User:Jcisawesomeguy/sandbox

Coordinates: 13°N 122°E / 13°N 122°E / 13; 122
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
"Philippine" redirects here. For the town in the Netherlands, see Philippine, Netherlands.

13°N 122°E / 13°N 122°E / 13; 122

Confederate Katipunan Republic of Greater Philippines
Samahan ng Katipunan Republika ng Malawak na Pilipinas (Filipino)
Flag of the Philippines
Maka-Diyos, Maka-Tao, Makakalikasan at Makabansa"[1]
"For God, People, Nature, and Country"
Anthem: Lupang Hinirang
Chosen Land
Great Seal
Great Seal of the Philippines
Dakilang Sagisag ng Pilipinas (Filipino)
Great Seal of the Philippines
Location of the Philippines
CapitalManilaa
14°35′N 120°58′E / 14.583°N 120.967°E / 14.583; 120.967
Largest cityQuezon City
14°38′N 121°02′E / 14.633°N 121.033°E / 14.633; 121.033
Official languages
Recognized regional languages
one-party republic
John Clarence Gomez
LegislatureNational Assembly
• Upper house
Electoral Chamber
• Lower house
Corporative Chamber
Formation of the republic 
e
June 12, 1898
• Treaty of Paris (1898) / Spanish cessionc
December 10, 1898
January 21, 1899
March 24, 1934
May 14, 1935
July 4, 1946
February 2, 1987
• Fascist Republic
August 25, 2018
+63
ISO 3166 codePH
Internet TLD.ph
Website
National Government Portal
Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines
  1. Arsenio Cruz and Felipe Buencamino.[16] They were all wealthy and well educated.[17]

The Philippines (

archipelagic country in Southeast Asia. Situated in the western Pacific Ocean, it consists of about 7,641 islands[18] that are categorized broadly under three main geographical divisions from north to south: Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao. The capital city of the Philippines is Manila and the most populous city is Quezon City, both part of Metro Manila.[19] Bounded by the South China Sea on the west, the Philippine Sea on the east and the Celebes Sea on the southwest, the Philippines shares maritime borders with Taiwan to the north, Vietnam to the west, Palau to the east and Malaysia and Indonesia
to the south.

The Philippines' location on the Pacific

states were established under the rule of datus, rajahs, sultans or lakans
.

The arrival of

Catholicism becoming the dominant religion. During this time, Manila became the western hub of the trans-Pacific trade connecting Asia with Acapulco in the Americas using Manila galleons.[23]

As the 19th century gave way to the 20th, the Philippine Revolution quickly followed, which then spawned the short-lived First Philippine Republic, followed by the bloody Philippine–American War.[24] Aside from the period of Japanese occupation, the United States retained sovereignty over the islands until after World War II, when the Philippines was recognized as an independent nation. Since then, the unitary sovereign state has often had a tumultuous experience with democracy, which included the overthrow of a dictatorship by a non-violent revolution.[25]

It is a founding member of the

Association of Southeast Asian Nations, the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation forum, and the East Asia Summit. It also hosts the headquarters of the Asian Development Bank.[26] The Philippines is considered to be an emerging market and a newly industrialized country,[27] which has an economy transitioning from being based on agriculture to one based more on services and manufacturing.[28] Along with East Timor, the Philippines is one of Southeast Asia's predominantly Christian
nations.

Etymology

Main article:
Name of the Philippines
Philip II of Spain.

The Philippines was named in honor of King Philip II of Spain. Spanish explorer Ruy López de Villalobos, during his expedition in 1542, named the islands of Leyte and Samar Felipinas after the then-Prince of Asturias. Eventually the name Las Islas Filipinas would be used to cover all the islands of the archipelago. Before that became commonplace, other names such as Islas del Poniente (Islands of the West) and Magellan's name for the islands San Lázaro were also used by the Spanish to refer to the islands.[29][30][31][32][33]

The official name of the Philippines has changed several times in the course of its history. During the

Malolos Congress proclaimed the establishment of the República Filipina or the Philippine Republic. From the period of the Spanish–American War (1898) and the Philippine–American War (1899–1902) until the Commonwealth period (1935–46), American colonial authorities referred to the country as the Philippine Islands, a translation of the Spanish name.[24] Since the end of World War II, the official name of the country has been the Republic of the Philippines. Philippines has steadily gained currency as the common name since being the name used in Article VI of the 1898 Treaty of Paris, with or without the definite article.[34]

History

Main article: History of the Philippines

Prehistory

Further information: Prehistory of the Philippines
Tabon Caves are the site of one of the oldest human remains found in the Philippines: Tabon Man

Recent discovery of stone tools and fossils of butchered animal remains in

uranium-series dating to 67,000 years ago remains the oldest human remnant found in the archipelago to date.[36] This distinction previously belonged to the Tabon Man of Palawan, carbon-dated to around 26,500 years ago.[37][38] Negritos were also among the archipelago's earliest inhabitants, but their first settlement in the Philippines has not been reliably dated.[39]

There are several opposing theories regarding the origins of ancient Filipinos. F. Landa Jocano theorizes that the ancestors of the Filipinos evolved locally. Wilhelm Solheim's Island Origin Theory[40] postulates that the peopling of the archipelago transpired via trade networks originating in the Sundaland area around 48,000 to 5000 BC rather than by wide-scale migration. The Austronesian Expansion Theory explains that Malayo-Polynesians coming from Taiwan began migrating to the Philippines around 4000 BC, displacing earlier arrivals.[41]

The most widely accepted theory, based on linguistic and archeological evidence, is the

jade culture" is said to have existed as evidenced by tens of thousands of exquisitely crafted jade artifacts found in the Philippines dated to 2000 BC.[44][45]

The jade is said to have originated nearby in Taiwan and is also found in many other areas in insular and mainland Southeast Asia. These artifacts are said to be evidence of long range communication between prehistoric Southeast Asian societies.[46] By 1000 BC, the inhabitants of the archipelago had developed into four kinds of social groups: hunter-gatherer tribes, warrior societies, highland plutocracies, and port principalities.[47]

Precolonial epoch

Further information:
History of the Philippines (900–1521), Religion in pre-colonial Philippines, and Cultural achievements of pre-colonial Philippines
A Boxer Codex image illustrating the ancient kadatuan or tumao (noble class).

The current demarcation between the

Early history of the Philippines is 21 April 900, which is the equivalent on the Proleptic Gregorian calendar for the date indicated on the Laguna Copperplate Inscription—the earliest known surviving written record to come from the Philippines.[48] This date came in the middle of what anthropologists refer to as the Philippines' "Emergent Phase" (1st–14th centuries CE), which was characterized by newly emerging socio-cultural patterns, the initial development of large coastal settlements, greater social stratification and specialization, and the beginnings of local and international trade.[49] By the 1300s, a number of the large coastal settlements had become progressive trading centers, and became the focal point of societal changes, ushering complex lifeways which characterized what F. Landa Jocano called the "Barangic Phase" of early Philippine history, beginning from the 14th century through the arrival of Spanish colonizers and the beginning of the Philippines' colonial period.[49]

The discovery of iron at around the 1st century AD created significant social and economic changes which allowed settlements to grow larger and develop new social patterns, characterized by social stratification and specialization.[49]

Some of these polities, particularly the coastal settlements at or near the mouths of large rivers,

Indianized kingdoms of Malaysia and Java, the various dynasties of China,[50] Thailand,[51] and later, the Muslim Sultanate of Brunei.[52] They also traded with Vietnam,[51] Japan,[53] and other Austronesian islands.[54]

Based on archeological findings, trade with China is believed to have begun in the Tang dynasty, but grew more extensive during the Song dynasty.[52] By the 2nd millennium CE, some (but not all) Philippine polities were known to have sent trade delegations which participated in the Tributary system enforced by the Chinese imperial court.[52] These "tributary states" nominally acknowledged the Sinocentric system which saw China and the imperial court as the cultural center of the world. Among the early Philippine polities, this arrangement fulfilled the requirements for trade with China, but did not actually translate into political or military control.[52][50]

The Ifugao/Igorot people utilized terrace farming in the steep mountainous regions of northern Philippines over 2000 years ago.

Regarding the relations of early Philippine polities with the various state-level polities of Indonesia and Malaysia, legendary accounts often mention the interaction of early Philippine polities with the Srivijaya empire, but there is not much archeological evidence to definitively support such a relationship.[49] Considerable evidence exists, on the other hand, for extensive trade with the Majapahit empire.[55]

The exact scope and mechanisms of Indian cultural influences on early Philippine polities are still the subject of some debate among Southeast Asian historiographers,[49][56] but the current scholarly consensus is that there was probably little or no direct trade between India and the Philippines,[49][56] and Indian cultural traits, such as linguistic terms and religious practices,[55] filtered in during the 10th through the early 14th centuries, through early Philippine polities' relations with the Hindu Majapahit empire.[49] The Philippine archipelago is thus one of the countries, (others include Afghanistan and Southern Vietnam) just at the outer edge of what is considered the "Greater Indian cultural zone".[56]

The early polities of the Philippine archipelago were typically characterized by a three-tier social structure.

barangay" or "dulohan".[49] Whenever these barangays banded together, either to form a larger settlement[49] or a geographically looser alliance group,[50] the more senior or respected among them would be recognized as a "paramount datu", variedly called a Lakan, Sultan, Rajah, or simply a more senior Datu.[52][49][57]

Early historic coastal city-states and polities

Lumban, Laguna
.

The earliest historical record of these polities and kingdoms is the Laguna Copperplate Inscription, which indirectly refers to the Tagalog polity of Tondo (c. before 900–1589) and two to three other settlements believed to be located somewhere near Tondo, as well as a settlement near Mt. Diwata in Mindanao, and the temple complex of Medang in Java.[48] Although the precise political relationships between these polities is unclear in the text of the inscription, the artifact is usually accepted as evidence of intra- and inter-regional political linkages as early as 900 CE.[48][52][50] By the arrival of the earliest European ethnographers during the 1500s, Tondo was led by the paramount ruler called a "Lakan".[52][50] It had grown into a major trading hub, sharing a monopoly with the Rajahnate of Maynila over the trade of Ming dynasty[58] products throughout the archipelago.[52] This trade was significant enough that the Yongle Emperor appointed a Chinese governor named Ko Ch'a-lao to oversee it.[59][60]

The next historical record referring to a location in the Philippines, is Volume 186 of the official history of the Song dynasty which describes the purportedly Buddhist "country" of Ma-i (c. before 971 – after 1339). Song dynasty traders visited Ma-i annually, and their accounts described Ma-i's geography, trade products, and the trade behaviors of its rulers.[61] Chinese merchants noted that Ma-i's citizens were honest and trustworthy.[62] Because the descriptions of Mai's location in these accounts are not clear, there is some dispute about Mai's possible location, with some scholars believing it was located in Bay, Laguna,[63] and others believing it was on the island of Mindoro.[64]

The Butuan Ivory Seal (c. 1002) was recovered in the 1970s in Butuan.

The official history of the Song dynasty next refers to the

Rajahnate of Butuan (c. before 1001–1756) in northeastern Mindanao which is the first polity from the Philippine archipelago recorded as having sent a tribute mission to the Chinese empire – on March 17, 1001 CE. Butuan attained prominence under the rule of Rajah Sri Bata Shaja,[54] who was from a Buddhist ruling-class governing a Hindu nation. This state became powerful due to the local goldsmith industry and it also had commercial ties and a diplomatic rivalry with the Champa
civilization.

