USAF units and aircraft of the Korean War

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Obverse image of the medal with a Korean gateway encircled by the inscription "Korean Service"

The Korean War (25 June 1950 – 27 July 1953) was significant in the fact that it was the first war in which the newly independent United States Air Force was involved.

It was the first time U.S. jet aircraft entered into battle. Designed as a direct response to the

B-29 Superfortress bombers flew for the last time on strategic bombardment missions. The Korean War also saw the first large-scale use of rotary-wing helicopters
.

The US suffered 4,055 service personnel killed[2] and 2,714 aircraft lost[3] with the USAF suffering 1,841 battle casualties, of which 1,180 were killed in action.[4]

Overview

Shaped in World War II by an increasing concentration on the strategic role of attacking an enemy's homeland, the Air Force now faced a conflict almost entirely tactical in character and limited as to how and where airpower could be applied.

The

AT-6 Mosquitoes
, trainers used as airborne controllers, provided communication links between ground troops and supporting aircraft.

Although

B-29 Superfortress bombers that were not part of the nuclear strike force were released for combat over the skies of Korea. Many of these B-29s were war-weary and brought out of five years of storage. These bombers were employed effectively against North Korean
military installations, government centers and transportation networks.

As with the rest of the American armed forces, the Air Force was not well prepared for battle at the western rim of the

Pacific. Yet despite these limitations, the Air Force responded quickly and effectively, proving in many ways the utility of airpower in modern war. With virtually no warning, the Air Force commenced operations within the first week. It transported troops and equipment from Japan to Korea, evacuated American nationals, provided significant intelligence through aerial reconnaissance, and most importantly helped to slow the North Korean advance so that the United Nations
forces could construct a defensive position on the peninsula.

Effects

The Korean War signalled the end of widespread use of prop-driven combat aircraft by the active-duty USAF and signalled the primacy of jet-powered aircraft. All

F-86 Sabre
proved more effective, bringing a new generation of swept-wing aircraft into the USAF arsenal in the 1950s.

However prop-driven aircraft continued in the specialized role of counterinsurgency aircraft (

F-51D/H Mustang
was used by some ANG units in the Air Defense role, but by 1957 it was out of the inventory).

With the end of fighting in Korea,

B-36s
were quickly phased out of heavy bombardment units.

Organization

During World War II, The

Group, each with three or four flying squadrons, was the basic combat element of the Army Air Forces
. This organization changed in 1947 when the new United States Air Forces adopted the wing-base plan. Each combat group then active received a controlling parent wing of the same number and nomenclature. The new wing also controlled three additional groups with the same number to operate the airbase, maintain the aircraft and provide medical care at the base. When combat forces began to fight the war in Korea, the USAF units did so in various organizational forms. In some cases, the combat arm of the wing plus a portion of the wing's supporting personnel deployed to the Korean theater, leaving the rest of the wing to operate the home base, to which the group returned after its tour of combat ended.

Early in the war, some combat group deployed and operated under other wings, including temporary four-digit wings. In December 1950, those groups' aligned (same number) parent wing moved on paper from their previous bases and replaced the temporary wing in combat. The personnel of the temporary wing's headquarters were reassigned to the headquarters of its replacement.

In 1951, the Strategic Air Command began to eliminate its combat group by reducing the group headquarters token strength and attaching the flying squadrons directly to the wing; therefore, wings replaced the medium bombardment groups attached to Far East Air Forces (FEAF) Bomber Command for combat. The groups were either inactivated or reduced in strength to one officer and one enlisted.

