User:Dr.JohnStamos/Self-actualization

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Abraham Maslow's theory

Definition

Abraham Maslow defined self-actualization to be "self-fulfillment, namely the tendency for [the individual] to become actualized in what he is potentially. This tendency might be phrased as the desire to become more and more what one is, to become everything that one is capable of becoming."[1] He used the term to describe a desire, not a driving force, that could lead to realizing one's capabilities. He did not feel that self-actualization determined one's life; rather, he felt that it gave the individual a desire, or motivation to achieve budding ambitions.[2] Maslow's idea of self-actualization has been commonly interpreted as "the full realization of one's potential" and of one's "true self."[2]

A more explicit definition of self-actualization according to Maslow is "intrinsic growth of what is already in the organism, or more accurately of what is the organism itself ... self-actualization is growth-motivated rather than deficiency-motivated."[3]: 66  This explanation emphasizes the fact that self-actualization cannot normally be reached until other lower order necessities of Maslow's hierarchy of needs are satisfied. Maslow uses the term to describe personal growth that takes place once lower order needs have essentially been met; this phenomena is so rare that, in his opinion, "self-actualisation ... rarely happens ... certainly in less than 1% of the adult population."[4] Despite the rarity and independence of self-actualization, self-actualized individuals are able to easily relate to those who are not self-actualized.[5] The fact that "most of us function most of the time on a level lower than that of self-actualization" he called the psychopathology of normality.[6]

Maslow's usage of the term is now popular in

modern psychology
when discussing personality from the humanistic approach.

History and development of the concept

Main article: Maslow's hierarchy of needs

Maslow's work is considered to be part of humanistic psychology, which is one of several frameworks used in psychology for studying, understanding, and evaluating personality. The humanistic approach was developed because other approaches, such as the psychodynamic approach made famous by Sigmund Freud, focused on unhealthy individuals that exhibited disturbed behavior;[7] the humanistic approach focuses on healthy, motivated people and tries to determine how they define the self while maximizing their potential.[7] Humanistic psychology and self-actualization in particular helped change our view of human nature from a negative point of view – man is a conditioned or tension reducing organism – to a more positive view in which man is motivated to realize his full potential. This is reflected in Maslow's hierarchy of needs and in his theory of self-actualization.

Rather than focusing on what goes wrong with people, Maslow wanted to focus on human potential, and how we fulfill that potential. Maslow stated that human motivation is based on people seeking fulfillment and change through personal growth. Self-actualized people are those who are fulfilled and doing all they are capable of. It refers to the person's desire for self-fulfillment, namely to the tendency for him to become actualized in what he is potentially. "The specific form that these needs will take will of course vary greatly from person to person. In one individual it may take the form of the desire to be an ideal mother, in another it may be expressed athletically, and in still another it may be expressed in painting pictures or in inventions."[8]

The concept of self-actualization was first brought to prominence as part of

hierarchy of needs theory as the final level of psychological development that can be achieved when all basic and mental needs are essentially fulfilled and the "actualization" of the full personal potential takes place.[9][10] In this treatment, self-actualization is at the top of Maslow's hierarchy of needs, and is described as becoming "'fully human' ... maturity or self-actualization."[11]

According to Maslow, people have lower order needs that in general must be fulfilled before high order needs can be satisfied: 'five sets of needs – physiological, safety, belongingness, esteem, and finally self-actualization'.[12]

As Abraham Maslow noted, the basic needs of humans must be met (e.g. food, shelter, warmth, security, sense of belonging) before a person can achieve self-actualization. Yet, Maslow argued that reaching a state of true self-actualization in everyday society was fairly rare. Research shows that when people live lives that are different from their true nature and capabilities, they are less likely to be happy than those whose goals and lives match. For example, someone who has inherent potential to be a great artist or teacher may never realize their talents if their energy is focused on attaining the basic needs of humans.[13] As a person moves up Maslow's hierarchy of needs, they may eventually find themselves reaching the summit — self-actualization.[7]

Maslow's hierarchy of needs begins with the most basic necessities deemed "the physiological needs" in which the individual will seek out items like

intimacy, and perhaps a family.[14] Next are "the esteem needs", where the individual will desire a sense of competence, recognition of achievement by peers, and respect from others.[14]
Once these needs are met, an individual is primed to achieve self-actualization.

While the theory is generally portrayed as a fairly rigid hierarchy, Maslow noted that the order in which these needs are fulfilled does not always follow this standard progression. For example, he notes that for some individuals, the need for self-esteem is more important than the need for love. For others, the need for creative fulfillment may supersede even the most basic needs.[15]

Criticism

See also: Actualizing tendency § Criticism

Maslow early noted his impression that "impulsivity, the unrestrained expression of any whim, the direct seeking for 'kicks' and for non-social and purely private pleasures ... is often mislabelled self-actualization."[16] In this sense, "self-actualization" is little more than what Eric Berne described as the game of "'Self-Expression' ... based on the dogma 'Feelings are Good'".[17]