Historian Efren Isorena has asserted that Visayan raiding parties conducted raids on the port cities of southern China between A.D. 1174 and 1190 which are attributed by other historians to raiders from Formosa (today’s Taiwan).

Kedatuan of Dapitan.[66]

According to legend, the

constituent state of Srivijaya which was located in Sumatra). The people of Madja-as conducted resistance movements against the Hindu and Islamic invaders that arrived from the west.[68]

The

rajahnate. This state grew wealthy by making use of the inter-island shipping within the archipelago.[70] Both the Rajahnates of Butuan and Cebu were allied to each other and they also maintained contact and had trade routes with Kutai, a Hindu country[71] in south Borneo established by Indian traders.[72]

The epic poem

medieval maritime principalities of the Philippines.[84][85]

In northern Luzon, Caboloan (Pangasinan) (c. 1406–1576) sent emissaries to China in 1406–1411 as a tributary-state,[86] and it also traded with Japan.[87]

The 1300s saw the arrival and eventual spread of

into Lanao.[90]

Islam then started to spread out of

Lapu-Lapu of Mactan against Rajah Humabon of Cebu.[98] There was also a simmering territorial conflict between the Polity of Tondo and the Bruneian vassal-state, the Islamic Rajahnate of Maynila, to which the ruler of Maynila, Rajah Matanda, sought military assistance against Tondo from his relatives at the Sultanate of Brunei.[99]

The rivalries between the Datus, Rajahs, Sultans, and Lakans eventually eased Spanish colonization. Furthermore, the islands were

Hispanicized and Christianized.[102]

Colonial era

Journalist Alan Robles has opined, "Colonialism created the Philippines, shaped its political culture and continues to influence its mindset. The 333 years under Spain and nearly five decades under the USA decisively moulded the nation".[103] Anthropologist Prospero Covar has observed, "Our thinking, culture, and psychology became virtually westernized, when we were, in fact, Asians."[104]

Spanish rule

Further information:
History of the Philippines (1521–1898)
A sketch of a Manila galleon used during the Manila-Acapulco Trade.

In 1521,

Visayan) allies, Hispanic soldiers and Latin-American recruits, led by conquistadors such as Juan de Salcedo,[106] the Spanish-Mexican-Filipino coalition then invaded Islamic Manila, therein they put down the Tondo Conspiracy and exiled the conspirators to Guam and Guerrero.[107] Under Spanish rule, they established Manila as the capital of the Spanish East Indies (1571).[108]

They also defeated the Chinese warlord

Ming-dynasty loyalist, Koxinga, ruler of the Kingdom of Tungning.[116] However, the planned invasion was aborted. Meanwhile, settlers were sent to the Pacific islands of Palau and the Marianas.[117]

Map showing the extent of the Sultanate of Sulu in 1822.

Spanish rule eventually contributed significantly to bringing political unity to the fragmented states of the archipelago. From 1565 to 1821, the Philippines was governed as a territory of the Mexico-based

immigrants[125] to the western side of the Americas.[126]

Trade introduced foodstuffs such as

Catholic missionaries converted most of the lowland inhabitants to Christianity.[127] They also founded schools, a university, hospitals and churches which were built along the Earthquake Baroque architectural style.[128] To defend their settlements, the Spaniards constructed and manned a network of military fortresses (called "Presidios") across the archipelago.[129] The Spanish also decreed the introduction of free public schooling in 1863.[130] As a result of these policies the Philippine population increased exponentially.[131][132]

The landing of the Spanish expedition to Sulu by Antonio Brugada.

During its rule, Spain quelled

Sulu Sultanate
formally recognized Spanish sovereignty.

Photograph of armed Filipino revolutionaries known as Katipuneros.

In the 19th century, Philippine ports opened to world trade and shifts started occurring within Filipino society. Many Spaniards born in the Philippines (

Cavite Mutiny that was a precursor to the Philippine Revolution.[102][137][138][139]

Revolutionary sentiments were stoked in 1872 after three priests—

propaganda movement in Spain, organized by Marcelo H. del Pilar, José Rizal, and Mariano Ponce, lobbying for political reforms in the Philippines. Rizal was eventually executed on December 30, 1896, on charges of rebellion.[140] As attempts at reform met with resistance, Andrés Bonifacio in 1892 established the militant secret society called the Katipunan, who sought independence from Spain through armed revolt.[139]

Bonifacio and the Katipunan started the Philippine Revolution in 1896. A faction of the Katipunan, the

Magdalo of Cavite province, eventually came to challenge Bonifacio's position as the leader of the revolution and Emilio Aguinaldo took over. In 1898, the Spanish–American War began in Cuba and reached the Philippines. Aguinaldo declared Philippine independence from Spain in Kawit, Cavite on June 12, 1898, and the First Philippine Republic was established in the Barasoain Church in the following year.[102]

American rule

Further information: History of the Philippines (1898–1946)
A depiction of the Battle of Paceo during the Philippine–American War.

The islands were ceded by Spain to the United States as a result of the latter's victory in the

Insular Government.[143] The war resulted in the deaths of tens of thousands of combatants as well as a couple of hundred thousand civilians, mostly from a cholera epidemic.[143][144][145][146]

The Americans then suppressed other rebellious sub-states: mainly, the waning Sultanate of Sulu, as well as the insurgent Tagalog Republic, the Cantonal Republic of Negros in the Visayas, and the Republic of Zamboanga in Mindanao.[147][148] During this era, a renaissance in Philippine culture occurred, with the expansion of Philippine cinema and literature.[149][150][151] Daniel Burnham built an architectural plan for Manila which would have transformed it into a modern city.[152] In 1935, the Philippines was granted

Manuel Quezon as president. He designated a national language and introduced women's suffrage and land reform.[153][154]

Japanese rule

Further information: Japanese occupation of the Philippines
General Douglas MacArthur landing ashore during the Battle of Leyte
on October 20, 1944.

Plans for independence over the next decade were interrupted by World War II when the

José P. Laurel was established as a collaborator state. Many atrocities and war crimes were committed during the war such as the Bataan Death March and the Manila massacre that culminated with the Battle of Manila.[155] In 1944, Quezon died in exile in the United States and Sergio Osmeña succeeded him. The Allied Forces then employed a strategy of island hopping towards the Philippine archipelago
, in the process, retaking territory conquered by Imperial Japan.

From mid-1942 through mid-1944, the Filipino guerrilla resistance[156][157] had been supplied and encouraged by U.S. Navy submarines and a few parachute drops, so that the guerrillas could harass the Japanese Army and take control of the rural areas, jungles and mountains – thus, the Japanese Empire only controlled 12 out of 48 provinces.[158] While remaining loyal to the United States, many Filipinos hoped and believed that liberation from the Japanese would bring them freedom and their already-promised independence.

Eventually, the largest naval battle in history, according to gross tonnage sunk, the

defeated the Japanese in 1945. By the end of the war it is estimated that over a million Filipinos had died.[161][162][163]

Postcolonial period

Further information:
History of the Philippines (1965–86)
Proclamation of Philippine independence from the United States (1946).

On October 11, 1945, the Philippines became one of the founding members of the United Nations.[164] The following year, on July 4, 1946, the Philippines was officially recognized by the United States as an independent nation through the Treaty of Manila, during the presidency of Manuel Roxas.[6] Disgruntled remnants of the communist Hukbalahap[165] continued to roam the countryside but were put down by President Elpidio Quirino's successor Ramon Magsaysay.[166][167] Magsaysay's successor, Carlos P. Garcia, initiated the Filipino First Policy,[168] which was continued by Diosdado Macapagal, with celebration of Independence Day moved from July 4 to June 12, the date of Emilio Aguinaldo's declaration,[169][170] while furthering the claim on the eastern part of North Borneo.[171][172]

In 1965, Macapagal lost the presidential election to Ferdinand Marcos. Early in his presidency, Marcos initiated numerous infrastructure projects but was accused of massive corruption and embezzling billions of dollars in public funds.[173] Nearing the end of his term, Marcos declared Martial Law on September 21, 1972.[174] This period of his rule was characterized by political repression, censorship, and human rights violations but the US were steadfast in their support.[175]

On August 21, 1983, Marcos' chief rival, opposition leader

presidential elections in 1986.[176] Marcos was proclaimed the winner, but the results were widely regarded as fraudulent. Cardinal Jaime Sin then roused the people to rebel,[177] leading to the People Power Revolution. Marcos and his allies fled to Hawaii and Aquino's widow, Corazon Aquino was recognized as president.[176]

Contemporary history

Further information: History of the Philippines (1986–present)
The 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo is the second largest volcanic eruption of the 20th century.

The return of democracy and government reforms beginning in 1986 were hampered by national debt, government corruption,

Moro separatists.[179] During Corazon Aquino's administration, U.S. forces withdrew from the Philippines, due to the rejection of the U.S. Bases Extension Treaty,[180][181] and leading to the official transfer of Clark Air Base in November 1991 and Subic Bay to the government in December 1992.[182][183] The administration also faced a series of natural disasters, including the eruption of Mount Pinatubo in June 1991.[184][185]
After introducing a constitution that limited presidents to a single term, Aquino did not stand for re-election.

Aquino was succeeded by

Philippine presidential election held in May 1992. During this period the country's economic performance remained modest, with a 3.6%[186] percent GDP growth rate.[187] However, the political stability and economic improvements, such as the peace agreement with the Moro National Liberation Front in 1996,[188] were overshadowed by the onset of the 1997 Asian financial crisis.[189][190] On his Presidency the death penalty was revived in the light of the Rape-slay case of Eileen Sarmienta and Allan Gomez in 1993 and the first person to be executed was Leo Echegaray in 1999.[191]

Ramos' successor,

Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo on January 20, 2001.[198]

In

2004 presidential elections.[201][202][203][204] On November 23, 2009, 34 journalists and several civilians were massacred in Maguindanao.[205][206]

Bangsamoro Basic Law into law in an impasse.[208][209] Tensions regarding the Philippines' territorial disputes in eastern Sabah and the South China Sea escalated.[210][211][212]

On May 15, 2013, the Philippines implemented the Enhanced Basic Education Act of 2013, commonly known as

K–12 program. It added two more years to the country's ten-year schooling system for primary and secondary education.[213] The country was then hit by Typhoon Yolanda (Haiyan) on November 8, 2013, which heavily devastated the Visayas.[214][215] When the United States President Barack Obama visited the Philippines on April 28, 2014, the Enhanced Defense Cooperation Agreement, was signed, paving the way for the return of United States Armed Forces bases into the country.[216][217][218][219]

Rodrigo Duterte takes his oath as he is sworn in as the 16th President of the Philippines

Former

Philippine Drug War passed 8,000 people, with 2,679 killed in legitimate police operations and the rest the government claims to be homicide cases.[223][224][225]

Duterte initiated the "Build, Build, Build" program, which aims to usher the Philippines into a new "golden age" of infrastructure. It will create more jobs and business opportunities, which, in turn, would sustain the country’s economic growth and accelerate poverty reduction.[226] The construction industry needs two million more workers to sustain the program.[227][228]

The Build, Build, Build program is made up of 75 projects, which includes six air transport projects, 12 rail transport projects, and four water transport projects. It also includes four major flood management projects, 11 water supply and irrigation projects, four power projects, and three other public infrastructure projects.[229] The Philippines is expected to spend $160 billion to $180 billion up to 2022 for the public investments in infrastructure.[230]

In 2017, Duterte signed the Universal Access to Quality Tertiary Education Act, which provides for free tuition and exemption from other fees in public universities and colleges for Filipino students, as well as subsidies for those enrolled in private higher education institutions.

