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Biological rules
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Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
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Biological rules
Rules
Allen's rule
Shorter appendages in colder climates
Bateson's rule
Extra limbs mirror their neighbours
Bergmann's rule
Larger bodies in colder climates
Cope's rule
Bodies get larger over time
Deep-sea gigantism
Larger bodies in deep-sea animals
Dollo's law
Loss of complex traits is irreversible
Eichler's rule
Parasites co-vary with their hosts
Emery's rule
Insect social parasites are often in same genus as their hosts
Fahrenholz's rule
Host and parasite phylogenies become congruent
Insular gigantism,
Insular dwarfism
)
Small species get larger, large species smaller, after colonizing islands
Gause's law
Complete competitors cannot coexist
Gloger's rule
Lighter coloration in colder, drier climates
Haldane's rule
Hybrid sexes that are absent, rare, or sterile, are heterogamic
Harrison's rule
Parasites co-vary in size with their hosts
Hamilton's rule
Genes increase in frequency when relatedness of recipient to actor times benefit to recipient exceeds reproductive cost to actor
Kleiber's law
An animals metabolic rate decreases with its size
Hennig's progression rule
In cladistics, the most primitive species are found in earliest, central, part of group's area
Jarman–Bell principle
The correlation between the size of an animal and its diet quality; larger animals can consume lower quality diet
Jordan's rule
Inverse relationship between water temperature and no. of fin rays, vertebrae
Lack's principle
Birds lay only as many eggs as they can provide food for
Rapoport's rule
Latitudinal range increases with latitude
Rensch's rule
Sexual size dimorphism increases with size when males are larger, decreases with size when females are larger
Rosa's rule
Groups evolve from character variation in primitive species to a fixed character state in advanced ones
Schmalhausen's law
A population at limit of tolerance in one aspect is vulnerable to small differences in any other aspect
Thorson's rule
No. of eggs of benthic marine invertebrates decreases with latitude
Van Valen's law
Probability of extinction of a group is constant over time
von Baer's laws
Embryos start from a common form and develop into increasingly specialised forms
Williston's law
Parts in an organism become reduced in number and specialized in function
Related
Countergradient variation
Where genetics opposes environment as a factor
Gigantothermy
Large ectothermic animals more easily maintain constant body temperature