Treaty of Brétigny
The Treaty of Brétigny was a
It was signed at Brétigny, a village near Chartres, and was later ratified as the Treaty of Calais on 24 October 1360.
Background
King
In response, Edward, who wished to yield few of the advantages claimed in the abortive
Terms
The Treaty of Brétigny was ratified on 10 May 1360, by Dauphin Charles and six English knights at the Hôtel de Sens.[8] On 14 June 1360, John II, a prisoner in England, ratified the treaty at a banquet attend by Edward III, Prince of Wales, and the other French prisoners from the Battle of Poitiers.[9] The finalization of the treaty would occur in Calais on 24 October 1360.[10]
By virtue of this treaty, Edward III obtained, besides
On his side, the king of England renounced all claims to the French throne.
John II had to pay three million écus for his ransom,[11] and would be released after he paid one million. The occasion was the first minting of the franc, equivalent to one livre tournois (twenty sous). As a guarantee for the payment of his ransom, John gave as hostages two of his sons, Dukes Louis I of Anjou and John of Berry,[14] several princes and nobles, four inhabitants of Paris, and two citizens from each of the nineteen principal towns of France.
Breakdown
While the hostages were held, John returned to France to try to raise funds to pay the ransom. In 1362, John's son, Louis of Anjou, a hostage in English-held Calais, escaped captivity. Thus, with his stand-in hostage gone, John felt honour-bound to return to captivity in England.[15] He died in captivity in 1364 and was succeeded by his son, Charles V. In 1369, on the pretext that Edward III had failed to observe the terms of the treaty, the king of France declared war once again.
By the time of the 1376 death of the Black Prince and the 1377 death of Edward III, English forces had been pushed back into their territories in the southwest, around Bordeaux.
Legacy
The treaty did not lead to lasting peace, but procured nine years' respite from the Hundred Years' War.[16] In the following years, French forces were involved in battles against the Anglo-Navarrese (Bertrand du Guesclin's victory at Cocherel on 16 May 1364) and the Bretons.
See also
Notes
References
- ^ Sumption 2001, p. 400.
- ^ Sumption 2001, p. 403.
- ^ Tout 1905, p. 395.
- ^ a b Prestwich 1980, p. 182.
- ^ Sumption 2001, p. 444.
- ^ Ormrod 2012, p. 405.
- ^ Goodman 2014, p. 36.
- ^ Sumption 2001, p. 448.
- ^ Sumption 2001, p. 449.
- ^ Bombi 2019, p. 207.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Sumption 2001, p. 447.
- ^ Curry 2003, p. 58.
- ^ Prestwich 2005, p. 326.
- ^ Tuchman 1979, p. 190.
- ^ Guignebert 1930, Volume 1. pp. 304–307
- ^ Watts 2009, p. 181.
Sources
- Bombi, Barbara (2019). Anglo-Papal Relations in the Early Fourteenth Century: A Study in Medieval Diplomacy. Oxford University Press.
- Curry, Anne (2003). The Hundred Years War. Palgrave Macmillan.
- Goodman, Anthony (2014). John of Gaunt: The Exercise of Princely Power in Fourteenth-Century Europe. Taylor & Francis.
- Guignebert, Charles (1930). A Short History of the French People. Vol 1. F. G. Richmond Translator. New York: Macmillan and Company.
- Ormrod, W. Mark (2012). Edward III. Yale University Press.
- Prestwich, Michael (1980). The Three Edwards: War and State in England, 1272–1377. Routledge.
- Prestwich, Michael (2005). Plantagenet England, 1225–1360. Oxford University Press.
- Sumption, Jonathan (2001). The Hundred Years War. Vol. II: Trial by Fire. University of Pennsylvania Press.
- Tout, T. F. (1905). The Political History of England, Volume 3. Longmans, Green And Co.
- Tuchman, Barbara W. (1979). A Distant Mirror: The Calamitous 14th Century. Ballantine.
- Watts, John (2009). The Making of Polities: Europe, 1300–1500. Cambridge University Press.