Politics

Main articles: Politics of the Philippines, President of the Philippines, and Constitution of the Philippines

The Philippines has a democratic government in the form of a constitutional republic with a

parliamentary government since the Ramos administration.[232][233]

The

bicameral Congress is composed of the Senate, serving as the upper house, with members elected to a six-year term, and the House of Representatives, serving as the lower house, with members elected to a three-year term.[234]

Senators are elected at large while the representatives are elected from both

Chief Justice as its presiding officer and fourteen associate justices, all of whom are appointed by the President from nominations submitted by the Judicial and Bar Council.[234]

Foreign relations

Main article: Foreign relations of the Philippines
President Rodrigo Duterte and U.S. President Donald Trump discuss matters during a bilateral meeting in Pasay, 2017.
The main office of the Department of Foreign Affairs of the Philippines in Pasay.

The Philippines' international relations are based on trade with other nations and the well-being of the 10 million

Human Rights Council as well as in peacekeeping missions, particularly in East Timor.[236][237][238]

In addition to membership in the United Nations, the Philippines is also a founding and active member of

summits and is an active contributor to the direction and policies of the bloc.[240]

The Philippines attaches great importance in its relations with China, and has established significant cooperation with the country.

Visiting Forces Agreement have flared up from time to time.[235][failed verification] Japan, the biggest contributor of official development assistance to the country,[248] is thought of as a friend. Although historical tensions still exist on issues such as the plight of comfort women, much of the animosity inspired by memories of World War II has faded.[249]

Relations with other nations are generally positive. Shared democratic values ease relations with Western and European countries while similar economic concerns help in relations with other developing countries. Historical ties and cultural similarities also serve as a bridge in relations with

domestic abuse and war affecting overseas Filipino workers,[253][254] relations with Middle Eastern countries are friendly as seen in the continuous employment of more than two million overseas Filipinos living there.[255]

With communism no longer the threat it once was, once hostile relations in the 1950s between the Philippines and China have improved greatly. Issues involving Taiwan, the Spratly Islands, and concerns of expanding Chinese influence, however, still encourage a degree of caution.[249] Recent foreign policy has been mostly about economic relations with its Southeast Asian and Asia-Pacific neighbors.[235]

The Philippines is an active member of the East Asia Summit (EAS), the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC), the Latin Union, the Group of 24, and the Non-Aligned Movement.[234] It is also seeking to strengthen relations with Islamic countries by campaigning for observer status in the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation.[256][257]

Military

Main article: Armed Forces of the Philippines
BRP Gregorio del Pilar (FF-15) of the Philippine Navy, Philippine Army AIFVs and FA-50 of the Philippine Air Force
.

The Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP) are responsible for national security and consist of three branches: the Philippine Air Force, the Philippine Army, and the Philippine Navy (includes the Marine Corps).[258][259][260] The Armed Forces of the Philippines are a volunteer force.[261] Civilian security is handled by the Philippine National Police under the Department of the Interior and Local Government (DILG).[262][263]

In the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao, the largest separatist organization, the Moro National Liberation Front, is now engaging the government politically. Other more militant groups like the Moro Islamic Liberation Front, the communist New People's Army, and the Abu Sayyaf have previously kidnapped foreigners for ransom, particularly on the southern island of Mindanao.[265][266][267][268] Their presence decreased due to successful security provided by the Philippine government.[269][270] At 1.1 percent of GDP, the Philippines spent less on its military forces than the regional average. As of 2014 Malaysia and Thailand were estimated to spend 1.5%, China 2.1%, Vietnam 2.2% and South Korea 2.6%.[271][272]

The Philippines was an

mutual defense treaty between the two countries signed in 1951. The Philippines once supported American policies during the Cold War and participated in the Korean and Vietnam wars. However, the fallback of relationship between the two countries in favor of China and Russia resulted in the Philippines establishing deep defence ties and cooperation with the latter two, abandoning its military ties with the United States while affirming that the country will no longer participates in any US-led war.[273][274][275][276]

Administrative divisions

Main article: Administrative divisions of the Philippines

The Philippines is divided into three island groups:

barangays.[277] In addition, Section 2 of Republic Act No. 5446 asserts that the definition of the territorial sea around the Philippine archipelago does not affect the claim over the eastern part of Sabah.[278][279]

Nueva VizcayaNueva EcijaNorthern SamarNorthern SamarNorthern SamarNegros OrientalNegros OccidentalMountain ProvinceMisamis OrientalMisamis OccidentalMetro ManilaMasbateMasbateMasbateMarinduqueMaguindanaoLeyteLa UnionLanao del SurLanao del NorteLagunaKalingaIsabela CityIsabelaIloiloIloiloIloiloIlocos SurIlocos NorteIfugaoGuimarasEastern SamarEastern SamarDinagat IslandsDavao OrientalDavao OrientalDavao OccidentalDavao OccidentalDavao OccidentalDavao del SurDavao del NorteDavao del NorteDavao del NorteCotabato CityCotabatoDavao de Oro (Compostela Valley)CebuCebuCebuCebuCebuCebuCebuCaviteCatanduanesCapizCamarines SurCamarines SurCamarines SurCamarines NorteCamiguinCagayanCagayanCagayanCagayanCagayanCagayanCagayanBulacanBukidnonBoholBoholBoholBiliranBiliranBenguetBatangasBatangasBatangasBatangasBatanesBatanesBatanesBataanBasilanAuroraApayaoAntiqueAntiqueAntiqueAntiqueAlbayAlbayAlbayAlbayAklanAgusan del SurAgusan del NorteAbraZamboanga SibugayZamboanga del SurZamboanga del NorteZamboanga CityZamboanga CityZambalesSamarSamarSamarSamarTawi-TawiTawi-TawiTawi-TawiTawi-TawiTawi-TawiTawi-TawiTarlacSurigao del SurSurigao del SurSurigao del NorteSurigao del NorteSurigao del NorteSurigao del NorteSurigao del NorteSuluSuluSuluSuluSuluSuluSuluSuluSultan KudaratSouthern LeyteSouthern LeyteSouth CotabatoSorsogonSiquijorSaranganiSaranganiRomblonRomblonRomblonRomblonRomblonRomblonRizalRizalQuirinoQuezonQuezonQuezonQuezonQuezonQuezonQuezonPangasinanPangasinanPampangaPalawanPalawanPalawanPalawanPalawanPalawanPalawanPalawanPalawanPalawanPalawanPalawanPalawanPalawanOriental MindoroOccidental MindoroOccidental MindoroOccidental MindoroOccidental Mindoro


Administrative regions

Main article: Regions of the Philippines

Regions in the Philippines are

CALABARZON was the most populated region while the National Capitol Region
(NCR) the most densely populated.

10 Most Populous Regions of the Philippines (2015)[280]
Rank Designation Name Area Population (as of 2015) % of Population Population density
1st Region IV Calabarzon 16,873.31 km2 (6,514.82 sq mi) 14,414,774 14.27% 850/km2 (2,200/sq mi)
2nd NCR National Capital Region 619.57 km2 (239.22 sq mi) 12,877,253 12.75% 21,000/km2 (54,000/sq mi)
3rd Region III Central Luzon 22,014.63 km2 (8,499.90 sq mi) 11,218,177 11.11% 510/km2 (1,300/sq mi)
4th Region VII Central Visayas 10,102.16 km2 (3,900.47 sq mi) 6,041,903 5.98% 600/km2 (1,600/sq mi)
5th Region V Bicol Region 18,155.82 km2 (7,010.00 sq mi) 5,796,989 5.74% 320/km2 (830/sq mi)
6th Region I Ilocos Region 16,873.31 km2 (6,514.82 sq mi) 5,026,128 4.98% 300/km2 (780/sq mi)
7th Region XI Davao Region 20,357.42 km2 (7,860.04 sq mi) 4,893,318 4.85% 240/km2 (620/sq mi)
8th Region X Northern Mindanao 20,496.02 km2 (7,913.56 sq mi) 4,689,302 4.64% 230/km2 (600/sq mi)
9th Region XII
SOCCSKSARGEN
 22,513.30 km2 (8,692.43 sq mi) 4,545,276 4.50% 200/km2 (520/sq mi)
10th Region VI Western Visayas 12,828.97 km2 (4,953.29 sq mi) 4,477,247 4.43% 350/km2 (910/sq mi)

Geography

Main article: Geography of the Philippines
Topography of the Philippines

The Philippines is an archipelago composed of about 7,641 islands[281] with a total land area, including inland bodies of water, of 300,000 square kilometers (115,831 sq mi).[4][5] The 36,289 kilometers (22,549 mi) of coastline makes it the country with the fifth longest coastline in the world.[234][282] The Exclusive economic zone of the Philippines covers 2,263,816 km2 (874,064 sq mi).[283] It is located between 116° 40', and 126° 34' E longitude and 4° 40' and 21° 10' N latitude and is bordered by the Philippine Sea[284] to the east, the South China Sea[285] to the west, and the Celebes Sea[286] to the south. The island of Borneo[287] is located a few hundred kilometers southwest and Taiwan is located directly to the north. The Moluccas and Sulawesi are located to the south-southwest and Palau is located to the east of the islands.[234]

Most of the mountainous islands are covered in tropical rainforest and volcanic in origin. The highest mountain is Mount Apo. It measures up to 2,954 meters (9,692 ft) above sea level and is located on the island of Mindanao.[288][289] The Galathea Depth in the Philippine Trench is the deepest point in the country and the third deepest in the world. The trench is located in the Philippine Sea.[290]

The longest river is the Cagayan River in northern Luzon.[291] Manila Bay, upon the shore of which the capital city of Manila lies, is connected to Laguna de Bay, the largest lake in the Philippines, by the Pasig River. Subic Bay, the Davao Gulf, and the Moro Gulf are other important bays. The San Juanico Strait separates the islands of Samar and Leyte but it is traversed by the San Juanico Bridge.[292]

Situated on the western fringes of the Pacific

Benham Plateau to the east in the Philippine Sea is an undersea region active in tectonic subduction.[293] Around 20 earthquakes are registered daily, though most are too weak to be felt. The last major earthquake was the 1990 Luzon earthquake.[294]

Mayon is the Philippines' most active volcano.

There are

Puerto Princesa Subterranean River, the area represents a habitat for biodiversity conservation, the site also contains a full mountain-to-the-sea ecosystem and has some of the most important forests in Asia.[296]

Due to the

volcanic nature of the islands, mineral deposits are abundant. The country is estimated to have the second-largest gold deposits after South Africa and one of the largest copper deposits in the world.[297] It is also rich in nickel, chromite, and zinc. Despite this, poor management, high population density, and environmental consciousness have resulted in these mineral resources remaining largely untapped.[297] Geothermal energy is a product of volcanic activity that the Philippines has harnessed more successfully. The Philippines is the world's second-biggest geothermal producer behind the United States, with 18% of the country's electricity needs being met by geothermal power.[298]

Biodiversity

Main article: Wildlife of the Philippines
See also: List of threatened species of the Philippines
Philippine tarsier (Tarsius syrichta), one of the smallest primates.

