User:AnTransit/Zuerich Underground
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Zurich Underground
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Karte_U-Bahn_Projekt_1972.png/330px-Karte_U-Bahn_Projekt_1972.png)
The Zurich Underground was a project started in the 1970s to build the
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Erste Pläne
1864, ein Jahr nach der Eröffnung der
First Plans
In 1864, one year after the opening of the
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In 1946, Kurt Wiesinger, professor of engineering at the
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Am 28. März 1949 reichte ein privates, von Bauingenieur Adolf Weber
On 28 March 1949, the private initiative "Committee for an Underground Railway in Zurich", led by construction engineer Adolf Weber
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Ein weiteres Komitee reichte am 30. Mai 1959 zwei städtische
On 30th May 1959, another committee handed in two civic appeals concerning the "realization of the Zurich underground on behalf of all voters". The first one addressed the
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Tiefbahn-Projekt
Neben diesen privaten Initiativen beschäftigten sich auch die Stadtbehörden intensiv mit langfristiger
The Premetro Project
Apart from these private initiatives, the authorities were also engaged in long-term
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Karte_Tiefbahn-Projekt_1962.png/220px-Karte_Tiefbahn-Projekt_1962.png)
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Die Veröffentlichung der Gutachten löste eine intensive verkehrspolitische Debatte aus. Während der Ausbau des Strassennetzes völlig unumstritten war, sorgte der öffentliche Verkehr für lang andauernde Diskussionen. Der Stadtrat bevorzugte das moderate Projekt von Leibbrand/Kremer, der Gemeinderat hingegen das umfassende von Pirath/Feuchtinger.[17] 1956 wurde Professor Walther Lambert als weiterer Gutachter für Netzgestaltung und Betriebsform hinzugezogen, im März 1957 eine technische Kommission ins Leben gerufen. Schliesslich einigten sich Stadt- und Gemeinderat darauf, ein eigenes Tiefbahnprojekt auszuarbeiten. Mit dieser Aufgabe betrauten sie eine Arbeitsgruppe unter der Leitung von Stadtrat Walter Thomann und VBZ-Direktor Werner Latscha. Ihr gehörten neben Kurt Leibbrand auch Vertreter verschiedener Tiefbau- und Ingenieurunternehmen an.[18] Der Stadtrat präsentierte im Januar 1961 ein Projekt, das Tunnelstrecken mit einer Gesamtlänge von 12,3 km umfasste. Die Kosten (ausgenommen Grunderwerb) wurden auf 329 Millionen Franken veranschlagt. Im Dezember desselben Jahres legte der Stadtrat eine ergänzende Weisung vor: Das Tiefbahnnetz sollte nun 21,15 km lang sein, bei Kosten von 544 Millionen Franken. Im Vergleich zum ursprünglichen Projekt waren Abschnitte nach Oerlikon und Schwamendingen hinzugekommen sowie kleinere Anpassungen im Stadtzentrum vorgenommen worden.[19]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Karte_Tiefbahn-Projekt_1962.png/220px-Karte_Tiefbahn-Projekt_1962.png)
The publication of the reports caused an intense debate over transport policy. While the expansion of the street network was uncontroversial, the public transport plans provoked continuous discussions. The city council preferred the moderate project suggested by Leibbrand/Kremer. The city parliament, on the other hand, preferred the wide-ranging project suggested by Pirath/Feuchtinger.[20] In 1956, Professor Walther Lambert was consulted as an additional expert for network design and operational management. In March 1957, a technical commitee was appointed as well. Finally, city council and city parliament reached an agreement to work out an underground project of their own. This task was handed over to a working group, which was led by city councilor Walter Thomann and the director of the VBZ, Werner Latscha. In addition to Kurt Leibbrand, the working group also included representatives of several underground construction and engineering companies.[21] In January 1961, the city council presented a project which covered a tunnel section with a total length of 12.3 km. The costs (excluding land aquisition) were estimated at around 329 million Swiss francs. In December of the same year, the city council added a further stipulation: The underground network was to have a length of 21.15 km at a cost of 544 million Swiss francs. As an extension to the original project, sections to Oerlikon and Schwamendingen were added, as well as smaller modifications in the city centre.[22]
