>171.2571</longitude> <latitude>-44.4030</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>72.1421</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>626.9538</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#m_ylw-pushpin23</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>171.2572,-44.4030,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Mosgiel</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>1885, the Mosgiel Wollen Factory was lit by electricity, generated by the 180HP steam engine used for mechanical power.</description> <LookAt> <longitude>170.3558</longitude> <latitude>-45.8755</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>0.4063</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>1400.9356</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target227</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>170.3569,-45.8725,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Motueka</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>1921. Somewhere in Motueka a "suction gas" plant started generating electricity.</description> <LookAt> <longitude>173.0118</longitude> <latitude>-41.1152</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>14.8529</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>3935.4559</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target156</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>173.0113,-41.1122,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Napier</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description><![CDATA[1913, September. Fullagar diesel. To power trams, and electric lighting though not outnumbering street gas lights until a surge in electrification in 1915. The whole system was wrecked by the Napier earthquake of 1931.

~1910 There was also a steam-power generator somewhere.

]]></description>

<LookAt> <longitude>176.9062</longitude> <latitude>-39.4940</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>2.203329255583851e-011</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>136.2902</range> <altitudeMode>relativeToGround</altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target618</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>176.9058,-39.4940,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>New Plymouth</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <open>1</open> <description><![CDATA[1974, five 120 MW steam turbines, coal and heavy oil-fired to start, but after two years the furnaces were converted to natural gas (first from Kapuni then from Maui) so that on the official opening in March 1977 all could burn gas. This assisted in the consumption of gas from the Maui field (pay, used or not; gas was being flared in order to obtain the condensate to augment petrol supplies: R.E.McLean attended the opening ceremony where the flares went out. On departure of the TV cameras, the flares restarted); now that resource has successfully been brought to near exhaustion, there is talk of alternative fuels, such as oil. The fuel oil tanks have been retained, as NZ has lagged in meeting international agreements for minimum fuel storage capacity. When gas is being burnt, a small amount of fuel oil is also burnt to "stabilise" the flame. In June 1976 there had been an explosion in one of the furnaces. In 2004 the fuel oil system was upgraded to allow only fuel oil firing, as natural gas was no longer thought infinitely abundant. Commissioning began in February 2005 and was completed in June 2006. Only three of the five boilers are in use.

There is also a 4·5 MW standby diesel generator.

The early decommissioning in late 2007 due to the "discovery" (in an unexpected location) of asbestos was followed by re-activation during the consequent power shortage of 2008. This rally, of ~100 MW, ended with 2008 though some small peeps of 100 kW appear in data for January 2009.

]]></description>

<styleUrl>#msn_target114</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>174.0273,-39.0580,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Ngatoro</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>1904. A concrete weir on the Ngatoro stream on Tarata road (Junction road on the topographic map) diverted water by tunnel and race to the power station on the riverbank. Head ~30'. Private company taken over by the Inglewood Borough and operated until 1930 (The Alchemy of the Engineer)</description> <styleUrl>#msn_target842</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>174.2379,-39.1567,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Ngauranga</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>Somewhere around. In 1905 the Wellington Meat Export Company started transmitting electricity from its meatworks to a water pumping station at Alicetown (Petone? A long transmission, then), in 1908 to the new railway station at Ngauranga for lighting.</description> <LookAt> <longitude>174.8163</longitude> <latitude>-41.2484</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>-1.8856</heading> <tilt>1.277597086531334e-011</tilt> <range>2977.3948</range> <altitudeMode>relativeToGround</altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target_copy110</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>174.8130,-41.2464,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Nile?</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>~1920. The map showing "Nine Mile Creek" has its position about here, where there is the Nile river, also given another use of "Waitakere".</description> <LookAt> <longitude>171.5342</longitude> <latitude>-41.9501</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>0.0864</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>44453.1128</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target5110</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>171.4758,-41.9360,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Nine Mile Creek</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <open>1</open> <description>~1920 A 1922 map shows a 2000HP (1500 kW) hydro power station named Nine Mile Creek, and here is indeed Nine Mile Creek, but the position on the map is shown due south of Cape Foulwind, on the Nile river.</description> <styleUrl>#msn_target916</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>171.6633,-41.8367,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Okere Falls</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description><![CDATA[1901, May. 100 kW from two turbines, 14' head, water diverted from the lake outlet via a timber water race. Near here.

Fourth public supply (behind Reefton, Wellington, and Stratford), first transmission line (thirteen miles, 3·3 kV) using the new AC ideas. First state-controlled project (though constructed by contractors), under the Lands & Survey Department which ran the tourist facilities at Rotorua, and was embarrassed by sewage problems. Not much change since, then. Aside from powering pumps, the usual use for lighting: public buildings, houses of officials...

200 kW from 1908 with a second 100 kW generator and some wing dams at the lake outlet; reduced to evening peak and standby when the Arapuni station started in 1929, then back to fulltime during its leakage problem 1930-1932. Disuse from 1936 and the station closed with September 1939.

<pR>There is a proposal for revival downstream of the initial falls, with a longer canal capturing more fall and thus ~14 MW and annoying canoeists.