The Philippines' rainforests and its extensive coastlines make it home to a diverse range of birds, plants, animals, and sea creatures.

mammals discovered in the last ten years. Because of this, the rate of endemism for the Philippines has risen and likely will continue to rise.[304] Native mammals include the palm civet cat, the dugong, the cloud rat and the Philippine tarsier associated with Bohol
.

Although the Philippines lacks large mammalian predators, it does have some very large

national bird, known as the Philippine eagle has the longest body of any eagle, it generally measures 86 to 102 cm (2.82 to 3.35 ft) in length and weighs 4.7 to 8.0 kg (10.4 to 17.6 lb).[307][308] The Philippine eagle is part of the Accipitridae family and is endemic to the rainforests of Luzon, Samar, Leyte and Mindanao
.

Rafflesia speciosa is endemic to the island of Panay.

Philippine maritime waters encompass as much as 2,200,000 square kilometers (849,425 sq mi) producing unique and diverse marine life, an important part of the Coral Triangle.[278] The total number of corals and marine fish species was estimated at 500 and 2,400 respectively.[299][303] New records[309][310] and species discoveries[311][312][313] continuously increase these numbers, underlining the uniqueness of the marine resources in the Philippines. The Tubbataha Reef in the Sulu Sea was declared a World Heritage Site in 1993. Philippine waters also sustain the cultivation of pearls, crabs, and seaweeds.[299][314]

With an estimated 13,500 plant species in the country, 3,200 of which are unique to the islands,

rainforests boast an array of flora, including many rare types of orchids and rafflesia.[315][316] Deforestation, often the result of illegal logging, is an acute problem in the Philippines. Forest cover declined from 70% of the Philippines's total land area in 1900 to about 18.3% in 1999.[317] Many species are endangered and scientists say that Southeast Asia, which the Philippines is part of, faces a catastrophic extinction rate of 20% by the end of the 21st century.[318] According to Conservation International, "the country is one of the few nations that is, in its entirety, both a hotspot and a megadiversity country, placing it among the top priority hotspots for global conservation."[315]

Climate

Main article: Climate of the Philippines
Typhoon Haiyan, locally known as Super Typhoon Yolanda, is one of the strongest typhoons that hit the Philippines.

The Philippines has a tropical maritime climate that is usually hot and humid. There are three seasons: tag-init or tag-araw, the hot dry season or summer from March to May; tag-ulan, the rainy season from June to November; and tag-lamig, the cool dry season from December to February. The southwest monsoon (from May to October) is known as the Habagat, and the dry winds of the northeast monsoon (from November to April), the Amihan.[319] Temperatures usually range from 21 °C (70 °F) to 32 °C (90 °F) although it can get cooler or hotter depending on the season. The coolest month is January; the warmest is May.[234][320]

The average yearly temperature is around 26.6 °C (79.9 °F).[319] In considering temperature, location in terms of latitude and longitude is not a significant factor. Whether in the extreme north, south, east, or west of the country, temperatures at sea level tend to be in the same range. Altitude usually has more of an impact. The average annual temperature of Baguio at an elevation of 1,500 meters (4,900 ft) above sea level is 18.3 °C (64.9 °F), making it a popular destination during hot summers.[319]

Sitting astride the typhoon belt, most of the islands experience annual torrential rains and thunderstorms from July to October,[321] with around nineteen typhoons entering the Philippine area of responsibility in a typical year and eight or nine making landfall.[322][323][324] Annual rainfall measures as much as 5,000 millimeters (200 in) in the mountainous east coast section but less than 1,000 millimeters (39 in) in some of the sheltered valleys.[321] The wettest known tropical cyclone to impact the archipelago was the July 1911 cyclone, which dropped over 1,168 millimeters (46.0 in) of rainfall within a 24-hour period in Baguio.[325] Bagyo is the local term for a tropical cyclone in the Philippines.[325] Natural hazards often cause lots of casualties in the Philippines. However, the government has lately been trying to manage and reduce disaster risks through innovative legislation.[326][failed verification]

Economy

Main article: Economy of the Philippines
Philippine Export Treemap in 2012.
A proportional representation of the Philippines' exports, 2012.

The Philippine economy is the

semiconductors and electronic products, transport equipment, garments, copper products, petroleum products, coconut oil, and fruits.[6] Major trading partners include the United States, Japan, China, Singapore, South Korea, the Netherlands, Hong Kong, Germany, Taiwan, and Thailand.[6] Its unit of currency is the Philippine peso (₱ or PHP).[327]

Filipinos planting rice. Agriculture employs 30% of the Filipino workforce as of 2014.[328]

A newly industrialized country, the Philippine economy has been transitioning from one based upon agriculture to an economy with more emphasis upon services and manufacturing. Of the country's total labor force of around 40.813 Million,[6] the agricultural sector employs 30% of the labor force, and accounts for 14% of GDP. The industrial sector employs around 14% of the workforce and accounts for 30% of GDP. Meanwhile, the 47% of workers involved in the services sector are responsible for 56% of GDP.[329][330]

The

unemployment rate as of 14 December 2014, stands at 6.0%.[331][332] Meanwhile, due to lower charges in basic necessities, the inflation rate eases to 3.7% in November.[333] Gross international reserves as of October 2013 are $83.201 billion.[334] The Debt-to-GDP ratio continues to decline to 38.1% as of March 2014[335][336] from a record high of 78% in 2004.[337] The country is a net importer[330] but it is also a creditor nation.[338]

After World War II, the Philippines was for a time regarded as the second wealthiest in East Asia, next only to Japan.[235][339][340] In the 1960s its economic performance started being overtaken. The economy stagnated under the dictatorship of President Ferdinand Marcos as the regime spawned economic mismanagement and political volatility.[235][340] The country suffered from slow economic growth and bouts of economic recession. Only in the 1990s with a program of economic liberalization did the economy begin to recover.[235][340]

The

1997 Asian Financial Crisis affected the economy, resulting in a lingering decline of the value of the peso and falls in the stock market. The extent it was affected initially was not as severe as that of some of its Asian neighbors. This was largely due to the fiscal conservatism of the government, partly as a result of decades of monitoring and fiscal supervision from the International Monetary Fund (IMF), in comparison to the massive spending of its neighbors on the rapid acceleration of economic growth.[188] There have been signs of progress since. In 2004, the economy experienced 6.4% GDP growth and 7.1% in 2007, its fastest pace of growth in three decades.[341][342] Average annual GDP growth per capita for the period 1966–2007 still stands at 1.45% in comparison to an average of 5.96% for the East Asia and the Pacific region as a whole. The daily income for 45% of the population of the Philippines remains less than $2.[343][344][345]

The economy is heavily reliant upon

overseas Filipinos, which surpass foreign direct investment as a source of foreign currency. Remittances peaked in 2010 at 10.4% of the national GDP, and were 8.6% in 2012 and in 2014, Philippines total worth of foreign exchange remittances was US$28 billion.[346][347] Regional development is uneven, with Luzon – Metro Manila in particular – gaining most of the new economic growth at the expense of the other regions,[348][349] although the government has taken steps to distribute economic growth by promoting investment in other areas of the country. Despite constraints, service industries such as tourism and business process outsourcing have been identified as areas with some of the best opportunities for growth for the country.[330][350]

Goldman Sachs includes the country in its list of the "Next Eleven" economies[351][352] but China and India have emerged as major economic competitors.[353] Goldman Sachs estimates that by the year 2050, it will be the 20th largest economy in the world.[354] HSBC also projects the Philippine economy to become the 16th largest economy in the world, 5th largest economy in Asia and the largest economy in the South East Asian region by 2050.[355][356][357] The Philippines is a member of the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund, the World Trade Organization (WTO), the Asian Development Bank which is headquartered in Mandaluyong, the Colombo Plan, the G-77 and the G-24 among other groups and institutions.[6]

Transportation

Main article: Transportation in the Philippines
A section of the Tarlac–Pangasinan–La Union Expressway.

Transportation infrastructure in the Philippines is relatively underdeveloped. This is partly due to mountainous terrain and the scattered geography of the islands, but also the result of consistently low investment in infrastructure by successive governments. In 2013, about 3% of national GDP went towards infrastructure development – much lower than many of its neighbors.[358][359] There are 216,387 kilometers (134,457 mi) of roads in the Philippines, with only 61,093 kilometers (37,961 mi) of roads paved.[360]

Buses,

jeepneys, taxis, and motorized tricycles are commonly available in major cities and towns. In 2007, there were about 5.53 million registered motor vehicles with registrations increasing at an average annual rate of 4.55%.[361]

The Civil Aviation Authority of the Philippines manages airports and implementation of policies regarding safe air travel[362][363] with 85 public airports operational as of 2014.[364] Ninoy Aquino International Airport (NAIA) serves the Greater Manila Area together with Clark International Airport. Philippine Airlines, Asia's oldest commercial airline still operating under its original name, and Cebu Pacific, the leading low-cost airline, are the major airlines serving most domestic and international destinations.[365][366][367]

Expressways and highways are mostly located on the island of Luzon including the Pan-Philippine Highway, connecting the islands of Luzon, Samar, Leyte, and Mindanao,[368][369] the North Luzon Expressway, South Luzon Expressway, and the Subic–Clark–Tarlac Expressway.[370][371][372][373][374][375]

Santolan station
.

MRT-7. In the past, railways served major parts of Luzon, and railroad services were available on the islands of Cebu and Negros. Railways were also used for agricultural purposes, especially in tobacco and sugar cane production. A few transportation systems are under development: DOST-MIRDC and UP are implementing pre-feasibility studies on Automated Guideway Transit.[380][381][382]

As an archipelago, inter-island travel using watercraft is often necessary.

Strong Republic Nautical Highway (SRNH), an integrated set of highway segments and ferry routes covering 17 cities was established in 2003.[385] The Pasig River Ferry Service serves the major rivers in Metro Manila, including the Pasig River and Marikina River having numerous stops in Manila, Makati, Mandaluyong, Pasig and Marikina.[386][387]

Science and technology

Main article: Science and technology in the Philippines
ultraviolet light
.

The Philippines has pursued efforts to improve the field of science and technology. The

Maria Orosa, a food technologist famous for her formulated food products like calamansi nip, soyalac and the banana ketchup.[389]

Fe del Mundo, a pediatrician whose pioneering work in pediatrics as an active medical practice spanned 8 decades,[390] Paulo Campos, a physician who was dubbed as "The Father of Nuclear Medicine in the Philippines" for his contributions in the field of nuclear medicine,[391] Ramon Barba, an inventor and horticulturist known for his method to induce more flowers in mango trees.[392]

Research organizations include the

the Philippines first micro-satellite, Diwata-1 was launched aboard the US Cygnus spacecraft.[397]

Communications

Main articles:
Social networking in the Philippines

The Philippines has a sophisticated cellular phone industry and a high concentration of users.