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![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Zurich_Be_4-4_Karpfen_1416_Bahnhof_Enge.jpg/220px-Zurich_Be_4-4_Karpfen_1416_Bahnhof_Enge.jpg)
The following tunnel routes were planned:[23]
- Kalkbreite/Birmensdorferstrasse – Stauffacher – Sihlporte – Löwenplatz – Zürich Hauptbahnhof(main station) – Limmatstrasse
- Sihlporte – Talacker – Bellevue – Seefeldstrasse/Kreuzplatz
- Bellevue – Heimplatz (Kunsthaus) – University of Zurich – Universitätsstrasse
- Central– Heimplatz – Hottingerstrasse
- Central – University of Zurich – Gloriastrasse
- Löwenplatz – Paradeplatz – Bleicherweg
- Zürich Hauptbahnhof – Schaffhauserplatz – Hirschwiese – Oerlikon – Schaffhauser-/Binzmühlestrasse
- Irchel – Hirschwiese – Winterthurerstrasse – Hirschen Schwamendingen – Dübendorferstrasse
- Schaffhauserplatz – Bucheggplatz – Hofwiesenstrasse
Wherever possible, an open construction was desirable. Some sections between Zuerich Central and the University, below the Hirschgraben, as well as from Bellevue to Heimplatz, were to be constructed using a mining technique. A direct routing between the main station and Paradeplatz below the middle part of the Bahnhofstrasse was to be avoided due to the great amount of cables, so, along the Rennweg and the western side of St. Peterhofstatt, the mining technique was suggested.[24]
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Sämtliche im Gemeinderat vertretenen Parteien unterstützten das Projekt, dennoch scheiterte es am 1. April 1962 in der städtischen Volksabstimmung relativ deutlich mit 58'393 zu 34'307 Stimmen (63,0 % Nein). Für die Ablehnung verantwortlich war eine «unheilige Allianz» zweier Gruppen mit völlig unterschiedlichen Beweggründen. Ein überparteiliches Komitee hatte sich grundsätzlich gegen die Tieferlegung der Strassenbahn ausgesprochen und den Unwillen der Verkehrsplaner kritisiert, den motorisierten Individualverkehr einzuschränken. Eine zweite Gruppe, die sich vor allem für die Bedürfnisse der Automobilisten einsetzte, hatte hingegen die Abschaffung der Strassenbahn und den Bau einer vollwertigen U-Bahn gefordert.[25] 1959/60 waren 15 als «Karpfen» bekannte Strassenbahn-Grossraumwagen des Typs Be 4/4 an die VBZ ausgeliefert worden, die für einen möglichen Einsatz in Tunnelstrecken mit Hochperrons konzipiert waren. Als Konsequenz der Tiefbahn-Ablehnung wurden keine weiteren Serien dieses Triebwagentyps bestellt.
All the parties represented in the city parliament supported the project. However, it was rejected in the town referendum with 58,393 to 34,307 votes on 1 April 1962 (63% No). An ‘unholy alliance’ of two groups with completely different motivations was responsible for this. A non-partisan committee had fundamentally spoken against lowering the tram and criticized the indignation of the traffic planners to restrict motorized private transport. However, a second group, which especially promoted the drivers' needs, demanded the abolition of the tram and requested the construction of an adequate underground. was ordered.
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U-Bahn-Projekt
Planungen
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At first, after the rejection of the underground project, the authorities were helpless because the result of the referendum did not allow them to draw clear conclusions. In 1963, the city council made the architect and interior designer Hans Marti head of the newly built office of urban planning. Even though Marti was in favour of underground rail transport, he was very critical of claims to restructure the city in order to make it more car-friendly. He thought it to be illusionary that the tram would disappear from the city in the coming decades.