]]></description>

<styleUrl>#msn_target40</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>176.3453,-38.0142,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Omapere?</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <open>1</open> <description>1920s. Possibly near here. A 1922 map of North Island power stations has 1,000HP (~750 kW) at Omapere.</description> <styleUrl>#msn_target3000</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>173.7656,-35.3613,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Oamaru</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <open>1</open> <description><![CDATA[1918, 30'th September. Somewhere around the top of Severn Street was the first power pole. Inaugurated when Mrs. Mitchell, wife of the chaiman of the Electricity Committee turned on the light. Water was from the public supply's supplementary reservoir on the South Hill, and came from the water race that had been extended beyond the Maraewhenua after it had been declared a "sludge sluice" (to the convenience of miners) and fouled the water intake on the Waitaki river. A fortnight after the inauguration there was a serious break in the water race. The plant was found to be inefficient and unreliable,but had to serve for a few years until a gas engine was installed.

In February 1919 a public meeting appointed a North Otago Hydro-Electric Committee and it, with local bodies, decided in January 1921 to have a Power Board constituted. In 1923 fundamental difficulties were eased by the Government becoming responsible to supply power while the board would deal with reticulation. At length, the Board arranged to buy the Borough's equipment for £45,000 (£12,000 in cash, the rest taking over the Borough's outstanding electricity loan) and in March 1924 ratepayers agreed to a loan of £135,000 for the whole scheme, with erection of poles and power lines throughout the district.

In 1925 the Board added an oil engine to the Oamaru Power House plant, and on the 24'th December 1926, Government power from Lake Coleridge arrived, the local generation being retained as standby. History of North Otago K.C.McDonald.

]]></description>

<LookAt> <longitude>170.9628</longitude> <latitude>-45.1035</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>0.1156</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>2018.7543</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#m_ylw-pushpin23</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>170.9655,-45.0994,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Folder> <name>One Mile</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <Placemark> <name>One Mile Dam</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>1924 Concrete arch intake dam, somewhere near here.</description> <LookAt> <longitude>168.6366</longitude> <latitude>-45.0331</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>3.8914</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>1533.8262</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#m_ylw-pushpin01000</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>168.6395,-45.0331,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>One Mile Creek</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <open>1</open> <description><![CDATA[1924, 18'th September. Pipeline from a dam 587' above lake Wakatipu on One Mile Creek, to a "Boving" Pelton wheel driving a 60 kW generator. The scheme started as water supply, opened 10'th November 1884 after the disastrous experience with the January 1882 fire (started by a Ballarat Street grocer as an insurance fraud) and the lack of water promoted thought of expenditure on a town supply. The water pressure of 110 lbs/sq.inch was enough to run Pelton wheels, such as for lighting in Julia Eichardt's hotel in 1886. (c.f. Reefton, which was for public supply.)

Building a power station for public supply was suggested in 1892, but the additional cost after just having built the water supply was shunned. Instead, in 1910 an acetlyene gas plant was built in Earnslaw Park for public lighting but it exploded on the 23'rd of June 1923, taking with it half the windows in the town.

With increasing demand, a diesel generator somewhere (whose noise could be heard throughout the town) supplemented the supply during peak demand or low water flows. The station was bought by the Central Otago Electric Power Board in 1945 and was closed in December 1966 with the water being taken for town supply.

Possibly this hut is the power house under reconstruction.

]]></description>

<styleUrl>#ms_ylw-pushpin1</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>168.6443,-45.0365,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> </Folder> <Placemark> <name>Otaio</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>Somewhere around. Supplied the Otaio station.</description> <LookAt> <longitude>170.9256</longitude> <latitude>-44.5223</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>0.0913</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>3017.2369</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target125</styleUrl> <Point> <altitudeMode>absolute</altitudeMode> <coordinates>170.9248,-44.5251,264.9069</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Otira</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description><![CDATA[1908 Somewhere near here two Pelton wheels fed from Holt's creek generated 433 kW at 500 V DC from a head of 750' for the railway tunnel construction and local hospital. Small capacity and lack of water during winter freeze and summer dry forced development of a steam-powered generator. See The Press (Christchurch), 13th August 1908.]]></description> <LookAt> <longitude>171.5491</longitude> <latitude>-42.8470</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>1.8783</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>5540.1426</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target71600</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>171.5443,-42.8621,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Otira rail</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description><![CDATA[Somewhere around here was the coal-fired power house to supply the 1,500 Volt DC electric engines used on the "EA" locomotives drawing trains through the Otira railway tunnel. Because the train transit time was ~28 minutes, the two 1200 kW geared turbogenerators could be run at 125% as needed. Chilly local water improved the condenser working, and the topography meant pressurised water was available without pumping, a further benefit. Descending trains used regenerative braking (with six phase mercury arc inverter valves to supply to the grid) though whether this practice started from the beginning is unclear as a power line would have to take this power somewhere. Grid power supply came in 1941.

The nearby hydro power project was too small for the railway working, and suffered from lack of flow during winter frost. The coal-fired station thus also assisted with the supply for local consumption.

