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NK (Natural Killer) Cell Leukemia
Aggressive NK-cell leukemia (ANKL) is a lymphoid leukemia that is a deficiency NK cells. Not very much is known about this disease due to its rarity, but it is highly aggressive. Most patients will die within 2 years. [1]
Diagnosis
The requirements for diagnosing ANKL are as follows[2]:
- Immature-looking NK cells
- Certain immunophenotypes[3]
- Germline configuration genes: TCR-β and IgH
- Restricted cytotoxicity
Treatment and Therapy
There currently is no specific treatment that works for ANKL. Most patients will die 6 months after diagnosis. [4]
Flow Cytometry
Flow cytometry is a diagnostic tool in order to count/visualize the amount of lymphatic cells in the body. T cells, B cells and NK cells are nearly impossible to distinguish under a microscope, therefore one must use a flow cytometer to distinguish them.
Therapy
NK Cell Therapy
Natural killer (NK) cell therapy is used in pediatrics for children with relapsed lymphoid leukemia. These patients normally have a resistance to chemotherapy, therefore, in order to continue on, must receive some kind of therapy. In some cases, NK cell therapy is a choice. [5]
NK cells are known for their ability to eradicate tumor cells without any prior sensitization to them.
NK cell therapy is a possible treatment for many different cancers such as
- ^ Suzuki, R., Suzumiya, J., Yamaguchi, M., Nakamura, S., Kameoka, J., Kojima, H., . . . Oshimi, K. (2009). Prognostic factors for mature natural killer (NK) cell neoplasms: Aggressive NK cell leukemia and extranodal NK cell lymphoma, nasal type. Annals of Oncology, 21(5), 1032-1040. doi:10.1093/annonc/mdp418
- ^ Oshimi, K. (2003). Leukemia and lymphoma of natural killer lineage cells. International Journal of Hematology, 78(1), 18-23. doi:10.1007/bf02983235
- ^ Landay, A. L., & Muirhead, K. A. (1989). Procedural guidelines for performing immunophenotyping by flow cytometry. Clinical Immunology and Immunopathology, 52(1), 48-60. doi:10.1016/0090-1229(89)90192-x
- ^ Suzuki, R., Suzumiya, J., Nakamura, S., Aoki, S., Notoya, A., Ozaki, S., . . . Oshimi, K. (2004). Aggressive natural killer-cell leukemia revisited: Large granular lymphocyte leukemia of cytotoxic NK cells. Leukemia, 18(4), 763-770. doi:10.1038/sj.leu.2403262
- ^ Rubnitz, J. E., Inaba, H., Kang, G., & Gan, K. (08/01/2015). Pediatric blood & cancer: Natural killer cell therapy in children with relapsed leukemia John Wiley & Sons Inc. doi:10.1002/pbc.25555
- ^ Sakamoto, N., Ishikawa, T., Kokura, S., Okayama, T., Oka, K., Ideno, M., ...Yoshikawa, T. (2015). Phase I clinical trial of autologous NK cell therapy using novel expansion method in patients with advanced digestive cancer. Journal of Translational Medicine, 13, 277. Retrieved from http://ezproxy.msu.edu.proxy2.cl.msu.edu/login?url=http://go.galegroup.com.proxy2.cl.msu.edu/ps/i.do?p=HRCA&sw=w&u=msu_main&v=2.1&it=r&id=GALE%7CA426490199&sid=summon&asid=7cbddd9a08c329d9f8f4003d692477cb
- ^ Sakamoto, N., Ishikawa, T., Kokura, S., Okayama, T., Oka, K., Ideno, M., ...Yoshikawa, T. (2015). Phase I clinical trial of autologous NK cell therapy using novel expansion method in patients with advanced digestive cancer. Journal of Translational Medicine, 13, 277. Retrieved from http://ezproxy.msu.edu.proxy2.cl.msu.edu/login?url=http://go.galegroup.com.proxy2.cl.msu.edu/ps/i.do?p=HRCA&sw=w&u=msu_main&v=2.1&it=r&id=GALE%7CA426490199&sid=summon&asid=7cbddd9a08c329d9f8f4003d692477cb
- ^ Bachanova, V., & Miller, J. S. (2014). Critical reviews in oncogenesis: NK cells in therapy of cancer CRC Press. doi:10.1615/CritRevOncog.2014011091
- ^ Henry Ogbomo, Jindrich Cinatl Jr, Christopher H. Mody, Peter A. Forsyth, Immunotherapy in gliomas: limitations and potential of natural killer (NK) cell therapy, Trends in Molecular Medicine, Volume 17, Issue 8, August 2011, Pages 433-441, ISSN 1471-4914, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molmed.2011.03.004. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1471491411000529)