The final report of the committee was submitted on 18th May 1966. According to this report railbound transportation that is independent of roads was to make up the biggest part of public transport, whereby a distinction was made between large, medium and fine distributors. As a large distributor the existing SBB railway network was to join the suburban zone of the city to the network (from a radius of ten to twelve kilometres from the city centre). Within this radius in the "Metropolitan area" an underground train of conventional construction would take on the task of a high-speed medium distributor, as buses and trams were regarded as unsuitable. Instead, they were to serve as fine distributors and underground tributaries. The tram network was to be adapted to the new circumstances, which required the abolition of lines in the city centre and the construction of new lines in the outer boroughs of the city.[29] Train stations connecting Underground and suburban trains were planned on the border of the Metropolitan area; from these, suburban trains were to run without intermediate stops to the city centre.[30]
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Zur Umsetzung des im Transportplan vorgeschlagenen Konzepts bildete sich eine Behördendelegation. Kanton und Stadt finanzierten deren Arbeit mit je zwei Millionen Franken, während die SBB einen Beitrag von 250'000 Franken leistete sowie die Planungs- und Projektierungskosten ihrer eigenen Anlagen übernahm. Am 24. Januar 1967 trat die Behördendelegation erstmals zusammen.[31] Mitglieder waren Stadtpräsident Sigmund Widmer, die Stadträte Ernst Bieri und Adolf Maurer, die Regierungsräte Alois Günthard, Rudolf Meier und Hans Künzi, die SBB-Generaldirektoren Otto Wichser und Karl Wellinger sowie SBB-Kreisdirektor Max Strauss. Künzi amtierte als Präsident, Widmer und Weilinger als Vizepräsidenten. Die Aufgaben waren vielfältig: Abklärung rechtlicher Fragen, Ausarbeiten von Finanzierungsvorschlägen, Abklärung von Bau- und Betriebsfragen, Ergänzung des bestehenden Transportplans für die weitere Region Zürich, Betriebskonzept und Ausbauplanung des regionalen Eisenbahnverkehrs, Information der Öffentlichkeit. Zu diesem Zweck setzte die Behördendelegation insgesamt acht Arbeitsgruppen ein.[30] Geplant war ein U-Bahn-Netz mit drei Linien:[32]
- Die als erste zu bauende Linie 1 sollte in Flughafen führen, mit einem kurzen Abzweig nach Kloten. Zur ersten Etappe sollte ausserdem die Zweigstrecke Hirschwiesen – Schwamendingen gehören. Zu einem späteren Zeitpunkt wären die Zweigstrecke Oerlikon – Furttal sowie die Verlängerungen Kloten – Effretikon und Schwamendingen – Dübendorfhinzugekommen.
- Die anschliessend zu bauende Linie 2 hätte den Ast Dübendorf – Schwamendingen – Hirschwiesen übernommen. Anschliessend hätte sie von Hirschwiesen aus über Tiefenbrunnenverzweigt hätte.
- Die zuletzt zu errichtende Linie 3 hätte in Unterengstringen begonnen und wäre von dort aus über Höngg, Limmatplatz, Hauptbahnhof, Paradeplatz und Bahnhof Enge nach Thalwil verlaufen.
Bis zur Baureife geplant wurde die Linie 1, da sie die zwei wichtigsten Verkehrsachsen innerhalb der Metropolitanregion (
A delegation was organised to realize the concepts proposed in the transportation plan. The city and the canton financed their work with two million francs each, while the Swiss Federal Railway covered both the project costs and the costs for the planning of its own facilities with 250,000 francs. On 24th January 1967 the delegation met for the first time [35]. Among its members were the city president Sigmund Widmer, the city councillors Ernst Bieri and Adolf Maurer, the government councillors Alois Günthard, Rudolf Meier and Hans Künzi, the directors general of the Swiss Federal Railway Otto Wichser and Karl Wellinger, as well as the district director Max Strauss.
Künzi held office as president, Widmer and Weilinger as vice-presidents. Their tasks were diverse: the clarification of legal issues, the formulation of financing proposals, the resolution of matters relating to management and construction, the completion of the ongoing transportation plans for the wider region of Zurich, operational concepts and the planned expansion of the regional rail traffic and public information. For this purpose, the delegation established eight working groups.[30]
A three-line underground was planned:[36]
- Line 1 was to start from Effretikon and Shwamendingen-Dübendorfwere to be added at a later stage.
- Line 2 was to go from Dübendorf via Schwammendingen to Hirschwiesen. From there, it was to cross Limmatplatz, Stauffacher and Tiefenbrunnen.
- Line 3, the last one to be built, was to start in Unterengstringen, cross Höngg, Limmaplatz, the main station, Paradeplatz and Enge station and finish at Thalwil.