]]></description>

<LookAt> <longitude>171.5579</longitude> <latitude>-42.8311</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>3.0849</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>5166.4514</range> <altitudeMode>relativeToGround</altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target7160</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>171.5617,-42.8324,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Oturehua</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>1910 or so. Ernest Hayes, farmer, flour miller, engineer built and extended his workshop over many years, starting in 1895. A windmill was used for power, also a Pelton wheel, presumably fed from the pond atop the plateau to the west, however the topographic map's depiction of streams in the area is confusing. The windmill's remains are said to be visible, no word on the Pelton wheel and generator.</description> <LookAt> <longitude>169.9036</longitude> <latitude>-45.0114</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>2.1069</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>729.3866</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target310</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>169.9038,-45.0094,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Owharoa Falls</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>1902 Part of the goldmining activities, supplying the Victoria battery at Waikino.</description> <LookAt> <longitude>175.7636</longitude> <latitude>-37.4199</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>0.0008</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>353.4062</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target185</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>175.7637,-37.4198,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Palmerston North</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description><![CDATA[1924, March, limited supply for electric lighting then general use from August. Supply to the Bunnythorpe substation was made only from April until December, by which time the line from the Mangahao hydro power station had been completed. The official opening was on the 12'th November 1924.

The initial proposal in 1916 was to power electric lighting and a tramway system but in 1920 this last was dropped in favour of petrol-powered buses. Construction of the station began in December 1922, though a lot of machinery had been delivered in mid 1921. Trial runs of the generators were made in February 1924.

Three 450HP "National" gas engines, coal gas that is, from the established gasworks adjacent, that used Waikato coal delivered via a private railway siding. In 1936 two 1400HP (1250 kW) British Polar k48M diesel engines were installed amongst manoeuvring between the city's Municipal Electricity Department and the Manawatu-Oroua Electric Power Board and government over power supply and pricing. Aside from the reliability of supply from the developing national grid, the bulk electricity charge was based entirely on the peak power over a year, not the total energy at all, and so anything that reduced the annual peak values was particularly valuable. The gas engines were scrapped in 1954.

With the completion of the Cook Strait cable system in 1965, regular operation was converted to stand-by, with the last run in 1992. The bulk electricity charge system had been changed to include a four-part energy component (day/night, work day/holiday) in April 1984. In 1999 the station was declared no longer connected.

Much more detail can be found via http://www.geocities.com/pnpowerstn/ - if still accessible. There is some possibility of there having been generation directly associated with the gasworks, a boiler using waste heat, and I recall talk of WWII reparations ex-U Boat diesel engines.

]]></description>

<LookAt> <longitude>175.6440</longitude> <latitude>-40.3417</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>-114.0292</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>117.3254</range> <altitudeMode>relativeToGround</altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target0011</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>175.6439,-40.3417,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Panama Street</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description><![CDATA[1889, June. Near here, water from the city mains was supplied (at no charge) to drive two (?) 30 horsepower turbines each powering a 15 kW (=20HP) single-phase AC generator for street lighting.

In 1891 with the closing of the Manners Street station, three 50HP turbines were installed and application made to offer supply to private consumers.

]]></description>

<LookAt> <longitude>174.7767</longitude> <latitude>-41.2837</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>-1.9322</heading> <tilt>8.277375153412881e-011</tilt> <range>430.9113</range> <altitudeMode>relativeToGround</altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target_copy3</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>174.7764,-41.2840,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Parliament</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>1883, June. A 16HP gas engine (no, coal gas from the town supply) to supply three hundred Swan incandescent filament lamps, for the debating chamber. Somewhere around here.</description> <LookAt> <longitude>174.7777</longitude> <latitude>-41.2785</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>2.8532</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>973.1472</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target1530</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>174.7763,-41.2774,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Parihaka Pa</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <open>1</open> <description>1899, Parihaka Pa hydro electric power station. Somewhere nearby. A hydraulic ram pumped drinking water to two concrete reservoirs, and the overflow was used to generate electricity.</description> <styleUrl>#ms_ylw-pushpin2</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>173.84,-39.2904,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Patea</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description><![CDATA[1918, 65HP suction gas engine (gas from a producer fuelled by coal/wood/etc.) somewhere by York Street generated electricity for the town water supply pumps, and could supply the town also, but could not be synchronised with the supply from Kakaramea.

1927 a Ruston Hornby diesel electric generator could be run in parallel with the hydro generator. Sold to the state in 1941.

In An Illustrated History of Taranaki by Gail and Ron Lambert on page 17 appears "... after 1886, when counties and boroughs were empowered to supply electricity, but it did not become a reality in Taranaki until 1901 when Patea quietly went ahead with their plans and became the first municipality in New Zealand to own an electricity plant, although several private firms were operating plants in the province prior to this time."

This would be the Kakaramea station, northwest of the town.

]]></description>

<LookAt> <longitude>174.4832</longitude> <latitude>-39.7580</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>0.0002</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>416.3780</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#ms_ylw-pushpin2</styleUrl> <Point> <altitudeMode>absolute</altitudeMode> <coordinates>174.4836,-39.7582,19.0000</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Penrose</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description><![CDATA[1928, 1'st June. Three 1,500 kW diesel generators, somewhere around.