In most case, the personnel assigned to the group headquarters were simply reassigned to the wing headquarters which had moved on paper to the location of the headquarters. Most other combat organization in-theater continued to operate with both wing and group headquarters or with group headquarters only. In a few cases, individual squadron, such as the 319th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron, were directly controlled by an organization higher than either wing or group level.[5]

Aircraft of the Korean War

Fighters

Types employed

  • Lockheed F-80C-10-LO Shooting Star 49-8708 of the 8th Fighter-Bomber Group, Korea, 1950
    Lockheed F-80C-10-LO Shooting Star 49-8708 of the 8th Fighter-Bomber Group, Korea, 1950
  • North American F-86F-30-NA Sabres of the 8th Fighter-Bomber Group, Korea, 1953. Serial 52-4877 in front in Wing Commander's colors, 52-4473 alongside
    North American F-86F-30-NA Sabres of the 8th Fighter-Bomber Group, Korea, 1953. Serial 52-4877 in front in Wing Commander's colors, 52-4473 alongside
  • North American F-51D-25-NT Mustangs of the 67th Fighter-Bomber Squadron. Serials 44-84916 and 44-75000 identifiable
    North American F-51D-25-NT Mustangs of the 67th Fighter-Bomber Squadron. Serials 44-84916 and 44-75000 identifiable
  • 49th FBW Republic F-84E-25-RE Thunderjets taking off in Korea. Serial 51–221 in foreground.
    49th FBW Republic F-84E-25-RE Thunderjets taking off in Korea. Serial 51–221 in foreground.
  • North American F-86F-25-NH Sabres of the 4th FIW over Korea. Serial 52-5346 identifiable
    North American F-86F-25-NH Sabres of the 4th FIW over Korea. Serial 52-5346 identifiable
  • North American F-82G Twin Mustang Serial 46-394 of the 68th FIS in flight over the night skies of Korea
    North American F-82G Twin Mustang Serial 46-394 of the 68th FIS in flight over the night skies of Korea
  • North American F-51D-25-NA Mustang Serial 44-73000 in Korea
    North American F-51D-25-NA Mustang Serial 44-73000 in Korea

Fighter units

Source for unit history:[18][19][20]

  • 8th Fighter-Bomber Wing
    8th Fighter-Bomber Wing
  • 18th Fighter-Bomber Wing
    18th Fighter-Bomber Wing
  • 49th Fighter-Bomber Wing
    49th Fighter-Bomber Wing
  • 58th Fighter-Bomber Wing
    58th Fighter-Bomber Wing
  • 116th Fighter-Bomber Wing
    116th Fighter-Bomber Wing
  • 136th Fighter-Bomber Wing
    136th Fighter-Bomber Wing
  • 27th Fighter-Escort Wing
    27th Fighter-Escort Wing
  • 4th Fighter-Interceptor Wing
    4th Fighter-Interceptor Wing
  • 35th Fighter-Interceptor Wing
    35th Fighter-Interceptor Wing
  • 51st Fighter-Interceptor Wing
    51st Fighter-Interceptor Wing
  • 319th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron
    319th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron

Bombers

Types employed

  • Formation of B-29s over the daytime skies of North Korea.
    Formation of B-29s over the daytime skies of North Korea.
  • 3d Bomb Wing B-26B Invaders during the Korean War. Serial 44-34306 identifiable.
    3d Bomb Wing B-26B Invaders during the Korean War. Serial 44-34306 identifiable.

Bombardment units

Far East Air Forces (FEAF)

  • Far East Air Force Bomber Command
Twentieth Air Force
Kadena Air Base, Okinawa
19th Bombardment Group
(B-29) (June 1950 – May 1954)
28th Bombardment Squadron
30th Bombardment Squadron
93d Bombardment Squadron
Inactivated 19th BW assigned to SAC, June 1954

Strategic Air Command (SAC)

  • Attached to: Far East Air Force Bomber Command

Fifth Air Force

  • B-26 Invader
    ) 1 March 1950 – 1 March 1955
Stationed at: Johnson AB, Japan, 1 April 1950; Yokota AB, Japan, 14 August 1950; Iwakuni AB, Japan, 1 December 1950; Kunsan AB, South Korea, 22 August 1951 – 1 October 1954
  • B-26 Invader
    ) 10 May 1952 – 16 March 1955
Stationed at: Pusan-East AB, South Korea, 10 May 1952 – 10 October 1954
  • B-26 Invader
    ) 15 November 1950 – 10 May 1952
Attached to: 8 Fighter-Bomber Wing, 15–30 November 1950
Attached to: 314th Air Division, 1 December 1950 – 10 May 1952
Stationed at: Itazuke AB, Japan, 26 October 1950; Miho AB, Japan, c. 10 December 1950 ;Pusan-East AB, South Korea, 23 May 1951 – 10 May 1952