Philippine Long Distance Telephone Company commonly known as PLDT is the leading telecommunications provider. It is also the largest company in the country.[398][401]

The

Social networking and watching videos are among the most frequent Internet activities.[407]

Tourism

Main article: Tourism in the Philippines
Limestone cliffs of El Nido, Palawan.

The travel and tourism sector is a major contributor to the economy, contributing 7.1% to the Philippine GDP in 2013 [408] and providing 1,226,500 jobs or 3.2 percent of total employment.[409] 2,433,428 international visitors arrived from January to June 2014 up by 2.22% in the same period in 2013. South Korea, China, and Japan accounted for 58.78% while the Americas accounted for 19.28% and Europe 10.64%.[410] The Department of Tourism has responsibility for the management and promotion of the tourism sector.

The country's rich biodiversity is one of the main tourist attractions with its beaches, mountains, rainforests, islands and diving spots among the most popular tourist destinations. As an archipelago consisting of about 7,500 islands, the Philippines has numerous beaches, caves and other rock formations.

Magellan's Cross in Cebu and the Tubbataha Reef
in Visayas are other highlights.

The Philippines is also one of the favorite retirement destinations for foreigners due to its warm climate all year round, beaches and low cost of living.[412]

Water supply and sanitation

Main article: Water supply and sanitation in the Philippines
Ambuklao Dam in Bokod, Benguet.

Among the achievements of the government in the Philippines are a high access to an improved water source of 92% in 2010; the creation of financially sustainable water service providers ("Water Districts") in small and medium towns with the continuous long-term support of a national agency (the "Local Water Utilities Administration" LWUA); and the improvement of access, service quality and efficiency in Manila through two high-profle water concessions awarded in 1997.[413]

The challenges include limited access to sanitation services, high pollution of water resources, often poor drinking water quality and poor service quality, a fragmentation of executive functions at the national level among numerous agencies, and a fragmentation of service provision at the local level into many small service providers.[413]

In 2015 it was reported by the Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation by WHO and UNICEF that 74% of the population had access to improved sanitation and that "good progress" had been made.[414] The access to improved sanitation was reported to be similar for the urban and rural population.[414]

Demographics

Main articles: Demographics of the Philippines, Filipinos, and Overseas Filipinos
Population density per province as of 2009 per square kilometer.
Population[415][416]
Year Million
1950 18.6
2000 78.0
2021 113.9

The population of the Philippines increased from 1990 to 2008 by approximately 28 million, a 45% growth in that time frame.

official census in the Philippines was carried out in 1877 and recorded a population of 5,567,685.[418]

It is estimated that half of the population resides on the island of Luzon. The 3.21% population growth rate between 1995 and 2000 decreased to an estimated 1.95% for the 2005–2010 period, but remains a

contentious issue.[419][420] The population's median age is 22.7 years with 60.9% aged from 15 to 64 years old.[6] Life expectancy at birth is 69.4 years, 73.1 years for females and 65.9 years for males.[421] Poverty incidence also significantly dropped to 21.6% in 2015 from 25.2% in 2012.[422]

Since the liberalization of United States immigration laws in 1965, the number of people in the United States having

Filipinos living overseas.[425]

According to the official count the population of the Philippines hit 100 million at the time of midnight on July 27, 2014, making it the 12th country to reach this number.[426]

The Philippine population will continue to increase throughout 2018 and is projected to reach around 107,190,081 by Dec. 31, 2018, based on projections made by the Commission on Population using the latest population census of 2015 (Philippine Statistics Authority).[427]

Cities

Main article: Cities of the Philippines

11th most populous in the world. as of 2007, census data showed it had a population of 11,553,427, comprising 13% of the national population.[428] Including suburbs in the adjacent provinces (Bulacan, Cavite, Laguna, and Rizal) of Greater Manila, the population is around 21 million.[428][429]

Metro Manila's

gross regional product was estimated as of 2009 to be ₱468.4 billion (at constant 1985 prices) and accounts for 33% of the nation's GDP.[430] In 2011 Manila ranked as the 28th wealthiest urban agglomeration in the world and the 2nd in Southeast Asia.[431]

 
Largest cities in the Philippines
Rank
 Name Region
Pop.
Rank
 Name Region
Pop.
Quezon City
Quezon City
Manila
Manila 		1 Quezon City National Capital Region 2,960,048 11 Valenzuela National Capital Region 714,978 Davao City
Davao City
Caloocan
Caloocan
2 Manila National Capital Region 1,846,513 12 Dasmariñas Calabarzon 703,141
3 Davao City Davao Region 1,776,949 13 General Santos Soccsksargen 697,315
4 Caloocan National Capital Region 1,661,584 14 Parañaque National Capital Region 689,992
5 Taguig National Capital Region 1,223,595 15 Bacoor Calabarzon 664,625
6 Zamboanga City Zamboanga Peninsula 977,234 16 San Jose del Monte Central Luzon 651,813
7 Cebu City Central Visayas 964,169 17 Las Piñas National Capital Region 606,293
8 Antipolo Calabarzon 887,399 18 Bacolod Western Visayas 600,783
9 Pasig National Capital Region 803,159 19 Muntinlupa National Capital Region 543,445
10 Cagayan de Oro Northern Mindanao 728,402 20 Calamba Calabarzon 539,671

Ethnic groups

Main article: Ethnic groups in the Philippines
Dominant ethnic groups by province

According to the 2000 census, 28.1% of Filipinos are Tagalog, 13.1% Cebuano, 9% Ilocano, 7.6% Visayans/Bisaya (excluding Cebuano, Hiligaynon and Waray), 7.5% Hiligaynon, 6% Bikol, 3.4% Waray, and 25.3% as "others",

Bajau, and the tribes of Palawan.[434]

Filipinos generally belong to several

Taiwanese aborigines migrated to the Philippines from Taiwan, bringing with them knowledge of agriculture and ocean-sailing, eventually displacing the earlier Negrito groups of the islands.[435]
Negritos, such as the Aeta and the Ati, are considered among the earliest inhabitants of the islands.[436]

Being at the crossroads of the West and East, the Philippines is also home to migrants from places as diverse as China, Spain, Mexico, Peru, United States, India, South Korea, and Japan.

The Chinese are mostly the descendants of immigrants from Fujian in China after 1898, numbering around 2 million, although there are an estimated 27 percent of Filipinos who have partial Chinese ancestry,[437][438][439] stemming from precolonial and colonial Chinese migrants.[440] Intermarriage between the groups is evident in the major cities and urban areas.[441]

At least one-third of the population of Luzon, where Spaniards mixed with natives, as well as old settlements in the Visayas (founded by Mexicans)[b] and Zamboanga City (colonized by Peruvians)[443] or around 13.33% of the Philippine population, have partial Hispanic ancestry (from varying points of origin and ranging from Ibero-America[444] to Spain).[445] Recent genetic studies confirm this partial European[446][447] and Hispanic-American ancestry.[448]

The Philippines was a

Angeles, Manila, Clark and Olongapo.[451]

Other important non-indigenous minorities include

mestizos.[452][453]

Languages

Main article: Languages of the Philippines
Population by
mother tongue
(2010)
Language Speakers
Tagalog 24.44 % 24.44
 
 22,512,089
Cebuano 21.35 % 21.35
 
 19,665,453
Ilokano
 8.77 % 8.77
 
 8,074,536
Hiligaynon 8.44 % 8.44
 
 7,773,655
Waray 3.97 % 3.97
 
 3,660,645
Other local languages/dialects 26.09 % 26.09
 
 24,027,005
Other foreign languages/dialects 0.09 % 0.09
 
 78,862
Not reported/not stated 0.01 % 0.01
 
 6,450
TOTAL 92,097,978
Source: Philippine Statistics Authority[3]

Ethnologue lists 186 individual languages in the Philippines, 182 of which are living languages, while 4 no longer have any known speakers. Most native languages are part of the Philippine branch of the Malayo-Polynesian languages, which is itself a branch of the Austronesian language family.[434] The only language not classified as an Austronesian language are the various Spanish-based creole varieties collectively called Chavacano.[454]

Arabic on a voluntary and optional basis,[13] although neither are used on as wide a scale as in the past. However, Spanish loanwords are still present today in many of the indigenous Philippine languages.[455] Spanish, which was widely used as a lingua franca in the late nineteenth century, has since declined greatly in use, but is experiencing a revival due to government promotion, while Arabic is mainly used in Islamic schools in Mindanao.[456] A theory that the indigenous scripts of Sumatra, Sulawesi and the Philippines are descended from an early form of the Gujarati script was presented at the 2010 meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society.[457]

Nineteen regional languages act as auxiliary official languages used as media of instruction:

Visayan languages are prevalent in their respective provinces.[458]

Languages not indigenous to the islands are also taught in select schools.

Malaysian in 2013.[461]

Religion

Main article: Religion in the Philippines
The historical Paoay Church in Paoay, Ilocos Norte. It is declared as a National Cultural Treasure by the Philippine government in 1973 and a UNESCO World Heritage Site under the collective group of Baroque Churches of the Philippines in 1993.

The Philippines is an officially

Restorationist denomination in the country and are mostly concentrated at Central Luzon.[473][474]

Muslim population of the Philippines was reported as 5.57% of the total population according to census returns in 2010.[463] A recent statistic shown by the National Commission of Muslim Filipinos (NCMF) on 2012 which stated that about 10,700,000 or 11%[475] of the Filipinos are Muslims. Some Muslim scholars argue that census taken in 2000 is significantly undercounted the number of Muslims because of security concerns and hostility of the inhabitants to government personnel in Muslim-majority areas, thus lead difficulty in getting accurate data of the Muslim population in the country.[476][477] The majority of Muslims live in the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao.[478][479][480][481][482] Most practice Sunni Islam under the Shafi'i school.[483][484]

An unknown percentage of irreligion in the Philippines because there is no official statistic of it but it may be form as high as 20% of the population.

Philippine Atheists and Agnostics Society (PATAS) is a nonprofit organization for the public understanding of atheism and agnosticism in the Philippines which educate society, and eliminate myths and misconceptions about atheism and agnosticism.[487]

An estimated 2% of the total population practice

Baha'is.[489]

Health

Main article: Health in the Philippines

There are an increasing number of private health providers and, as of 2009, 67.1% of healthcare came from private expenditures while 32.9% was from government. In 2013, total expenditures on the health sector was 3.8% of GDP, below the

WHO target of 5%.[490] Health expenditure represented about 6.1% of total government spending. Per capita total expenditure at average exchange rate was USD52.[491] The budget allocation for Healthcare in 2010 was ₱28 billion (about USD597 million) or ₱310 ($7) per person[492] but had an increase in budget in 2014 with a record high in the collection of taxes from the House Bill 5727 (commonly known as Sin tax Bill).[493]

There are an estimated 90,370 physicians or 1 per every 833 people, 480,910 nurses, 43,220 dentists, and 1 hospital bed per every 769 people.[491] Retention of skilled practitioners is a problem. 70% of nursing graduates go overseas to work. The Philippines is the biggest supplier of nurses for export.[494]

In 2001 there were about 1,700

acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Despite the increase of HIV/AIDS cases from 12,000 in 2005[495] to 17,450 as of April 2014 with 5,965 people who were under anti-retroviral therapy,[496] the country is still a low-HIV-prevalence country with less than 0.1% of the adult population estimated to be HIV-positive.[497]

Education

Main article: Education in the Philippines
extant
university charter in Asia.
The University of the Philippines Diliman, the flagship constituent university of the University of the Philippines System, where various Philippine contemporary figures studied.