Line 1 was planned right through to the construction stage since it covered the two most important traffic axes in the metropolitan regions of (
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Beschreibung der Linie 1
Die Linie 1 wäre 27,521 km lang gewesen – einschliesslich der Zufahrt zum Betriebshof in Opfikon (ungefähr auf dem Gelände des heutigen Glattpark-Areals gelegen). 12,7 km wären ober- und 14,8 km unterirdisch gewesen. Von den Tunnelstrecken wären 6,0 km bergmännisch erstellt worden, der Rest in offener Bauweise. Vorgesehen waren 30 Stationen von jeweils 138 m Länge.[34] Auf dem stark belasteten zentralen Abschnitt war eine Zugfolgezeit von drei Minuten geplant (später zwei Minuten); technisch machbar gewesen wären gemäss Planung 70 Sekunden. Es war vorgesehen, innerhalb von sieben bis acht Jahren zunächst den Abschnitt zwischen Sihlporte und Flughafen zu errichten. Das Teilstück Sihlporte–Dietikon sowie die Zweigstrecken nach Kloten und Schwamendingen sollten nach rund zehn Jahren betriebsbereit sein.[38]
Line 1 would have been 27.521 km long – including the entrance to the depot in Opfikon (roughly located on the terrain of today’s Glattpark-area). 12.7 km would have been above ground and 14.8 km underground. 6km of the tunnel sections would have been constructed using a mining technique, the remaining parts using open construction. Thirty stations with a length of 138m each were planned. For the heavily used central section, trains headway every 3 minutes (later every 2 minutes) were planned. According to this plan, 70 seconds would have been technically feasible. First, a section between Sihlporte and the airport was to be built within seven to eight years. The section Sihlporte-Dietikon and the branch lines to Kloten and Schwamendingen were to be ready for operation after ten years.[39]
Nördliche Endstation wäre der
The final destination of the northern line would have been Zurich Airport. Under the hills Butzenbüel and Holberg, this stretch would have led to the overground station Werft, where a short branch line from the train station Kloten would have terminated. Subsequently, the underground was to proceed from Opfikon to just after the Eisfeld street station, parallel to the existing SBB line. There, the northern gateway of the tunnel section was to be located. Following the route from Ohm street and Schaffhauser street, the intersection Hirschwiesen could be reached (in the area of the Milchbuck tram stop ). Here, 30 metres below the earth’s surface, two station pipes connected by cross-ribs were to be built, the western one for trains on the home line and the eastern one for trains from and to Schwamendingen.[43] The branch line of Schwamendingen was to proceed partly under the Schöneich Tunnel of the planned motorway approach road A1L, and was to end temporarily at Hirschenplatz.[41] From Hirschwiesen, the line would have reached Zürich Hauptbahnhof by the means of a broadly shaped S-curve, while the Milchbuck Tunnel, Letten Tunnel and the Limmat were to be crossed underground.[44]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Dietikon_-_Bahnhof_2012-03-26_18-29-08_%28P7000%29_ShiftN.jpg/220px-Dietikon_-_Bahnhof_2012-03-26_18-29-08_%28P7000%29_ShiftN.jpg)
Am Hauptbahnhof hätte sich die U-Bahn-Station unter dem südlich angrenzenden Bahnhofplatz befunden. Zu einem späteren Zeitpunkt sollte hier eine zweite Tunnelstation für die Linie 3 entstehen. Nach Unterquerung der
At the central station, the underground stop was to be underneath the southern adjoining station square. At a later time, a second tunnel section was to be built for line 3. After surpassing Sihl and the (till today not realised) motorway approach road to the A3, Stauffacher could be reached via a planned changing point on line 2. Near the junction with the Lake Zürich left-bank railway line, the overground Station Kalkbreite was to be located. Following the Badener street, the line was to be beneath the ground again, with the exception of Letzigraben station. The sections between Albisriederplatz and Letzigraben were to provide additional headshunts for turning trains. At the western margin of Altstetten a viaduct was to cross the Zurich-Zug line, the marshalling yard Müllingen, and the Zurich-Bern/Basel line. The underground would have continued north through Schlieren . A short tunnel near Post Street in Dietikon would have continued the line to the south side of the railway. The underground would finally have reached Dietikon railway station via a bridge. The terminus was to be located in the reception building on the first floor.[47] Assigned, but not planned concretely, was a possible extention from Deitikon to Spreitenbach in the canton of Aargau.[48]
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Bauliche und rechtliche Vorbereitungen
[[Datei:Zuerich Hauptbahnhof P6A2290.JPG|thumb|Zugang zum Bahnhof der
Als Ergänzung zur U-Bahn planten die
Scheitern nach anfänglichem Optimismus