Public Works statement by the hon. K.S. Williams, 1928:

The date set for completion of this was the 1'st June, and the principal factor determining the time of completion was the obtaining of information to enable the foundations for both engines and generators and the rest of the building to be designed. The site was marked out and the ground cleared about the 12'th October, and excavations started. The main excavations on the site were finished by the end of November. Two of the engines arrived in Auckland about the 12'th November, and the third about three weeks later; the erecting engineer from England arrived at the beginning of December. Concrete work on the building was started about the 10'th December, and in the meantime the engine parts were being cleaned and got ready for erection.

Placing concrete on the engine-foundations started about the 12'th January, and the first engine and generator foundation was completed about the 24'th January, the second about the 28th January, and practically all foundation work was completed by the 4th February. The crane-columns, water-cooling tower, and fuel-oil tanks were commenced about the 8'th February, and the first parts of the engines and generators to be erected were taken to the building about the same time. Meanwhile the walls of the building were pushed on, and one crane was erected by about the 23'rd February, and the other two (one for each engine) by the end of February. The bed-plates of two engines were placed in position by the 3'rd March, and that of the third by 10 March

By the 31'st March the main part of the erection works was completed, except for the valve gear, and the engines had been finally levelled up and bolted down, and the generator rotors were in position. The framework of the cooling-tower was up to its full height, and the fuel oil storage tanks in position. Since the 31'st March, the erection work was completed, the principal additional items being the oil and water piping, exhaust-pipe and silencers, the auxiliary air compressor, lubricating-oil pumps and cooling-water pumps, and the switchboard to control the three units and the local service power-supply.

The three sets were given a trial run of a few minutes each on 17'th and 18'th May, and the necessary cables, which had previously been put in position to connect to the bus-bars, were connected in ready to supply. The engines were run for fifty hours on the 22'nd, 23'rd, and 24'th May to dry out the generators on short circuit, and the engines were run without any trouble in parallel with Horahora and King's Wharf station. Their performance on the fuel oil available has, however, not so far been altogether satisfactory.

]]></description>

<LookAt> <longitude>174.8296</longitude> <latitude>-36.9330</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>-0.0247</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>6690.0498</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#mdefault</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>174.8105,-36.9247,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Petone</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <open>1</open> <description><![CDATA[1920 or so. Coal-fired power station on the northern side of Petone Recreation Park, presumably somewhere around here. In The Gear - A History of the Gear Meat Preserving & Freezing Company, Warwick Johnston declares that the extra width of Buick street being to allow for a railway line to supply coal is a myth. There was a rail line along The Esplanade, that was used to convey waste to the piggery on Gear Island, now the Shandon golf course..]]></description> <LookAt> <longitude>174.8838</longitude> <latitude>-41.2242</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>-0.5866</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>754.3435</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target100</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>174.8839,-41.2213,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Phoenix</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <open>1</open> <description><![CDATA[1884. A small dynamo used for electric lighting at the Phoenix Battery, somewhere nearby. (Lake Wakatip Mail, 5'th December 1884) With a name change to Apollo, the gold ran out in 1907.]]></description> <LookAt> <longitude>168.6826</longitude> <latitude>-44.7951</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>3.6131</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>5504.2023</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#ms_ylw-pushpin0</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>168.6753,-44.7869,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Premier</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <open>1</open> <description>1895 Premier mine, somewhere around here by Macetown, also employed electricity.</description> <LookAt> <longitude>168.8167</longitude> <latitude>-44.8644</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>2.206970990694126e-010</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>1687.8581</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#ms_ylw-pushpin0</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>168.8167,-44.8644,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Printing Office</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <open>1</open> <description>1883, Tuesday 22'nd May, as encouraged by Dr. Lemon, a successful trial of electric light for the government printing office, then possibly here. The staff were well satisfied: "the light being steady and bright, and the composing room now quite cool instead of formerly close and unwholesome" though in winter the heat previously provided via the gas lights would have to be supplied by some other means, a point often lost with modern replacements of incandescent bulbs by high-efficiency non-heat illuminators.</description> <LookAt> <longitude>174.7777</longitude> <latitude>-41.2790</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>-0.3454</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>1666.9209</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target_copy3</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>174.7801,-41.2772,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Pukaki</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description><![CDATA[1946, completed 1951. 73' high rolled-earth fill with gravel and boulder surface, spillway with six gates at the east end, an intake (with whirlpool) at the west end. This presumably was for power generation, but I was only eight years old and don't recall noticing power lines...

Drowned by the later high dam that blocked the gorge through the terminal moraine, returning the lake to near its post-glacial level in order to serve as a waystation in the Waitaki scheme, between lakes Tekapo and Ohau.

]]></description>

<LookAt> <longitude>170.1468</longitude> <latitude>-44.1897</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>2.7542</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>6227.2514</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target282</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>170.1463,-44.1868,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Folder> <name>Reefton</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <open>1</open> <description><![CDATA[1886. On Wednesday the 24'th of November, bright light had been brought to the bars of Dawson's, Kater's, Stevenson's and William's hotels by showman Walter Prince via underground cable through attaching a one kilowatt generator to the Oxley's brewery's steam engine. The test required regular visits of the spectators between the hotel and the brewery, and there was high demand at each point of supply. As a result, many were carrying an overload and it was not only the hotel that was lit up.(Electricity Development in New Zealand)

On Monday the 6'th of December the Reefton Electrical Transmission of Power and Lighting company was formed with Mr. Prince as a major shareholder, to construct a hydro power station on the far bank of the Inangahua river. From an intake opposite Black's Point on the Inangahua river, a canal and two short tunnels (passing a slip and the main bluff) enabled a head of 27 feet to supply a 70 horsepower Rafel water turbine built in Dunedin that was connected by belt to a Crompton DC dynamo generating 20 kW (=27HP) at 30 and 110 volts, sufficient for five hundred lights. The water races were ready by February, but there were delays in the arrival of the machines and the lamps.