The Philippines has a simple

functional literacy rate of 86.45%, with 84.2% for males and 88.7% for females in 2008.[498][499] Spending on education accounted for 16.11% in the national budget proposed for 2015.[500][501]

The Commission on Higher Education (CHED) lists 2,180 higher education institutions, 607 of which are public and 1,573 private.[502] Classes start in June and end in March. The majority of colleges and universities follow a semester calendar from June to October and November to March. There are a number of foreign schools with study programs.[234] A 6-year elementary, a 4-year junior high school and a 2-year senior high school education is mandatory[503] of the K-12 educational program in 2013.[504][505]

Several government agencies are involved with education. The Department of Education covers elementary, secondary, and non-formal education. The Technical Education and Skills Development Authority (TESDA) administers post-secondary, middle-level education training and development. The Commission on Higher Education (CHED) supervises college and graduate academic programs and degrees as well as regulates standards in higher education.[506]

In 2004,

Local Colleges and Universities (LCU).[502] The University of the Philippines, a system of eight (8) constituent universities, is the national university system of the Philippines.[508]

Culture

Main articles:
Festivals of the Philippines and Culture of the Philippines
Ati-Atihan Festival
.

Philippine culture is a combination of

Ati-Atihan, Moriones and Sinulog
festivals are a couple of the most well-known.

Some traditions, however, are changing or gradually being forgotten due to modernization. The Bayanihan Philippine National Folk Dance Company has been lauded for preserving many of the various traditional folk dances found throughout the Philippines. They are famed for their iconic performances of Philippine dances such as the tinikling and singkil that both feature clashing bamboo poles.[510]

One of the most visible Hispanic legacies is the prevalence of

Narciso Clavería y Zaldua, which ordered the systematic distribution of family names and implementation of Hispanic nomenclature on the population.[511]
The names of many streets, towns, and provinces are also in Spanish.

The common use of the English language is an example of the American impact on Philippine society. It has contributed to the ready acceptance and influence of American pop cultural trends. This affinity is seen in Filipinos' love of fast food and American film and music. Fast food outlets are found on many street corners. American global fast food chain stalwarts have entered the market, but local fast food chains like Goldilocks and most notably Jollibee, the leading fast food chain in the country, have emerged and compete successfully against their foreign rivals.[512][513]

Architecture

Main article: Architecture of the Philippines
Colonial houses in Vigan.

Nuestra Señora de la Asunción (Santa María) Church in Ilocos Sur, and Santo Tomás de Villanueva Church in Iloilo.[514] Vigan in Ilocos Sur is also known for the many Hispanic-style houses and buildings preserved there.[515]

The

Greek or Neoclassical architecture.[516] In Iloilo, a lot of the colonial edifices constructed during the American occupation in the country can still be seen. Commercial buildings, houses and churches in that era are abundant in the city and especially in Calle Real.[517]

However, certain areas of the country like

Idjangs or Ivatan castles were the primary shelter of the people prior to the Spanish conquest of the whole Philippines.[519]

Music

Main articles:
Original Pilipino Music
Percussion instruments that make up the Philippine kulintang ensemble, an example of pre-Hispanic musical tradition

Philippine music has evolved rapidly due to the different influences stemming from colonialism under other countries. Before the Spanish conquest of the islands, most music was reminiscent of, or heavily influenced by, nature. Some examples of this tribal music is Koyu No Tebulul of the T'boli and Ambo Hato of the Ifugao. This genre is often accompanied by gong music and one well known instrument is the Kulintang.

During the Spanish era

Rondalya music, where traditional string orchestra mandolin type instruments were used, was widespread. In the Philippines, Rondalya refers to any group of stringed instruments that are played using a plectrum or pick. Filipino instruments are made from indigenous Philippine wood; plectrums, or picks, are made from tortoise-shell. Other stringed instruments composing the standard Filipino rondalla are the 14-string bandurria found only in the Philippines, the laúd, the octavina, the Twelve-string guitar, the Ukulele, the bajo de uñas or double bass, the Guitarrón mexicano, and other Filipino-made instruments modeled and developed after the guitar. Harana and Kundiman are prevalent during this time wherein these songs are often used in courtship rituals.[520]

Marcelo Adonay (organist), Simplicio Solis (organist), Diego C. Perez (pianist), Jose Conseco (pianist) and

Philippine Madrigal Singers.[523]

Dance

Main article:
Philippine dance
Singkil, a Pre-Hispanic dance depicting the Maranao nobility.
Cariñosa, a Hispanic era dance for traditional Filipino courtship.

Just like the evolution of Philippine music, dance as well has been in constant change. Prior to colonial rule, the Philippines has a wide array of ethnic dances from different tribal groups. This is due mainly to the fact that Philippines is an archipelago thus the different varieties of dance developed. Both Luzon and Visayas, at first, were more akin to tribal movements until the Spanish came. Mindanao represents more of an array of Muslim inspired dances and Spanish influence was limited to the region of Zamboanga.

Universal dances in the Philippines are found at societal functions such as rituals, mimicry, life cycle and parties. During the Spanish era, most dances are accompanied by Rondalya music usually with 14-string bandurrias that the Filipinos invented or by other type of stringed instruments that locally evolved in to the culture as well.

One famous dance that is well known is called the Tinikling, where a band of Rondalya musicians play along with the percussive beat of the two bamboo poles. It usually starts with men and women acting a scene about "How rural townsfolk mingle". The dancers then graze thru the clashing of the bamboo poles held on opposite sides. The end displays the paired bamboo poles crossing each other. The Muslim version of this where bamboo poles are also used is called the Singkil.[524]

Cariñosa is a Hispanic Filipino dance, unofficially considered as the "National Dance of the Philippines". It's a courtship dance which involves a woman holding a fan or a handkerchief, where it plays an instrumental role as it places the couple in romance scenario.

Nowadays, in the Modern and Post-Modern time periods, dances may vary from the delicate ballet up to the more street-oriented styles of breakdancing to name a few.[525]

Visual art

Main article:
Art of the Philippines
Banaue Ifugao rice god (bulol) carved from wood.
The Spoliarium (1884) by Juan Luna.

Pottery and weaving are among the very first art forms showcasing Filipino artistic design and are evident from cave dwellings all over the country. Among these are mostly anthropomorphic earthenware jars dating from c. 5 BC to 225 AD. Weaving was mostly done by women, using fibers from abaca, pineapple, cotton, and bark to make clothes, rugs and hats. Baskets were mostly utilized to carry grain and other foods.[526][527]

Early Philippine sculpture is characterized by frontal nudity. One of the earliest forms are the bulols by the Ifugao people which serve as an assurance for bountiful harvests. The original function of these sculptures are related to the ceremonies and beliefs of the tribes who created them. Arab and Russian missionaries also brought beveled type of carvings in the form of Okkil. The beginnings of this sculpture type started with the Islamization of Sulu. The Spanish colonization of the country did not hinder Filipinos creating sculptures for objects of adoration. During this time, sculptures of deities and saints were used to teach Filipinos Christian doctrines. During the American colonialism, worshippers of faith were not discouraged to sculpt in order to adorn churches. Filipinos' first exposure to painting happened when Spain conquered the Philippines and these were used as religious propaganda often displayed in churches. However, as education progressed and wealth increased, more and more artists started to shift from the traditional religious motifs to a more secular pattern of imagery.[528]

Paintings of early modernist painters such as Damián Domingo often still had a religious association but the art of Juan Luna and Félix Hidalgo showed a trend towards political statement. The first Philippine national artist Fernando Amorsolo used post-modernism to produce paintings that illustrated aspects of Philippine culture, while other artists such as Fernando Zóbel used both realistic and abstract techniques.

In the modern period, statuary was integrated with architecture in the Art Deco style. Examples can be seen in statues throughout the country especially in public parks and spaces.[529]

Values

Further information: Filipino values

As a general description, the distinct

value system of Filipinos is rooted primarily in personal alliance systems, especially those based in kinship, obligation, friendship, religion (particularly Christianity), and commercial relationships.[530]

Filipino values are, for the most part, centered around maintaining social harmony, motivated primarily by the desire to be accepted within a group.[531] The main sanction against diverging from these values are the concepts of "Hiya", roughly translated as 'a sense of shame', and "Amor propio" or 'self-esteem'.[531] Social approval, acceptance by a group, and belonging to a group are major concerns. Caring about what others will think, say or do, are strong influences on social behavior among Filipinos.[532]

Other elements of the Filipino value system are optimism about the future, pessimism about present situations and events, concern and care for other people, the existence of friendship and friendliness, the habit of being hospitable, religious nature, respectfulness to self and others, respect for the female members of society, the fear of God, and abhorrence of acts of cheating and thievery.[533]

Cuisine

Main article: Filipino cuisine
Clockwise from top left: Lumpia, Adobo, Halo-halo and Sisig.

Filipino cuisine has evolved over several centuries from its

cocidos created for fiestas.[513][534]

Popular dishes include

ube, milkfish, and fish sauce. Filipino taste buds tend to favor robust flavors, but the cuisine is not as spicy as those of its neighbors.[513][534]

Unlike many Asians, most Filipinos do not eat with chopsticks; they use Western cutlery. However, possibly due to rice being the primary staple food and the popularity of a large number of stews and main dishes with broth in Filipino cuisine, the main pairing of utensils seen at the Filipino dining table is that of spoon and fork, not knife and fork.[535]

The traditional way of eating with the hands known as kamayan (using the washed right hand for bringing food to the mouth)[536] was previously more often seen in the less urbanized areas.[537] However, due to the various Filipino restaurants that introduced Filipino food to people of other nationalities as well as to Filipino urbanites, kamayan fast became popular. This recent trend also sometimes incorporates the "Boodle Fight" concept (as popularized and coined by the Philippine Army), wherein banana leaves are used as giant plates on top of which rice portions and Filipino viands are placed all together for a filial, friendly and/or communal kamayan feasting.[538]

Literature

Main articles:
Deities of Philippine mythology
José Rizal is a pioneer of Philippine Revolution through his literary works.

Philippine mythology has been handed down primarily through the traditional oral folk literature of the Filipino people. While each unique ethnic group has its own stories and myths to tell, Hindu and Spanish influences can nonetheless be detected in many cases. Philippine mythology mostly consists of creation stories or stories about supernatural creatures, such as the

Lam-Ang, and the Sarimanok.[539]

Philippine literature comprises works usually written in Filipino, Spanish, or English. Some of the most known were created from the 17th to 19th century.

Nick Joaquín, F. Sionil José
and many more.

Media

Main articles:
Philippine drama

TV5 also have extensive radio presence.[543]

The entertainment industry is vibrant and feeds

Maynila: Sa mga Kuko ng Liwanag (Manila: In the Claws of Light) and Himala (Miracle).[545][546][547][548] In recent years it has become common to see celebrities flitting between television and movies and then moving into politics provoking concerns.[549]

Cinema

Main article: Cinema of the Philippines
Brillante Mendoza is a prominent Filipino film director.

Salón de Pertierra was the first introduced moving picture on January 1, 1897 in the Philippines. All films were all in Spanish since Philippine cinema was first introduced during the final years of the Spanish era of the country.

