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Children in chronic war-zones are often neglected by adults, as their issues pertaining to politics, economy, religion, etc. Numerous children's development is impeded through war experiences, war-affected youth experience several negative psychological effects.
Scope
During the Second World War, over one million children were evacuated without their parents in Britain.
Risk factors
Direct exposure to violence
Children get psychologically impacted when they directly witness any form of violence; a direct exposure to armed conflict, shootings and bloodshed can affect their psychological development. Children compose a large part of the population affected by wars, statistics show of the 95 percent of civilians killed in recent years’ by modern armed conflicts conflicts, approximately 50 percent of them were children.[4]
War attacks frequently target schools and civilian villages. Sexual violence in war-zone is prevalent, which also causes sexually transmitted diseases – such as HIV/AIDS – to spread. Children are many times forced into the war effort, or would serve to war to support their families.
Unmet basic needs
War can disrupt the supply of basic services to children and their families like food, water, shelter, health services and, education.[5] The loss of access to these basic needs deprives children to grow physically, emotionally, and psychologically. The family and the community are also not able to provide children with an environment conducive to their development.[6] The war can further impact the parents’ behavior towards children with more use of violence to teach them behavior or it can degrade their parenting capabilities because of reduced mental and emotional capabilities.[7] Disruption of education also happens as schools are often destroyed during wars.[8] This educational gap makes it hard for children to get essential education, build social-emotional skills, and reintegrate to society.Moreover, mother's educational level affects the probability of emigration escaping from a war.[9]
Psychological impact
Children can lose their family members in conflict, get separated in an attack, coerced to leave their family to join the army. War can contribute many factors that affect children psychologically. It can make children form a cynical model of the world around them, turn pessimistic, lose motivation to make situations better. This can further have short-term (e.g. – not motivated to get an education) or long-term (poor relationships and interpersonal skills) effects on them.
Impact on psychological development of children
Children exposed to violence in their early years are more susceptible to developing behavioral problems, anxiety, depression, problems in the immune system and central nervous systems, mood disorders etc. This happens through impact on their stress response system and the development of neurotransmission circuits in their brain early in life.
The brain architecture is gravely affected by stress. War is considered as
Children who are detached from a family in early age may go through problems regarding attachment, Children under five are more likely to experience a greater risk of depression and anxiety compared to adolescents.[10] Attachment theory suggests that the ability of a child to create attachment can be deterred by deviant environmental conditions and reflected experiences with caregivers.[11][12] Different types of attachments can be formed with different caregivers and upbringing environment. In addition, different experiences of attachment in childhood are known to be related to mental health issues in adulthood.[13][14]
Various factors contribute to the intensity and occurrence of these effects on a child’s physiology and the nervous system. Few of the main factors are the age of the child when he/she experienced war or conflict, the duration and intensity of this experience, the quality and how quickly was the relief provided to the child after a traumatic experience, if any, from family, community or relief programs.
Children in war zones are more susceptible to psychological disorders.
Rehabilitation issue
Reintegration to society for child soldiers
There are around 300,000
Psychological treatment process
The problem with psychological treatment is that it can get extremely difficult after a child reaches certain age.
- S2CID 13449100.
- ^ "Children in War". United Nations Children's Fund.
- ^ "The UN Refugee Agency". The UN Refugee Agency.
- ^ Smith, Deborah. "Children in the Heat of War". Retrieved Feb 20, 2018.
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- ^ Smith, Deborah. "Children in the heat of war". American Psychological Association.
- ^ Smith, Deborah. "Children in the heat of war". American Psychological Association.
- ISSN 1020-4067.
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- ^ "Ten facts about child soldiers that everyone should know". The Independent. 23 December 2012.
- ^ "What is DDR?". www.unddr.org.
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- ^ https://www.unicef.org/emerg/files/ParisPrinciples310107English.pdf.
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(help) - PMID 20331663.
- PMID 23007644.
- ^ "Resilience". Center on the Developing Child at Harvard University.
- ^ "Resilience". Center on the Developing Child at Harvard University.