The power station made its first demonstration shortly after seven p.m. on Wednesday 1'st August 1888 when an arc light lit "the whole scene with strange but dazzling brilliance" (Inangahua Times). Aerial conductors conveyed power across the river to Oddfellows Hall where on Saturday the 4'th of August there was a second demonstration of fifty incandescent filament lamps, giving a much more pleasant light than the arc lamp. By September, some 130 lamps were being served, but insulation problems with the underground cables from the Odfellows Hall supply point caused intermittent service that Mr. Prince was unable to correct. The Telegraph Department had required underground lines to avoid risk to its overhead telegraph lines. Mr. J.J. Horton was hired in his place and and on arriving on the thirteenth of October found that the wiring was of different gauges, badly jointed and insulated. By Christmas some 500 lights were being supplied.

This was New Zealand's first electricity generator for public use, being street lights, then home lights. The rate in 1888 from the Reefton Electrical Transmission of Power and Lighting Company, Ltd. was three pounds per light per year, used or not. The connection cost was one pound, paid once only. A good salary at the time was a hundred pounds a year. The sixteen candlepower lamps were made in London and cost one shilling and three pence each.

See also http://www.ipenz.org.nz/heritage/itemdetail.cfm?itemid=2096

]]></description>

<Placemark> <name>Reefton intake</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <open>1</open> <LookAt> <longitude>171.8750</longitude> <latitude>-42.1252</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>-0.2344</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>3184.6540</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_arrow-reverse0</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>171.8793,-42.1307,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Reefton flume</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <open>1</open> <description>Approximate route. Two tunnels at the bend to the west.</description> <styleUrl>#m_ylw-pushpin000000</styleUrl> <LineString> <tessellate>1</tessellate> <coordinates> 171.8793,-42.1307,0 171.8794,-42.1304,0 171.8797,-42.1301,0 171.8817,-42.1289,0 171.8834,-42.1274,0 171.8834,-42.1269,0 171.8819,-42.1262,0 171.8816,-42.1258,0 171.8799,-42.1246,0 171.8795,-42.1244,0 171.8787,-42.1238,0 171.8782,-42.1233,0 171.8775,-42.1228,0 171.8765,-42.1223,0 171.8762,-42.1222,0 171.8758,-42.1220,0 171.8744,-42.1216,0 171.8736,-42.1215,0 171.8731,-42.1213,0 171.8726,-42.1212,0 171.8716,-42.1212,0 171.8714,-42.1212,0 171.8713,-42.1213,0 171.8712,-42.1213,0 171.8711,-42.1216,0 </coordinates> </LineString> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Reefton</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <open>1</open> <description><![CDATA[1888, 1'st August ~7p.m. A head of 27 feet to supply a 70 horsepower Rafel water turbine built in Dunedin that was connected by belt to a Crompton DC dynamo generating 20 kW (=27HP) at 30 and 110 volts, sufficient for five hundred lights.

There have been many equipment changes. In 1901 the dynamo was replaced by one producing 46 kW at 220 volts with the aid of an auxiliary steam engine, then in 1908 a new water turbine, total output 80 kW. Then the powerhouse was destroyed by fire in 1911, reconstructed with a 230 volt 100 kW generator, with steam powered generators added in 1920. In 1935 a new water turbine and generator, added or replaced?

This power station continued to operate until the eleventh of November 1946 when the assets of the Reefton Electric Light and Power Company were purchased by the Grey Electric Power Board, whose AC network was extended to Reefton three years later. (Over the River, M. Anderson) The power house was demolished in 1961, before the surge of interest in historic sites reached it.

Christchurch City Libraries offer an image: http://christchurchcitylibraries.com/Heritage/photos/disc3/IMG0075.asp