Source for unit history:[18][19][20]

  • 3d Bombardment Wing (Light)
    3d Bombardment Wing (Light)
  • 17th Bombardment Wing (Light)
    17th Bombardment Wing (Light)
  • 452d Bombardment Wing (Light)
    452d Bombardment Wing (Light)
  • 19th Bombardment Wing, Medium
    19th Bombardment Wing, Medium
  • 22nd Bombardment Group, Medium
    22nd Bombardment Group, Medium
  • 92nd Bombardment Wing, Medium
    92nd Bombardment Wing, Medium
  • 98th Bombardment Wing, Medium
    98th Bombardment Wing, Medium
  • 307th Bombardment Wing, Medium
    307th Bombardment Wing, Medium

Reconnaissance

Types employed

  • RF-80A in Korea about 1952
    RF-80A in Korea about 1952
  • RF-86F over Korea about 1953
    RF-86F over Korea about 1953
  • RB-45C Tornadoes
    RB-45C Tornadoes
  • RB-29 of the 91st Strategic Reconnaissance Squadron
    RB-29 of the 91st Strategic Reconnaissance Squadron
  • RB-50K reconnaissance version of the USAF B-50 Bomber
    RB-50K reconnaissance version of the USAF B-50 Bomber
  • Boeing SB-17G of the 5th Rescue Squadron.
    Boeing SB-17G of the 5th Rescue Squadron.
  • Formation of three 91st SRS RB-36s on a PSYOP mission over Korea
    Formation of three 91st SRS RB-36s on a PSYOP mission over Korea

Reconnaissance units

Source for unit history:[18][19][20]

  • 67th Tactical Reconnaissance Wing
    67th Tactical Reconnaissance Wing
  • 31st Strategic Reconnaissance Squadron
    31st Strategic Reconnaissance Squadron
  • 91st Strategic Reconnaissance Squadron
    91st Strategic Reconnaissance Squadron
  • 512th Reconnaissance Squadron
    512th Reconnaissance Squadron

Transport

Types employed

  • C-47 taking off
    C-47 taking off
  • C-119 airlifting cargo from Japan to Korea.
    C-119 airlifting cargo from Japan to Korea.
  • Curtiss C-46 Commando
    Curtiss C-46 Commando
  • C-124 delivering F-84s to Japan, 1952
    C-124 delivering F-84s to Japan, 1952

Transport units

Source for unit history:[18][19][20]

  • 61st Troop carrier Group
    61st Troop carrier Group
  • 314th Troop Carrier Group
    314th Troop Carrier Group
  • 315th Troop Carrier Group
    315th Troop Carrier Group
  • 317th Troop Carrier Group
    317th Troop Carrier Group
  • 403d Troop Carrier Group
    403d Troop Carrier Group
  • 437th Troop Carrier Group
    437th Troop Carrier Group
  • 483rd Troop Carrier Wing, Medium
    483rd Troop Carrier Wing, Medium
  • 1503rd Air Transport Wing
    1503rd Air Transport Wing

Tactical air control units

North American AT-6 Texan
502nd Tactical Control Group
6147th Tactical Control Group
  • North American AT-6 Texan
    The Texan trainer found a new life in Korea as a forward air control aircraft. To meet an urgent operational need for close air support of ground forces, the Texans flew "mosquito" missions, spotting enemy troops and guns and marking them with smoke rockets for USAF fighter attack. The T-6s of the 6147th Tactical Control Group performed invaluable work.[32]

Units that flew the AT-6 in Korea were:

  • 502nd Tactical Control Group
Temporary unit composed of:
605th Tactical Control Squadron: duration.
606th Aircraft Control and Warning Squadron: duration.
607th Aircraft Control and Warning Squadron: duration.
608th Aircraft Control and Warning Squadron: 2 November 1951–.
6132d Aircraft Control and Warning Squadron: 9 October 1950 – 2 November 1951.
1st Shoran Beacon Unit (later, Squadron): attached 27 September – 1 December 1950 and 6 September 1952–.
Stationed at: Pusan, South Korea, September – October 1950; Taegu, South Korea, October 1950; Seoul, South Korea, October 1950 – July 1953
Temporary unit composed of:
942nd Forward Air Control Squadron
6148th Tactical Control Squadron
6149th Tactical Control Squadron
6150th Tactical Control Squadron
Stationed at: Taegu AB, South Korea, August – October 1950; Kimpo AB, South Korea October 1950; Seoul Afld, South Korea, October 1950; Pyongyang East Adrm, North Korea, October – November 1950; Taegu AB, South Korea, November 1950 – March 1951; Pyongtaek Adrm, South Korea, March 1951 – April 1952; Chunchon, South Korea, April 1952 – July 1953

Source for unit history:[18][19][20]

Other units

Source for unit history:[20][32]

Temporary tactical support wings

In July 1950 United States Department of Defense planners did not foresee that the Korean campaign would be of long duration. Consequently, the Fifth Air Force modified its command structure only to meet immediate needs. When the time came to move tactical air units to Korean airfields, Fifth Air Force did not deploy its permanent wings because they were heavily committed to the air defense of Japan. Instead, it utilized temporary air base squadrons and air base units to support tactical units in Korea. By August, the situation called for larger organizations with greater allotments of personnel and equipment, and Fifth Air Force set up five temporary tactical support wings to support the combat groups.

Formed to assist in the projection of force to Korea, these temporary wings provided facilities, administration, services, and operational control for assigned and attached combat units. The task was formidable, for the installations the wings controlled were usually "bare base" operations with no amenities and only marginally serviceable airfields.

Logistically, poor roads and rail lines, limited port facilities, and overextended airlift hampered the wings. Organizationally, they were without regular status, such as authorization for personnel and equipment or for promotions. Even with these handicaps and hardships, the tactical support wings performed valiantly. They worked hard to make combat airfields operable and to provide the support and control combat units needed. They struggled to keep pace with the dynamically changing battle lines, opening new bases and forward operating locations as needed.

Their success bought time for the Fifth Air Force to reorganize, and on 1 December 1950, regular wings replaced them.

Source for unit history:[20][32]

Far East Air Force Korean airfields (K-sites)

During the Korean War, the large number of locations used for bases and the similarity of some geographical names prompted the Air Force to use alphanumeric identifiers for bases in addition to their proper designations. Under this system, each base in Korea received a "K number," simplifying positive identification when referring to the various bases.[32]

USAF airfields in Korea 1950–53.

These are the known bases that the U.S. Far East Air Forces operated during the Korean War. The place name spellings used are those found in Fifth Air Force general orders designating the K-Sites and other official Fifth Air Force documents.[32]

References

  1. Air Force Magazine. Vol. 74, no. 2. Archived from the original
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  2. ^ "Korean War Air Loss Database (KORWALD)" (PDF). Defense POW/MIA Accounting Agency. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 June 2019. Retrieved 19 February 2019.
  3. ^ KOREAN AIR BATTLES. Defense POW/MIA Accounting Agency.
  4. ^ "USAF Statistical Digest" (PDF). United States Department of Defense. 1953. Retrieved 19 February 2019.
  5. .
  6. National Museum of the USAF
    . Retrieved 27 December 2014.
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  9. ^ a b Baugher, J. (17 July 1999). "F-80 Shooting Star Service History". American Military Aircraft. Archived from the original on 18 December 2005. Retrieved 19 February 2019.
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  18. ^ .
  19. ^ ..
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  32. ^ .
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