Die Zürcher Verkehrsprojekte waren typisch für die scheinbar grenzenlose Wachstumseuphorie der 1960er Jahre. Dazu gehörte beispielsweise die Vision, im Raum Stauffacher/Sihlporte ein modernes Geschäftszentrum von monumentalen Ausmassen zu errichten – ein «Manhattan an der Sihl». Zürich sollte zu einer Metropole von Weltrang aufsteigen. Zunächst gab es kaum nennenswerte Opposition: Ausser der
Construction and legal preparations
Even before the planning of the underground project had been completed, several locations were prepared for construction. In connection with the extension of the airport, which took place from 1966 to 1968, an indoor car park was built under the motorway feeder road in front of the terminal. It was constructed in a way that rebuilding it into a subway station could have been done without much effort.[56] From 1968 to 1970 the shopping mall “Shopville” was built underneath Zurich main station. In addition, side walls for the possible underground station were built in the same place, and a pedestrian subway was constructed at “Schaffhauserplatz”, which could have been used as an entrance for the underground station.[57] In order not to slow down the construction of the motorway feeder road “A1L”, a resolution was passed to build a skeleton construction of Schöneichtunnel along with the 1364m of the subway branch line to “Schwamendingen” that lies underneath. The municipal authorities explicitly emphasized the possible usage as a tramline, should the underground project fail against all expectations. On 14th March 1971, the people of Zurich agreed on this expensive part of the project that would cost 31 million Swiss Francs. Voter participation was 56.2 %, 111,413 "yes" votes (78.47 %), against 31,395 "no" votes.[41][11]
As a complement to the metro, the
Failure after initial optimism
These types of transportation projects in the 1960s were typical of this era of great economic euphoria, caused by seemingly endless growth. For example, a vision existed wanting to turn the Stauffacher/Sihlporte region into a gigantic modern business center – the “Sihl-Manhattan” – making Zurich a truely global city. In the beginning, there was no real opposition to this euphoria, except for the
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In the run-up to the decisive referendum it had been decided to consider the questions of the construction of the underground and suburban train separately. In fact, the suburban train was widely undisputed while a heated sociopolitical debate about the Underground broke out.[61] In particular, representatives of the Social Democratic Party in the Canton of Zurich were against the project, which they called "megalomania". As a result of the construction of the Underground they feared that prices for land and rent would rise, and housing close to the city centre would be in danger of being converted into offices. This would lead to a displacement of the city population to the suburbs, which would result in longer journeys to work. Moreover, opponents of the project considered the expenses for the Underground "astronomically high". Supporters argued that the Underground was an environmental project and assured the opponents that many accompanying measures had been taken in order to maintain and promote city housing. Their argument that without an Underground train a "gridlock" would entail was not relevant, since the economy had started to slow down, and the population decrease slightly.[54][55]
On the 20th May 1973 the population of the Canton had to vote on the decision of the canton council to allow for a loan in order to expand public transport in the Zurich region. This meant the financial contribution of the Canton of Zurich to the construction of the Underground, for which 599.2 million Francs were to be approved. Additionally, the city of Zurich had to decide on a draft to expand public transportation (construction and funding of an Underground and a suburban train, founding contract). This included a contribution of the city to the construction of the Underground and, to a lesser extent, the suburban train, as well as to the founding contract of the public transport network of the Zurich region (VRZ). For this, 545.5 million Francs were intended. The VRZ, which along with the city of Zurich would have included Dietikon, Kloten, Opfikon and Schlieren (the municipalities connected to the suburban train network) would have been an expansion of the already existing public transport network of the Zurich region (Verkehrsbetriebe Zürich), which would have also carried out the Underground operations.[62] If both drafts had been accepted the federal government would have made its contribution to the construction of the suburban train. This did not happen. An above average voter participation of 64.2% rejected the draft of the canton with 234,320 against and 177,362 votes for the draft (56.92% against); only 34 out of 170 municipalities voted in favour of the draft. Even more clearly, the draft of the city of Zurich was rejected by 123,210 against and 50,114 votes for the draft (71.09% against).[61][11] Canton councillor Franz Schumacher of the Social Democratic Party judged the referendum as a rejection of unchecked economic growth and said that it referred to the Underground exclusively.[61]