]]></description>

<styleUrl>#msn_target520</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>171.8711,-42.1216,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> </Folder> <Placemark> <name>Roaring Meg</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>Somewhere around here was a diversion to a tunnel through to the Blackball gold-sluicing operation.</description> <LookAt> <longitude>171.4117</longitude> <latitude>-42.3337</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>1.7707</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>10407.2421</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_forbidden6</styleUrl> <Point> <altitudeMode>absolute</altitudeMode> <coordinates>171.4140,-42.3243,627.8957</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Roslyn</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>1882, July. Somewhere around here the Roslyn Woolen Mills installed electric lighting. Ten large lamps required five horsepower or 3700 Watts.</description> <LookAt> <longitude>170.4893</longitude> <latitude>-45.8691</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>1.5054</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>2427.1595</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target006</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>170.4889,-45.8668,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Sawyer Stream</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>1925. Abandoned when the national grid connection arrived in 1961. Somewhere around here. The pipes are still in place.</description> <styleUrl>#msn_target230</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>170.1117,-43.7595,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Six Mile Creek</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>1922, January. 80 kW, 105' head. Pipe from a convenient water race built by the Six Mile Sluicing Company for gold mining. Ceased 1975. In 1937 a 100HP diesel was added, possibly in the same power house, that was sold in 1951 to the Fox Glacier Hotel after the Maruia Falls power station opened.</description> <styleUrl>#msn_target0002</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>172.3278,-41.8814,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Sandhill</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description><![CDATA[1891 A power house is marked on the topographic map, but nothing else... The Sandhills Gold Mining company operated the first gold dredge to be electrically powered, converted from coal-fired steam due to the difficulty of getting around a thousand tons of coal per year to the work site. The power house was a mile and a half up river, fed water taken from Rapid Creek by water race then a tapering pipeline down 520 feet to a four-feet diameter Pelton wheel connected via a belt to two dynamos, delivering a total of 70 horsepower (52 kW) at 1,300 volts DC. Quarter-inch copper cables wound on and off drums allowed the dredge to move about.

Well off to the south is the Sandhill Creek and Sandhill Cut around 44° 49'S 168°43'30"E.

]]></description>

<styleUrl>#msn_target0281</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>168.7306,-44.7283,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Springlands</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description><![CDATA[1930, July, 630HP six-cylinder Davy Paxman diesel engine to drive a 428 kW generator. In 1929 the hydro power supply from Waihopai had been reduced by a drought in February, and reductions due to winter freezing were likely, so a standby non-hydro generator was preferred over additional hydro generation. The order was made on the 19'th October 1929 and the plant was available just in time for another winter freeze-up.

In 1937 a Harland&Wolff 1,300HP diesel driving 900 kW was added. In 1939, summer drought and winter freeze combined to reduce the Waihopai station to only 100 kW, so the diesels at Springlands carried most of the load.

During WWII the Marlborough Electric Power Board's expansion plus the addition of thousands of military personnel strained capacity, which was increased by a link to the Cobb hydro power station in December 1944. With full connection to the national grid in September 1958, the diesels were offered for sale but there were no takers, fortunately so as there were still shortages to come. Running for "peak trimming" was very advantageous, though in 1983 the Branch River hydro station reduced the need.

The last logged generation was through the daytime of the 22'nd of June 1992; the station remains capable and runs on "open days" but was disconnected from the local grid on the 30'th of July 2003 mainly because of doubts over the switchgear.

Details might be found via http://www.paxmanhistory.org.uk/blenheim.htm

]]></description>

<LookAt> <longitude>173.9317</longitude> <latitude>-41.4989</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>91.7729</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>157.8870</range> <altitudeMode>relativeToGround</altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target0202</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>173.9320,-41.4989,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Stoke</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <open>1</open> <description>1937, August. Somewhere near here, a power house for diesel engines. 250 kW plus 500 kW Ruston, plus later four Petters diesels to a total of 2 MW. Became standby when Cobb hydro power in 1955 was secure thanks to the completed dam, and in 1959 one Ruston went to Karamea, the four Petters to Manapouri.</description> <LookAt> <longitude>173.2435</longitude> <latitude>-41.3149</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>0.0005</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>285.1265</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#m_ylw-pushpin20010</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>173.2434,-41.3141,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Stratford A</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description><![CDATA[200 MW, four gas turbines fired by natural gas from Kapuni, later from Maui. First power in December 1975, all four commissioned by June 1976. Off the books in October 1999, according to Laurie Counsell. Despite decommissioning and indeed, deconstruction, half-hourly data for each of the four turbines continued to be presented for another decade, even sometimes with non-zero values.

About half the site area was the power station (the marker centred on it), and to the west was a larger area devoted to "gas reception".

]]></description>

<styleUrl>#msn_target1104</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>174.3190,-39.3322,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Stratford dam</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>According to the article via http://www.stratford.govt.nz/ the intake and power station were downstream, despite the obvious narrow neck of the hairpin bend just upstream.</description> <LookAt> <longitude>174.3153</longitude> <latitude>-39.3394</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>-0.6538</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>2703.3901</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_forbidden34</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>174.3092,-39.3412,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Stratford Hydro</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description><![CDATA[1898. First in Taranaki, following Wellington and Reefton so the third in New Zealand. 90 kW single phase AC at 2200 V, town supply was 105 V. Alec Reid's scheme was a dam and intake for a hundred yards of tunnel across the neck of a meander then a drop of about twelve feet to the horizontal axis turbine in a corrugated iron powerhouse. Two years later a small fault required the dismantling and reassembly of the generator. Somewhere nearby. The Stratford Distric council's website http://www.stratford.govt.nz/ has an article with details and noting remnant parts, but places the power station on the straight part of the hairpin bend just north of Victoria street with the dam a short distance upstream. The obvious relationship would be across the neck of the hairpin. As ever, a field visit is the only way to be sure.

1916, purchased by the Stratford Borough Council and supplemented by a diesel-driven generator. Operated until the completion of the Motukawa power station in 1927 and supply from the Taranaki Electric Power Board. (The Alchemy of the Engineer) This required a change to a 230 V system.

