The Transcendence of the Ego
Author | Jean-Paul Sartre |
---|---|
Original title | La Transcendance de l'ego: Esquisse d'une description phénomenologique |
Country | France |
Language | French |
Subject | Philosophy |
Publication date | 1936 |
Media type |
The Transcendence of the Ego (
The basis of the essay is to at once appreciate Husserl's description of 'intended objects' (as appearing) being described in their own right, but also to observe the ego as 'in the world' and not materially of
Publication History
"The essay [...] is Sartre's very first work. The only two publications that preceded it, in fact, cannot be considered as philosophical inquiries in the strictest sense."[1]:7 It grew out of his study of Husserl at the French Institute in Berlin,[2]:viii and first appeared in the 1936-1937 issue of Recherches Philosophiques.[3]
An English translation by Forrest Williams and Robert Kirkpatrick was published in 1957.[4] Librairie Philosophique J. Vrin issued the essay in book form in French in 1966.[1] A new English translation by Andrew Brown appeared in 2004.[2]
Summary
'
For Sartre, 'intentional objects' are objects for consciousness and consciousness itself, just as consciousness itself is both consciousness and reflecting consciousness. Moreover, consciousness is in the world as we are conscious of things, but we are also conscious of ourselves being conscious of things, so, things and our own consciousness of the things evoke our own reflective consciousness. Unfortunately, there exists no easier or any less mundane sounding explanation of what is meant here. It remains to be pointed out that the consciousness of reflection is not able to be reflected on. "When an external object is perceived, consciousness is also conscious of itself, even if consciousness is not its own object: it is a non-positional consciousness of itself, whereas, when an object is perceived, consciousness is a positional one. There is no need for a reflection. Consciousness is always aware of its activity and experience. This is what Sartre calls “unreflective consciousness”".[5]
In light of this for Sartre, the constitution of the ego is 'states and actions [these intended objects we speak of] it supports'. This is to say, that the material presence of things in turn proves the ontology of the object contemplating them. Ego is then nothing without something in which to contemplate but is reliant on itself and its being. Further, the flexibility of consciousness for Sartre is the ability to contemplate something in its absence, this being special for his idea of reflection.
Conclusion
He concludes that though people can contemplate the same thing, we cannot contemplate 'the intuitive apprehension' of another. This connotes the Sartrean idea of becoming apprehensive about the awareness that we are to be responsible for our own doings, and also that we can be conscious of the thing like another consciousness is conscious of the thing, but we cannot reflect on their being conscious of the thing like we can reflect on our being conscious of the thing. In this way we are still only condemned to making ourselves as we battle with our own consciousness, and so we don’t create the world, we are objects in the world.
Spirituality
Eckhart Tolle first explored ego in The Power of Now, where he juxtaposed form identity and essence identity. He equated form identity with ego, which he defined as "a false self, created by unconscious identification with the mind."[6]:18 He described essence identity, on the other hand, as "your true nature,"[6]:96 the "I am that is prior to I am this or I am that."[6]:12
Tolle further explicated the nature of ego in A New Earth, where he stated, “Ego is no more than this: identification with form, which primarily means thought forms."[7]:22 He invoked Sartre for his central thesis:
[Sartre] looked at Descarte's statement "I think, therefore I am" very deeply and suddenly realized, in his own words, “The consciousness that says ‘I am’ is not the consciousness that thinks."[7]:55
This appears to be Tolle’s free translation of Sartre’s “Ainsi la conscience qui dit « Je pense » n'est précisément pas celle qui pense."[1]:28 [3]:92 Williams and Kirkpatrick translated the same sentence more literally: "Thus the consciousness which says I Think is precisely not the consciousness which thinks."[4]:45 Brown's translation is along the same lines: "Thus the consciousness that says 'I think" is precisely not the consciousness that thinks."[2]:10
Regardless of how the sentence is rendered, Tolle accurately captured Sartre’s core argument. “For Sartre, the ego is not the subject of, but an object for consciousness and depends on the latter for existence."[8]:23 "The Ego (including both the 'I' and the 'Me') does not come into existence until the original consciousness has been made the object of reflection. Thus there is never an Ego-consciousness but only consciousness of the Ego."[9]:x
Using Tolle's terminology, form identity (ego) is the object of essence identity (consciousness), which is the ultimate subject.
References
- ^ a b c Sartre, Jean-Paul (1966). La Transcendance de L'Ego (in French). Paris: Librairie Philosophique J. Vrin.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-415-61017-9.
- ^ a b Sartre, Jean-Paul (1936–1937). "La Transcendence de L'Ego". Recherches Philosophiques (in French). 6: 85–123.
- ^ a b Sartre, Jean-Paul (1957). The Transcendence of the Ego. Translated by Williams, Forrest; Kirkpatrick, Robert. New York: Noonday Press.
- ^ Malinge, Yoann. ""Sartre, " The Transcendance of the Ego "" (article in The Literary Encyclopedia)". The Literary Encyclopedia.
- ^ ISBN 0-9682364-0-5.
- ^ ISBN 0-525-94802-3.
- ISBN 978-1-84465-046-0.
- ISBN 978-1-4532-2855-5.
External links
- Sartre The Transcendance of the Ego (The Literary Encyclopedia)
- Jean-Paul Sartre (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
Footnotes
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