Jose Nepomuceno was dubbed as the "Father of Philippine Cinema".[550] Dubbed as the "Father of Philippine Cinema", his work marked the start of cinema as an art form in the Philippines.[551] His first film produced was entitled Dalagang Bukid
(Country Maiden) in 1919.

Film showing resumed in 1900 during the

Philippine cinema
with the resurgence of mostly Visayan films through Lapu-Lapu Pictures.

During the 1960s, James Bond movies, bomba (soft porn) pictures and an era of musical films, produced mostly by Sampaguita Pictures, dominated the cinema. The second golden age occurred from 1970s to early 1980s. It was during this era that filmmakers ceased to produce pictures in black and white. A rise in Hollywood films dominated theater sales during the late 1980s until the 2000s.[552] The dawn of this era saw a dramatic decline of the mainstream Philippine movie industry.[553] In the year 2009, however, presence of box-office films in the Philippine Box Office has surged. The mid 2010s also saw broader commercial success of films produced by independent studios.[554][555]

Sports

Main article: Sports in the Philippines
Smart Araneta Coliseum
.

Various

Eskrima or Kali in some regions[559]

The Philippines has participated in the

American-led boycott of the 1980 Summer Olympics.[561] The Philippines is also the first tropical nation to compete at the Winter Olympic Games debuting in the 1972 edition.[562]

Games

Sungka
, a traditional Filipino game.

illegal gambling. Mahjong
is played in some Philippine communities.

Sabong or cockfighting is another popular entertainment especially among Filipino men, and existed prior to the arrival of the Spanish. Antonio Pigafetta, Magellan's chronicler, first documented this pastime in the kingdom of Taytay.[565][566]

The

Pedro Flores with its name coming from the Ilocano language.[567]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ In the recognized regional languages of the Philippines:
    • Aklan
      : Republika it Pilipinas
    • Bikol
      : Republika kan Filipinas
    • Cebuano: Republika sa Pilipinas
    • Chavacano
      : República de Filipinas
    • Hiligaynon: Republika sang Filipinas
    • Ibanag: Republika nat Filipinas
    • Ilocano: Republika ti Filipinas
    • Ivatan: Republika nu Filipinas
    • Kapampangan: Republika ning Filipinas
    • Kinaray-a
      : Republika kang Pilipinas
    • Maranao: Republika san Pilipinas
    • Pangasinan: Republika na Filipinas
    • Sambal: Republika nin Pilipinas
    • Surigaonon: Republika nan Pilipinas
    • Tausug: Republika sin Pilipinas
    • Waray: Republika han Pilipinas
    In the recognized optional languages of the Philippines:
  2. ^ On orders of the King Philip II, 2,100 men arrived from Mexico.[442]

