Undang-Undang Melaka

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A copy of Undang-Undang Melaka displayed in the Royal Museum, Kuala Lumpur.

Undang-Undang Melaka (

Pattani and Aceh,[3] and has been regarded as the most important of Malay legal digests.[4]

History

According to Malay Annals, earliest form of justice system had been in existence since the early days of Melaka. Early Melakan rulers promulgated court traditions and enforced the existing adat and religious rules to maintain social order. All rules, prohibitions and customs that have been codified as laws, were in turn collected through oral traditions and memorized by senior ministers of the sultanate.[5] During the reign of Muhammad Shah, laws were issued and recorded along with provisions for punishments of every offenses.[6] Among notable rules mentioned in the Malay Annals, were the prohibition of using yellow clothes and wearing golden anklets.[7] Under the order of the fifth Sultan, Muzaffar Shah (1445–1459), the legal digest of Muhammad Shah was further refined with the inclusion new laws and regulations. It was then continued to be expanded and improved until the reign of the last sultan, Mahmud Shah (1488–1511).[8]

As a part of important legacy of Melaka, which throughout its existence had exercised strong influence over

Pattani. It was made a reference in developing the local jurisprudence, with subsequent revisions and additions were made to its contents, to suit the usage in a particular sultanate.[9] This has contributed to the existence of a variety of hybrid copies of the manuscript in different structures and contents. In sum, there are 50 known surviving manuscripts of Undang-Undang Melaka, which can be categorized into; fundamental, Aceh, Pattani, long, Islam and Johor, and fragmented or short versions.[10]

Content

Replica displayed at Bank Negara Malaysia Museum and Art Gallery

Based on the published version of Undang-Undang Melaka, the text consists of six parts dealing among others with maritime, marriage and trade law. The six parts are:[11]

  • Intisari (abstract)
  • Undang-Undang Laut (
    maritime law
    )
  • Hukum Perkahwinan Islam (Islamic marital jurisprudence)
  • Hukum Perdagangan dan Syahadat (
    Islamic economic jurisprudence
    )
  • Undang-Undang Negeri (state law)
  • Undang-Undang Johor (Johor law).

Due to continuous additions and revisions since the time of Melaka, the original 19 chapters of the text was expanded to 22, and lastly to the longest 44 chapters that we know today.

diyya is legislated in section 5:1, 3; section 8:2, 3; section 18:4 and section 39, causing injury in section 8:2 and its various types in sections 16, 17, and 21. Punishment for the abovementioned crimes conform with those of classical Islamic law. There are also provisions for crimes punishable with tazir, i.e., when the crime lacks the conditions for hudud penalty (section 11:1), kissing between a man and a woman (section 43:5), gambling (section 42), giving false testimony (section 36).[13]

Section 25:2 is an example of provisions for

Islamic economic jurisprudence is section 30, that provides rulings on riba. The same section also identify the types of goods allowed in trade as well as those prohibited such as alcoholic drinks, dogs, pigs and rice wine.[14]

Undang-Undang Melaka also absorbed directly several

salat in accordance with Shafi'i thought.[15]

See also

References

  1. ^ Abd. Jalil Borham 2002, p. 84
  2. ^ Liaw 2007, p. 86
  3. ^ Fauzia 2013, p. 81
  4. ^ Ooi 2004, p. 1361
  5. ^ Abd. Jalil Borham 2002, p. 86
  6. ^ Liaw 2007, p. 86
  7. ^ Abd. Jalil Borham 2002, p. 86
  8. ^ Abd. Jalil Borham 2002, pp. 87–88
  9. ^ Abd. Jalil Borham 2002, p. 94
  10. ^ Liaw 2007, p. 86
  11. ^ Liaw 2007, p. 86
  12. ^ Abd. Jalil Borham 2002, p. 88
  13. ^ Ashgar Ali Ali Mohamed 2012, p. 237
  14. ^ Abd. Jalil Borham 2002, p. 92
  15. ^ Abd. Jalil Borham 2002, p. 93

Bibliography

  • Abd. Jalil Borham (2002), Pengantar Perundangan Islam (An Introduction to Islamic Legislature), Johor Bahru:
    ISBN 983-52-0276-1
  • Fauzia, Amelia (2013), Faith and the State: A History of Islamic Philanthropy in Indonesia, BRILL,
    ISBN 978-9004233973
  • Liaw, Yock Fang (2007), "Naskah Undang-Undang Melaka: Suatu Tinjauan (Manuscript of Undang-Undang Melaka: an overview)" (PDF), Sari, 25: 85–94
  • Ooi, Keat Gin (2004), Southeast Asia: a historical encyclopedia, from Angkor Wat to East Timor, ABC-CLIO,
    ISBN 1-57607-770-5
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