]]></description>

<styleUrl>#ms_ylw-pushpin4</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>174.3101,-39.3416,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Talisman?</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>Remnants of the Talisman dam?</description> <styleUrl>#msn_forbidden00000</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>175.7218,-37.4241,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Tariki</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>Remains of the old power station (200 kW) used during construction of the Motukawa scheme, 1923+ Somewhere nearby.</description> <styleUrl>#msn_target2271</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>174.2751,-39.2169,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Te Aroha</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description><![CDATA[1906, April. 75 kW at 3100 V, Pelton wheel, 500' head though the map rather suggests ~900'. Lighting for Te Aroha. Water from the Tunakohoia stream (and the Tui stream, possibly then called Omahu stream) via a race was held in a reservoir then dropped by pipeline to a Pelton wheel to the Te Aroha power house "above Hamilton street". Somewhere nearby.

Relegated to standby when power from Arapuni became available in 1923. Demolished 1974, with remains visible at 23a Hamilton Street.

]]></description>

<styleUrl>#msn_target507</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>175.7124,-37.5281,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Tatare</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description><![CDATA[Around 1897 the Waiho Sluicing Company drove two tunnels (with thirty yards of wooden flume linking the two), then two miles of pipeline, then open race to the top of the terrace above the Waiho river for gold sluicing. Recovery ceased in 1908.

In June 1938 the Tatare power house was completed to house a Escher Wyss 220HP turbine and an English Electric alternator which at 1,000RPM generated 150 kW at 315 volts. I'll guess a head of ~50'. This supplied a local sawmill by day, and the Graham hotel by night.

In 1982 a slip provoked by a flood crushed part of the power house, which was not repaired as power to the area was now available from the national grid.

]]></description>

<styleUrl>#msn_target79</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>170.2061,-43.3878,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Thames</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>1916, somewhere nearby. Hydro power, 100 kW, ~50' head at a guess. Ran dusk to midnight and two hours on Tuesday afternoons (for the ironing, Monday being washing day - is everybody happy?). After the Great War, a German submarine's diesel engine offered reparation and additional power until grid power arrived in the 1920s, but the station continued until 1946. (http://www.ipenz.org.nz/heritage/itemdetail.cfm?itemid=463)</description> <LookAt> <longitude>175.5439</longitude> <latitude>-37.1335</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>-4.5581</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>576.5827</range> <altitudeMode>relativeToGround</altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target171</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>175.5448,-37.1326,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Toaroha</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <open>1</open> <description>1920 or so, somewhere around here (perhaps at the gorge, upstream), a 10,000HP (~7500 kW) power station is marked on a 1922 Public Works map.</description> <styleUrl>#msn_target8101</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>171.1238,-42.9140,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Tolaga Bay</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>1925, July. A generation plant was installed by Uawa County, somewhere, of some size and some type. Some mention of oil-fired, so probably a diesel. This is not the portable (in a shipping container) 1 MW diesel generator of ~2000 AD.</description> <LookAt> <longitude>178.3024</longitude> <latitude>-38.3702</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>-2.5482</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>3215.1367</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target604</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>178.2969,-38.3717,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Waihi</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>1905. At the Grand Junction mine, somewhere around here, 1300 kW via three 580HP steam turbines. Mostly for pumping and winding gear. In 1927 the generation plant was bought by the government.</description> <LookAt> <longitude>175.8423</longitude> <latitude>-37.3894</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>-0.6399</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>3593.3063</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#mdefault</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>175.8469,-37.3850,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Waihi Falls</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>1919. Somewhere nearby. Possibly around 250' head. Hydro power for a butter factory, later with supply to the Waihi village. The butter factory ceased operation in 1927, the site becoming a sawmill.</description> <LookAt> <longitude>175.7449</longitude> <latitude>-38.9440</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>-0.0079</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>320.3004</range> <altitudeMode>relativeToGround</altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target212</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>175.7447,-38.9441,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Waikino</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description><![CDATA[1902. The giant "Victoria" ore crushing battery started in 1898 with direct drive from water turbines, then two 50 kW 220 V DC generators to power the stampers. A 200' fall from the Waitekauri river, and a 50' fall from the Ohinemuri river.

Also a 150HP steam engine, and in May 1900 a new 600HP steam engine.

]]></description>

<LookAt> <longitude>175.7726</longitude> <latitude>-37.4127</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>-0.0047</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>3383.7687</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target3070</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>175.7744,-37.4099,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Wairere falls</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>1907. A Pelton wheel used for a flax mill was converted to electricity generation. ~80' head.</description> <LookAt> <longitude>177.0020</longitude> <latitude>-37.9525</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>-1.1073</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>2025.2415</range> <altitudeMode>relativeToGround</altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target343</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>177.0014,-37.9523,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Wairoa</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>~1910 A steam-powered generator, somewhere around. Coal supply was especially difficult because of the bar at the mouth of the river.</description> <LookAt> <longitude>177.4169</longitude> <latitude>-39.0134</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>-3.5429</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>20969.2368</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target444</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>177.4221,-39.0346,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Waitara gas</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>1905. Gas-fired (coal gas, natural gas or producer gas?) generator somewhere in central Waitara. Later supplemented by a small hydro plant operating off the water mains. (The Alchemy of the Engineer) Another text mentions Waitara "quietly going ahead on its own" in 1901. No details.</description> <styleUrl>#msn_target2011</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>174.2380,-39.0004,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Wakefield Quay</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>1923, October. 1000HP (750 kW) steam power. In 1944, supply from Cobb arrived, but operation continued until 1964.</description> <LookAt> <longitude>173.2682</longitude> <latitude>-41.2645</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>3.118692892909051e-011</heading> <tilt>21.6711</tilt> <range>244.7517</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target0033</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>173.2679,-41.2644,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Wanganui Opera House</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description><![CDATA[1900, 9'th February official opening, with electric lighting, power from a Crossley gas (coal) single cylinder engine of 16HP with a 7' diameter flywheel, running a Crompton dynamo producing 91 amps at 110 V DC (10 kW)... Gas-fired limelight was also available.

