Tiyong

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Tiyong (体用; 體用; 'essence-function') is a key concept in Chinese philosophy. It encompasses ti 'essence', the absolute reality, cause, or origin, and yong 'function', which is the relative or concrete reality, and the concrete manifestation of ti. Ti and yong do not represent two separate things, but aspects of the same process.[1][full citation needed]

Etymology

  • Essence,
    ti), Korean pronunciation 체, or CHE: body; shape, form; entity, unit; style, fashion, system; substance, essence; theory (as opposed to practice).[web 1]
  • Function, or Application 用 (yong), Korean pronunciation 용, or YONG: use, employ, apply, operate; exert; effect; finance; need; eat, drink.[web 2]

Together, they form the phrase 體用 ti-yong, 체용 che-yong, Essence-Function.

Meaning

Absolute Relative
Straight Bend
One Manifold
Identical Different
Universal Particular
Noumenal Phenomenal
Li Shih
Absolute Appearance
Dark Light
Ri Ji
Chang P'ien
Real Apparent
Ideal Actual
See also: Two truths doctrine

Essence is Absolute Reality, the fundamental "cause" or origin, while Function is manifest or relative reality, the discernible effects or manifestations of Essence.[2][dead link] Essence-Function describes the interplay between the two: although Absolute Reality is the ultimate reality, the relative reality nevertheless also exists, as is evident from concrete reality. The relationship between these two realms is expressed in such schemata as the Five Ranks[3] and the Oxherding Pictures. Various terms are used for "absolute" and "relative".[4]

The tree forms a metaphor for Essence-Function, with the roots being Essence and the branches being Function.[2][dead link] According to Muller, "the most important application of t'i-yung thought [...] is to the human being, where the human mind is seen as "essence," and one's words, thoughts, and actions are seen as "function."[5]

According to Sung-bae Park the concept of essence-function is used by East Asian Buddhists "to show a non-dualistic and non-discriminate nature in their

enlightenment experience," but does not exclude notions of subjectivity and objectivity.[6] According to Sung-bae Park, the terms "essence" and "function" can also be rendered as "body" and "the body's functions," which is a more personal and less abstract expression of nonduality.[7]

Origins and application of the concept

China

The t'i-yung developed in the

Daoism, and Buddhism. The t'i-yung concept was first known as pen-mo ("primary-last" or "primary-subordinate"), and developed into t'i-yung. In the initial development of the theory, "thinkers considered one of the three philosophies as 'the primary' or 't'i' and the others as 'the last' or 'yung,' insisting that their own philosophy was superior to the others."[8] However, although the theory was used to arrange the three teachings hierarchically, it also confirmed their inner unity.[9]

The concept developed with

heart sutra says.[13]

When Buddhism was introduced to China, the two truths doctrine was a point of confusion. Chinese thinking took this to refer to two ontological truths: reality exists of two levels, a relative level and an absolute level.

Sunyata were understood as akin to Dao and the Taoist non-being.[15] It took the Chinese world several centuries to realize that sunyata has another meaning.[16]

Based on their understanding of the

Mahayana Mahaparinirvana Sutra
, the Chinese supposed that the teaching of the Buddha-nature was, as stated by that sutra, the final Buddhist teaching, and that there is an essential truth above sunyata and the two truths. The idea that ultimate reality is present within the daily world of relative reality melded well with Chinese culture, which emphasized the mundane world and society. But this does not tell how the absolute is present in the relative world:

To deny the duality of samsara and nirvana, as the Perfection of Wisdom does, or to demonstrate logically the error of dichotomizing conceptualization, as Nagarjuna does, is not to address the question of the relationship between samsara and nirvana -or, in more philosophical terms, between phenomenal and ultimate reality [...] What, then, is the relationship between these two realms?[13]

The notions appear already in the

Hua-yen and other schools of Buddhism, and the Neo-Confucianism of Cheng Yi and Zhu Xi
, and served as a basic tool of interpretation. With these schools, it has travelled to Korea, Japan, and Vietnam, and has been developed there.

The

Awakening of Mahayana Faith, a key text in Chinese Buddhism, also employs Essence-Function. Although attributed to Aśvaghoṣa (?80-?150 CE), and traditionally thought to have been translated by Paramartha (499–569),[17] in 553, many modern scholars now opine that it was actually composed by Paramartha or one of his students.[18]

The concept was employed by Confucian reformers of the Self-Strengthening Movement at the end of the Qing dynasty's (1644 to 1912) rule in China, in the phrase "Chinese learning for essence, Western learning for application".[note 2] The belief was that China should maintain its own Confucian style of learning to keep the "essence" of society, while at the same time using Western learning for "practical application" in developing its infrastructure and economy.[19]

Korean Buddhism

Essence-Function is an essential element in the philosophy of

tathagata-garbha.[21] Wonhyo saw the Treatise's treatment of t'i-yung as a way of harmonizing the thought of Madhyamika and Yogacara. For Wonhyo, t'i corresponds to Madhyamika's ultimate truth and yung to its conventional truth, and these, in turn, are the two gates of Yogacara's one-mind.[22]

Wonch'uk
(613–696) employed the conceptual and analytical tool, Essence-Function, as an exegetical, hermeneutical, and syncretic device.

Linguistics

The concept is also employed in Korean and Japanese linguistics. Words that do not change their form, mostly nouns, which are not inflected in Korean and Japanese, are referred to as 'essence' words (體言), while verbs and most adjectives, which are highly inflected in those languages, are referred to as 'function' words (用言).

See also

Buddhism
Christianity

Notes

  1. ^ See also Susan Kahn, The Two Truths of Buddhism and The Emptiness of Emptiness
  2. ^ (simplified Chinese: 中学为体，西学为用; traditional Chinese: 中學為體，西學為用; pinyin: zhōng xué wéi tǐ, xī xué wéi yòng

References

  1. ^ http://www.acmuller.net/articles/2016-06-tiyong-critical-review.pdf [bare URL PDF]
  2. ^ a b Muller 2005.
  3. ^ Kasulis 2003, p. 29.
  4. ^ Dumoulin 2005a.
  5. ^ Muller 1999, p. 4.
  6. ^ Park 1983, p. 147.
  7. ^ Park 2009, p. 11.
  8. ^ Kim 2004, p. 139.
  9. ^ Kim 2004, pp. 139–144.
  10. ^ Garfield 2002, p. 91.
  11. ^ Garfield 2002, p. 38–39.
  12. ^ Siderits 2003.
  13. ^ a b Liang-Chieh 1986, p. 9.
  14. ^ Lai 2003, p. 11.
  15. ^ Lai 2003, p. 8.
  16. ^ Lai 2003.
  17. ^ Tarocco 2008.
  18. ^ Grosnick 1989.
  19. ^ Spence 1999, pp. 225–226.
  20. ^ Muller 1995, pp. 33–48.
  21. ^ Kim 2004, p. 163.
  22. ^ Kim 2004, pp. 164–166.
  23. ^ Muller 1995.

Sources

Printed sources

Web-sources

  1. ^ Sheik, Adam (2008). 體 or Tai. CantoDict v1.3.16. Source: [1] (accessed: December 20, 2008)
  2. ^ Sheik, Adam (2008). 用 or Jung. CantoDict v1.3.16. Source: [2] (accessed: December 20, 2008)
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