Broader criticism from within humanistic psychology of the concept of self-actualization includes the danger that 'emphasis on the actualizing tendency ... can lead to a highly positive view of the human being but one which is strangely non-relational.'[18] According to Fritz Perls there is also the risk of confusing "self-actualizing and self-image actualizing ... the curse of the ideal."[19] For Perls, by conflating "the virtue of self-actualization and the reality of self-actualization,"[20] the latter becomes merely another measuring rod for the "topdog" – the nagging conscience: "You tell me to do things. You tell me to be – real. You tell me to be self-actualized ... I don't have to be that good!"[21] Barry Stevens remarked:

Maslow was unhappy with what happened with many people when they read what he wrote about 'self-actualizing people'. What they did with it was very strange. I have received a fair number of letters saying 'I am a self-actualized person'. Maslow said that he must have left something out. Fritz (Perls) put it in. He saw that most people actualized a self-concept. This is not self-actualizing.[22]

According to Paul Vitz, this may be connected with the charge that "Rogers and Maslow both transform self-actualization from a descriptive notion into a moral norm."[23] However, if it is indeed as good a reality as they purport, then a certain eagerness in their communication is understandable.

In general, during the early twenty-first-century, "the usefulness of the concepts of self and self-actualization continue to attract discussion and debate."[24] The concept has also been criticized in recent years for its Western-centrism, as it is not indicative of the values of many cultures that do not value individualism as highly.[25]

References

Barrios, V., Bergen, D., Bush, K., James, A.G., Noltemeyer, A., & Patton, J. (2021). The Relationship between Deficiency Needs and Growth Needs:

The Continuing Investigation of Maslow's Theory. Child & Youth Services Review. 42(1), 24-42. Retrieved from https://web.s.ebscohost.com/ehost/

detail/detail?vid=3&sid=666ec13e-54c7-4acb96083caf53f65951%40redis&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZSZzY29wZT1zaXRl#db=aph&AN=

151679764


Gordon Rouse, K.,A. (2004). BEYOND MASLOW'S HIERARCHY OF NEEDS: What do people strive for? Performance Improvement, 43(10), 27-31.

Retrieved from https://augie.idm.oclc.org/login?url=https://www.proquest.com/scholarly-journals/beyond-maslows-hierarchy-needs-what-do-

people/docview/237236046/se-2

  1. ^ Maslow (1943) Psychological Review 50, pp. 370-396.A Theory of Human Motivation
  2. ^ a b Gleitman, Henry; Fridlund, Alan J. and Reisberg Daniel. Psychology. 6th ed. New York: Norton & Company, 2004.
  3. ^ Abraham H. Maslow, Motivation and Personality. 2nd ed., Chapter 11 "Self-Actualizing People: A Study of Psychological Health"
  4. ^ Abraham Maslow, Towards a Psychology of Being (New York 1968) p. 204
  5. ^ Gordon Rouse, Kimberly A. "BEYOND MASLOW'S HIERARCHY OF NEEDS: What Do People Strive For?". www.proquest.com. Retrieved 2023-11-19.
  6. ^ Jane Loevinger, Ego Development (California 1976) p. 140
  7. ^ a b c Gleitman, Henry; Fridlund, Alan J. and Reisberg Daniel. Psychology. 6th ed. New York: Norton & Company, 2004.
  8. ^ Maslow, 1943, pp. 382–383
  9. ^ Maslow (1943) Psychological Review 50, pp. 370-396.A Theory of Human Motivation
  10. ^ Abraham H. Maslow, Motivation and Personality. 2nd ed., Chapter 11 "Self-Actualizing People: A Study of Psychological Health"
  11. ^ Frank G. Goble, The Third Force: The Psychology of Abraham Maslow (New York 1970) p. 25
  12. ^ Maslow, Motivation (1967) p. 27
  13. ^ Schacter, Daniel L., Gilbert, Daniel T., and Wegner, Daniel M. "Human Needs and Self-Actualization". Psychology; Second Edition. New York: Worth, Incorporated, 2011. 486-487. Print.
  14. ^ a b c d Gleitman, Henry; Fridlund, Alan J. and Reisberg Daniel. Psychology. 6th ed. New York: Norton & Company, 2004 and Maslow, Abraham H. The Psychology of Science. Gateway Edition 1.95 ed. Chicago: Henry Regnery Company, 1969.
  15. ^ Gordon Rouse, Kimberly A. "BEYOND MASLOW'S HIERARCHY OF NEEDS: What Do People Strive For?". About.com. Retrieved 2016-04-15.
  16. ^ Maslow, in Michael Daniels, Shadow, Self, Spirit (2005) p. 122
  17. ^ Eric Berne, Games People Play (Penguin) p. 137
  18. ^ Brian Thorne, Carl Rogers (London 1992) p. 88
  19. ^ Perls, Verbatim p. 20
  20. ^ Frederick S. Perls, In and Out the Garbage Pail (London 1981) p. 7
  21. ^ "Jane" in Perls, Verbatim p. 292-3
  22. ^ Stevens, B. (1975): Body Work, in: Stevens, J.O., (ed.): gestalt is. Moab, Utah, 1975 (Real People Press), p. 183/184.
  23. ^ Paul C. Vitz, Psychology as Religion (1994) p. 54
  24. ^ Barbara Engler, Personality Theories (2008) p. 369
  25. doi:10.1080/0145935X.2020.1818558. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help
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