1912, DC power became available from the tramways system.

]]></description>

<LookAt> <longitude>175.0529</longitude> <latitude>-39.9346</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>8.2881</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>571.5181</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target0113</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>175.0518,-39.9345,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Wellington Terrace</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description><![CDATA[1883, May. At his residence on Wellington Terrace (later called The Terrace) somewhere around here, Dr. Charles Lemon, Superintendent of Telegraphs performed a successful first trial of his home lighting system, a one horsepower Otto gas engine (town supply coal gas) driving a Siemens dynamo to power Swan incandescent lamps, the system costing £200 which included sundry spare parts.

This was the first illumination by electricity of a private house in New Zealand, as reported in newspapers (e.g. The New Zealand Herald of the 26'th May 1883 on page 5, column 5·3) and contrary to later authors' claims such as for Auckland beer magnate Moss Davis doing so in November 1882. Except he was in Nelson at the time, moving to Auckland in 1885 and not buying a house there until 1887.

Dr. Lemon kept careful records of the costs of installation and operation, as revealed in a letter to the editor of the Evening Post of the 5'th June 1884 in response to some confused questioning in other letters. With gas lighting, over the previous three years his annual consumption averaged 27,433 cubic feet (costing £14 13s 5d) to run four Christiana gas light burners for an average of three hours a day, each requiring six cubic feet per hour and delivering 15 candlepower.

His gas engine consumed 56,600 cubic feet in a year; running at 54 cubic feet an hour that is 1,048 hours. At that rate, twelve lamps of 20 candlepower (actual photometer test by Sabine's method) were illuminated, so 240 candlepower at 54 cubic feet per hour. By contrast, for the same illumination via gas lamps, sixteen Christiana burners would be required consuming 96 cubic feet per hour against the gas engine's 54. At a price of seven shillings per thousand cubic feet, the annual cost for gas light would be £52 11s whereas the gas engine would consume £19 15s 6d. Against the difference of £33 15s 6d would be set sundry expenses such as operation, repairs, oil change, and replacing lamps amounting to £8 13s 6d. Twelve lamps at 5/6 each were broken, the majority in the first two months before the voltage stabilisation was stabilised. A N.Z. species of grass (when charred) was found especially good for use as filaments in the lamps, and specimens were sent to Siemens. A further 7/6 was expended on repairs to the machinery.

Dr. Lemon's system was actually capable of powering fifteen lamps, but for the test he always had eleven lamps running continuously, and declared his house "overlighted at that". Evidently, he had capacity to spare for normal usage and so could have supplied his neighbours as well. Indeed, one could imagine dedicating a building to providing electric power for distribution to the general community...

]]></description>

<LookAt> <longitude>174.7714</longitude> <latitude>-41.2896</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>-0.3413</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>539.8460</range> <gx:altitudeMode>relativeToSeaFloor</gx:altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target2011</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>174.7725,-41.2885,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Whirinaki</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description><![CDATA[1976, November. 162 MW (or 220?) from four light distillate/diesel fuelled gas turbines, aero type. Each rated 56·8 MW (gross?) with a thermal efficiency of ~28% and an exhaust temperature of 480°C

Main installation began with January 1976, first power November and the last generator was ready in December 1977. However, fuel arrangements were irregular. Two tanks each held 1,610 tonnes, sufficient for twenty-four hours of operation. The refuelling line could refill them in sixteen hours, allowing the desired eight hours of settling time for injurious contaminants, such as water. Improvement in 1979.

In 2001 the seldom-used station was dismantled and its parts sent to Australia.

]]></description>

<LookAt> <longitude>176.8930</longitude> <latitude>-39.3865</latitude> <altitude>0</altitude> <heading>-7.2542</heading> <tilt>0</tilt> <range>2894.2507</range> <altitudeMode>relativeToGround</altitudeMode> </LookAt> <styleUrl>#msn_target4070</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>176.8877,-39.3829,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> <Placemark> <name>Woodstock</name> <visibility>0</visibility> <description>In 1900 the Woodstock Gold Mining company built a timber dam in the Ohinemuri river. A pipe conveyed water to two Pelton water wheels at its ore battery, and power may have also gone to the underground pumphouse, or is it the underground power house?</description> <styleUrl>#msn_target_copy007</styleUrl> <Point> <coordinates>175.7222,-37.4249,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> </Folder> </Folder> </Document> </kml>