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Nachnutzung und -wirkung
[[Datei:VBZ-Tierspital.jpg|thumb|Haltestelle Tierspital im Tramtunnel Milchbuck–Schwamendingen]] [[Datei:Zuerich Hauptbahnhof P6A2373.JPG|thumb|Endbahnhof der
Das Vorhaben war am 24. September 1978 in einer städtischen Volksabstimmung mit 69'170 zu 44'627 Stimmen (60,78 % Ja) erfolgreich. Der 2,5 km lange Tramtunnel Milchbuck–Schwamendingen wurde am 1. Februar 1986 in Betrieb genommen. Seither halten dort zwei Linien in den drei unterirdischen, nach U-Bahn-Normen errichteten Stationen Tierspital, Waldgarten und Schörlistrasse.[64][11]
The Final Result
The SP handed in a
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Wie wenig umstritten die
Public support for the
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The northern axis of the underground was never constructed but is served today by the
In 2011 the Professor for Transport Systems at the ETH Zürich, Ulrich Weidmann, once again took up the idea of constructing an underground tram below the city centre, similar to the 1962 underground railway project. In his opinion, the S-Bahn was overstretched and the tram too slow. The land freed up by dismantling the railtracks was not to be given over to roads - in contrast to the views of earlier traffic planners - but used in some way to increase quality of life. .[74]
On the basis of this idea, a student of Weidmann's, Christine Furter, wrote an MA thesis putting forward plans for a "Metrotram", which received an award from LITRA (an information service for public transport). The plans included tunnels up to 10.3 km long and 18 stations. Despite the estimated costs of between 2.3 and 2.75 billion Swiss francs, this plan was economically far more feasible than another suggestion for a further underground network. .[75]
In December 2015 two members of local government from the Green Party formally demanded that the government produce a report on the possibilities for an underground network in the area of Zürich. They did not make concrete suggestions as to where exactly the tracks should run, but were adamant that the main station should not be included, in view of the enormous amount of traffic it was already carrying.[76]
The council answered in March 2016 that an undergound in the city of Zürich was neither necessary nor feasible, and would, in addition, cost far too much money. [77]
- ^ a b c d "Das Tram-Museum ist Museum des Monats Mai" (in German). presseportal.ch. 2010-05-11. Retrieved 2016-01-02.
- ^ Hans-Rudolf Galliker: Tramstadt. S. 204–205.
- ^ Hans-Rudolf Galliker: Tramstadt. S. 204–205.
- doi:10.5169/seals-55978)
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(help)CS1 maint: date and year (link - doi:10.5169/seals-55978)
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(help)CS1 maint: date and year (link - ^ Hans Künzi (21 06 1958), Schweizerischer Ingenieur- und Architektenverein (ed.), "Nekrologe: Adolf Weber" (Online), Schweizerische Bauzeitung (in German), vol. Band 76, no. 25, Zürich, pp. 380–381
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(help)CS1 maint: date and year (link) - ^ Bundesblatt Nr. 39/1972, S. 573.
- ^ Hans Künzi (21 06 1958), Schweizerischer Ingenieur- und Architektenverein (ed.), "Nekrologe: Adolf Weber" (Online), Schweizerische Bauzeitung (in German), vol. Band 76, no. 25, Zürich, pp. 380–381
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(help)CS1 maint: date and year (link) - ^ Bundesblatt Nr. 39/1972, S. 573.
- ISBN 3-906262-10-3
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "Abstimmungsdatenbank" (in German). Präsidialdepartement Kanton Zürich. 2015. Retrieved 2016-01-02.
- ^ Bundesblatt Nr. 39/1972, S. 573–574.
- ISBN 3-906262-10-3
- ^ Bundesblatt Nr. 39/1972, S. 573–574.
- ^ Hans-Rudolf Galliker: Tramstadt. S. 210–211.
- ^ Hans-Rudolf Galliker: Tramstadt. S. 210–211.
- ^ Hans-Rudolf Galliker: Tramstadt. S. 213–214.
- ^ Das Projekt einer Tiefbahn für Zürich. Schweizerische Bauzeitung 79/47 (1961), S. 847.
- ^ Hans-Rudolf Galliker: Tramstadt. S. 214.
- ^ Hans-Rudolf Galliker: Tramstadt. S. 213–214.
- ^ Das Projekt einer Tiefbahn für Zürich. Schweizerische Bauzeitung 79/47 (1961), S. 847.
- ^ Hans-Rudolf Galliker: Tramstadt. S. 214.
- ^ "Schach dem Verkehrs-Chaos" (PDF, 2,8 MB) (in German). www.alt-zueri.ch. 1962. Retrieved 2016-01-02. Broschüre des Aktionskomitees Pro Tiefbahn
- ^ Das Projekt einer Tiefbahn für Zürich. Schweizerische Bauzeitung 79/47 (1961), S. 851.
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(help) - ^ Simon Eppenberger (2015-12-10). "Pendler in die Röhre" (in German). Tages-Anzeiger. Retrieved 2016-01-02.
- ^ "U-Bahn in Zürich alles andere als sinnvoll" (in German). 20 Minuten. 2016-03-24. Retrieved 2016-03-25.