References

Citations

  1. ^ "Republic act no. 8491". Republic of the Philippines. Archived from the original on March 8, 2014. Retrieved March 8, 2014.
  2. ^
    GMA News
    . July 13, 2013.
  3. ^ a b Philippine Statistics Authority 2014, pp. 29–34.
  4. ^ a b c "Philippine Population Density (Based on the 2015 Census of Population". September 1, 2016.
  5. ^ a b c "World Development Indicators - DataBank". databank.worldbank.org.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h "East & Southeast Asia :: Philippines". The World Factbook. Washington, D.C.: Author: Central Intelligence Agency. October 28, 2009. Archived from the original on July 19, 2015. Retrieved November 7, 2009.
  7. ^ a b "Highlights of the Philippine Population 2015 Census of Population - Philippine Statistics Authority". www.psa.gov.ph.
  8. ^ a b c d e "Report for Selected Countries and Subjects". www.imf.org.
  9. ^ "Gini Index". World Bank. Retrieved March 2, 2011.
  10. ^ "Human Development Indices and Indicators: 2018 Statistical update" (PDF). United Nations Development Programme. September 15, 2018. Retrieved September 15, 2018.
  11. ^ Lucas, Brian (August 2005). "Which side of the road do they drive on?". Retrieved February 22, 2009.
  12. ^ "Presidential Decree No. 940, s. 1976". Manila: Malacanang. Archived from the original on May 29, 1976. Retrieved April 4, 2015.
  13. ^ a b c Joselito Guianan Chan; Managing Partner. "1987 Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines, Article XIV, Section 7". Chan Robles & Associates Law Firm. Retrieved May 4, 2013.
  14. ^ Treaty of General Relations Between the United States of America and the Republic of the Philippines. Signed at Manila, on 4 July 1946 (PDF), United Nations, archived from the original (PDF) on July 23, 2011, retrieved December 10, 2007
  15. United States State Department. Archived from the original
    on September 15, 2015. Retrieved July 30, 2015.
  16. ^ Calderón, Felipe (1907). Mis memorias sobre la revolución filipina: Segunda etapa, (1898 á 1901). Manila: Imp. de El Renacimiento. pp. 234, 235, appendix, pp. 5–10.
  17. ISBN 978-0-8444-0748-7
    .
  18. ^ "More islands, more fun in PH". CNN Philippines. February 20, 2016. Retrieved February 20, 2016. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  19. ^ "Metro Manila Official Website". Metro Manila Development Authority. Retrieved December 17, 2015.
  20. ^ "Stock Estimate of Filipinos Overseas As of December 2013" (PDF). Philippine Overseas Employment Administration. Retrieved September 19, 2015.
  21. ^ Isidore Dyen (1965). "A Lexicostatistical Classification of the Austronesian Languages". Internationald Journal of American Linguistics, Memoir. 19: 38–46.
  22. ^ "History of Cebu". Cebu City Tour. Retrieved February 22, 2013.
  23. ISBN 978-0-8248-1829-6
    .
  24. ^ a b Constantino, R (1975). The Philippines: a Past Revisited. Quezon City: Tala Pub. Services.
  25. ^ "The Original People Power Revolution". QUARTET p. 77. Retrieved February 28, 2008.
  26. ^ admin. "Departments and Offices". Asian Development Bank. Asian Development Bank. Retrieved November 26, 2015.
  27. The Goldman Sachs Group, Inc. March 28, 2007. Archived from the original
    (PDF) on August 10, 2011.
  28. ^ CIA World Factbook, Philippines Archived July 19, 2015, at the Wayback Machine, Retrieved May 15, 2009.
  29. ISBN 978-971-550-135-4
    .
  30. ISBN 978-0-7099-0049-8
    . Retrieved January 7, 2010.
  31. ^ Friis, Herman Ralph, ed. (1967). The Pacific Basin: A History of Its Geographical Exploration. American Geographical Society. p. 369.
  32. ^ Galang, Zoilo M., ed. (1957). Encyclopedia of the Philippines, Volume 15 (3rd ed.). E. Floro. p. 46.
  33. ISBN 978-0-521-66370-0
    .
  34. ^ Quezon, Manuel, III (March 28, 2005). "The Philippines are or is?". Manuel L. Quezon III: The Daily Dose. Retrieved December 20, 2009.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  35. S2CID 13742336
    .
  36. ^ Henderson, Barney (August 4, 2010). "Archaeologists unearth 67000-year-old human bone in Philippines". The Daily Telegraph. London. Retrieved August 4, 2010.
  37. ASIN B001O7GGNI
    . Retrieved December 16, 2009.
  38. ^ Scott 1984, p. 15.
  39. ^ Scott 1984, p. 138, "Not one roof beam, not one grain of rice, not one pygmy Negrito bone has been recovered. Any theory which describes such details is therefore pure hypothesis and should be honestly presented as such."
  40. ISBN 9789715425087
    .
  41. ^ a b Mijares, Armand Salvador B. (2006). "The Early Austronesian Migration To Luzon: Perspectives From The Peñablanca Cave Sites". Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association (26): 72–78. Archived from the original on July 7, 2014.
  42. ^ Bellwood, Peter (2014). The Global Prehistory of Human Migration. p. 213.
  43. ^ Solheim, Wilhelm G., II. (January 2006). Origins of the Filipinos and Their Languages (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on August 3, 2008. Retrieved August 27, 2009.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  44. ^ Scott 1984, p. 17.
  45. ^ Bellwood, Peter (2011). Pathos of Origin. pp. 31–41.
  46. ^ Hsiao-Chun, Hung (2007). Ancient jades map 3,000 years of prehistoric exchange in Southeast Asia.
  47. ^ Legarda, Benito, Jr. (2001). "Cultural Landmarks and their Interactions with Economic Factors in the Second Millennium in the Philippines". Kinaadman (Wisdom) A Journal of the Southern Philippines. 23: 40.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  48. ^ a b c Postma, Antoon (1992). "The Laguna Copper-Plate Inscription: Text and Commentary". Philippine Studies. 40 (2): 182–203.
  49. ^
    ISBN 978-971-622-006-3
    .
  50. ^ a b c d e f g h Junker, L (1999). Raiding, Trading, and Feasting the Political Economy of Philippine Chiefdoms. Honolulu: University of Hawaiì Press.
  51. ^
    ISBN 9789814260138
    .
  52. ^
    ISBN 978-971-550-135-4
    .
  53. ^ Sals, Florent Joseph (2005). The history of Agoo : 1578–2005. La Union: Limbagan Printhouse. p. 80.
  54. ^ a b "Timeline of history". Archived from the original on November 23, 2009. Retrieved October 9, 2009.
  55. ^
    ISBN 978-1-4629-0742-7. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help
    )
  56. ^
    ISBN 978-1-74114-448-2
    .
  57. ^ Legarda, Benito, Jr. (2001). "Cultural Landmarks and their Interactions with Economic Factors in the Second Millennium in the Philippines". Kinaadman (Wisdom) A Journal of the Southern Philippines. 23: 40.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  58. ^
    ISBN 978-1-884964-04-6
    . Retrieved January 7, 2010.
  59. ISBN 978-981-230-856-6
    .
  60. ISBN 9780307775436
    . Retrieved August 24, 2015.
  61. ISSN 1882-7756
    .
  62. ^ Scott 1984, p. 67.
  63. ^ Go, Bon Juan (2005). "Ma'I in Chinese Records – Mindoro or Bai? An Examination of a Historical Puzzle". Philippine Studies. 53 (1): 119–138. Archived from the original on October 21, 2013. {{cite journal}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; June 15, 2013 suggested (help)
  64. ^ Scott 1984, p. [page needed].
  65. ^ Jobers Bersales: Raiding China at Inquirer.net Retrieved June 13, 2013
  66. ^ a b History of the Kingdom of Dapitan. Retrieved February 3, 2017.
  67. ^ G. Nye Steiger, H. Otley Beyer, Conrado Benitez, A History of the Orient, Oxford: 1929, Ginn and Company, p. 121.
  68. ^ Saleeby 1908, pp. 152–153[citation not found]
  69. ISBN 7532515931
    . MID 00024687. Retrieved December 18, 2009.
  70. ^ Cebu, a Port City in Prehistoric and in Present Times. Accessed September 05, 2008.
  71. ISBN 978-0-8248-0368-1
    .
  72. ^ The Tenggarong Kutai in the Joshua Project
  73. ^ History for Brunei 2009, p. 44
  74. ^ Barski, p.46
  75. ISBN 9789710546527
    .
  76. ^ Lucoes warriors aided the Burmese king in his invasion of Siam in 1547 AD. At the same time, Lusung warriors fought alongside the Siamese king and faced the same elephant army of the Burmese king in the defence of the Siamese capital at Ayuthaya. SOURCE: Ibidem, page 195.
  77. ^ The former sultan of Malacca decided to retake his city from the Portuguese with a fleet of ships from Lusung in 1525 AD. SOURCE: Barros, Joao de, Decada terciera de Asia de Ioano de Barros dos feitos que os Portugueses fezarao no descubrimiento dos mares e terras de Oriente [1628], Lisbon, 1777, courtesy of William Henry Scott, Barangay: Sixteenth-Century Philippine Culture and Society, Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press, 1994, page 194.
  78. ^ Pigafetta, Antonio (1969) [1524]. "First voyage round the world". Translated by J.A. Robertson. Manila: Filipiniana Book Guild. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  79. ^ Pires, Tomé (1944). A suma oriental de Tomé Pires e o livro de Francisco Rodriguez: Leitura e notas de Armando Cortesão [1512 – 1515] (in Portuguese). Translated by Armando Cortesao. Cambridge: Hakluyt Society.
  80. ISBN 978-0-226-46732-0
    .
  81. ^ Reid, Anthony (1995). "Continuity and Change in the Austronesian Transition to Islam and Christianity". In Peter Bellwood; James J. Fox; Darrell Tryon (eds.). The Austronesians: Historical and comparative perspectives. Canberra: Department of Anthropology, The Australian National University.
  82. ISBN 978-0-19-580354-9
    .
  83. ^ Antony, Robert J. Elusive Pirates, Pervasive Smugglers: Violence and Clandestine Trade in the Greater China Seas. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 2010. Print, 76.
  84. ^ Junker, Laura L. Raiding, Trading, and Feasting: The Political Economy of Philippine Chiefdoms. Honolulu: University of Hawaiì Press, 1999.
  85. ^ Wilkinson, R J. An Abridged Malay-English Dictionary (romanised). London: Macmillan and Co, 1948. Print, 291.
  86. ^ Scott, William Henry (1989). "Filipinos in China in 1500" (PDF). China Studies Program. De la Salle University. p. 8.
  87. ^ Sals, Florent Joseph (2005). The history of Agoo : 1578-2005. La Union: Limbagan Printhouse. p. 80.
  88. ^ 100 Events That Shaped The Philippines (Adarna Book Services Inc. 1999 Published by National Centennial Commission) Page 72 "The Founding of the Sulu Sultanate"
  89. ^ Bascar, C.M. (n.d.). Sultanate of Sulu, "The Unconquered Kingdom" Archived December 1, 2008, at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved December 19, 2009 from The Royal Hashemite Sultanate of Sulu & Sabah Official Website.[unreliable source?]
  90. ^ "The Maguindanao Sultanate", Moro National Liberation Front web site. "The Political and Religious History of the Bangsamoro People, condensed from the book Muslims in the Philippines by Dr. C. A. Majul." Retrieved January 9, 2008.
  91. ^ "Info Sejarah". The Government of Burnei Darussalam. Archived from the original on January 9, 2017.
  92. ^ McAmis 2002, pp. 18–24, 53–61
  93. ISBN 978-981-4155-67-0
    .
  94. ^ U.S. Department of State. Bureau of East Asian and Pacific Affairs. (June 2009). Background Note: Brunei. Retrieved December 18, 2009.
  95. ISBN 978-0-8108-7078-9
    .
  96. ^ Celestino C. Macachor (2011). "Searching for Kali in the Indigenous Chronicles of Jovito Abellana". Rapid Journal. 10 (2). Archived from the original on July 3, 2012.
  97. ^ Marivir Montebon, Retracing Our Roots – A Journey into Cebu’s Pre-Colonial Past, p.15
  98. ^ Celestino C. Macachor (2011). "Searching for Kali in the Indigenous Chronicles of Jovito Abellana". Rapid Journal. 10 (2). Archived from the original on July 3, 2012.
  99. ^ Pigafetta, Antonio (1524). Relazione del primo viaggio intorno al mondo.
  100. ^ Barrows, David (2014). "A History of the Philippines". Guttenburg Free Online E-books. 1: 139. Fourth.—In considering this Spanish conquest, we must understand that the islands were far more sparsely inhabited than they are to-day. The Bisayan islands, the rich Camarines, the island of Luzon, had, in Legaspi's time, only a small fraction of their present great populations. This population was not only small, but it was also extremely disunited. Not only were the great tribes separated by the differences of language, but, as we have already seen, each tiny community was practically independent, and the power of a dato very limited. There were no great princes, with large forces of fighting retainers whom they could call to arms, such as the Portuguese had encountered among the Malays south in the Moluccas.
  101. ^ Locsin, Joel (November 1, 2014). "For improved response? PAGASA to adopt 'super typhoon' category in 2015". GMA News Online. Retrieved November 2, 2014.
  102. ^
    ISBN 978-971-8711-06-4
    .
  103. ^ Alan C. Robles (October 15, 2017). "No trust in institutions". D+C, development and cooperation. Retrieved November 23, 2017.
  104. ISBN 978-0-415-93157-1
    .
  105. ^ Zaide, Gregorio F. & Sonia M. Zaide (2004). Philippine History and Government (6th ed.). All-Nations Publishing Company.
  106. ^ Ordoñez, Minyong (August 19, 2012). "Love and power among the 'conquistadors'". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved September 28, 2017.
  107. ^ Tomas L., Magat Salamat, archived from the original on October 27, 2009, retrieved July 14, 2008{{citation}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  108. ^ Fernando A. Santiago Jr. (2006). "Isang Maikling Kasaysayan ng Pandacan, Maynila 1589–1898". Malay. 19 (2): 70–87. Retrieved July 18, 2008. {{cite journal}}: External link in |issue= (help)
  109. ISBN 0-8027-1349-1
    .
  110. ^ a b Joaquin, Nick. (1988). Culture and History: Occasional Notes on the Process of Philippine Becoming. Manila: Solar Publishing.
  111. ^ McAmis 2002, p. 33
  112. ^ de Sande, Francisco. "Letter from Francisco de Sande to Felipe II". Filipiniana.net. Archived from the original on July 30, 2012. Retrieved January 15, 2016.
  113. ISBN 978-0-333-57689-2
    .
  114. ^ Charles A. Truxillo (2012), Jain Publishing Company, "Crusaders in the Far East: The Moro Wars in the Philippines in the Context of the Ibero-Islamic World War".
  115. ^ Peacock Gallop (2015) "From Anatolia to Aceh: Ottomans, Turks and Southeast Asia".
  116. JSTOR j.ctt1xcrpk
    .
  117. ^ "Catholic Missions in the Carolines and Marshall Islands".
  118. ^ "Astilleros: the Spanish shipyards of Sorsogon" (PDF). Mary Jane Louise A. Bolunia. Archaeology Division, National Museum of the Philippines. Retrieved October 26, 2015.
  119. ISBN 978-0-670-89197-9
    .
  120. ^ Schurz, William Lytle. The Manila Galleon, 1939. P 193.
  121. ^ 1996. “Silk for Silver: Manila-Macao Trade in the 17th Century.” Philippine Studies 44, 1:52–68.
  122. ^ "Forced Migration in the Spanish Pacific World" By Eva Maria Mehl, page 235.
  123. ^ Letter from Fajardo to Felipe III From Manila, August 15 1620.(From the Spanish Archives of the Indies)("The infantry does not amount to two hundred men, in three companies. If these men were that number, and Spaniards, it would not be so bad; but, although I have not seen them, because they have not yet arrived here, I am told that they are, as at other times, for the most part boys, mestizos, and mulattoes, with some Indians (Native Americans). There is no little cause for regret in the great sums that reënforcements of such men waste for, and cost, your Majesty. I cannot see what betterment there will be until your Majesty shall provide it, since I do not think, that more can be done in Nueva Spaña, although the viceroy must be endeavoring to do so, as he is ordered.")
  124. ^ Fish, Shirley. The Manila-Acapulco Galleons: The Treasure Ships of the Pacific, with an Annotated List of the Transpacific Galleons 1565–1815. Central Milton Keynes, England: Authorhouse 2011.
  125. ISBN 978-1-139-95285-9.
    Rose, Christopher (January 13, 2016). "Episode 76: The Trans-Pacific Slave Trade"
    . 15 Minute History. University of Texas at Austin. Retrieved January 13, 2016.
  126. ^ Eloisa Gomez Borah (1997). "Chronology of Filipinos in America Pre-1989" (PDF). Anderson School of Management. University of California, Los Angeles. Retrieved February 25, 2012.
  127. ^ Russell, S.D. (1999) "Christianity in the Philippines". Retrieved April 2, 2013.
  128. ^ "The City of God: Churches, Convents and Monasteries". Discovering Philippines. Retrieved on July 6, 2011.
  129. ^ "Fortress of Empire, Rene Javellana, S. J. 1997".
  130. ^ Dolan, Ronald E. (Ed.). (1991). "Education". Philippines: A Country Study. Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress. Retrieved December 20, 2009 from Country Studies US Website.
  131. ^ Lahmeyer, Jan (1996). "The Philippines: historical demographic data of the whole country". Retrieved July 19, 2003.
  132. ^ "Censos de Cúba, Puerto Rico, Filipinas y España. Estudio de su relación". Voz de Galicia. 1898. Retrieved December 12, 2010.
  133. ISBN 978-971-23-3934-9
    .
  134. ISBN 978-0-87417-590-5
    .
  135. ^ Barrows, David (2014). "A History of the Philippines". 1: 179. Within the walls, there were some six hundred houses of a private nature, most of them built of stone and tile, and an equal number outside in the suburbs, or arrabales, all occupied by Spaniards (todos son vivienda y poblacion de los Españoles). This gives some twelve hundred Spanish families or establishments, exclusive of the religious, who in Manila numbered at least one hundred and fifty, the garrison, at certain times, about four hundred trained Spanish soldiers who had seen service in Holland and the Low Countries, and the official classes. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  136. ^ Joaquin, Nick (1990). Manila,My Manila. Vera-Reyes, Inc.
  137. ^ a b Nuguid, Nati. (1972). "The Cavite Mutiny". in Mary R. Tagle. 12 Events that Have Influenced Philippine History. [Manila]: National Media Production Center. Retrieved December 20, 2009 from StuartXchange Website.
  138. ^ a b Joaquin, Nick. A Question of Heroes.
  139. ^ a b Richardson, Jim. (January 2006). "Andrés Bonifacio Letter to Julio Nakpil, April 24, 1897". Documents of the Katipunan. Archived from the original on January 15, 2013. Retrieved December 19, 2009.
  140. ISBN 978-971-27-0920-3
    .
  141. S2CID 4041728
    .
  142. ISBN 0-275-96821-9
    .
  143. ^ a b Gates, John M. (November 2002). "The Pacification of the Philippines". The U.S. Army and Irregular Warfare. Archived from the original on August 5, 2010. Retrieved February 20, 2010.
  144. ^ Guillermo, Emil (February 8, 2004), "A first taste of empire", Milwaukee Journal Sentinel: 03J, archived from the original on December 8, 2012
  145. ISBN 978-0-521-47266-1
    .
  146. ISBN 978-1-4343-6141-7
    .
  147. ^ Kho, Madge. "The Bates Treaty". PhilippineUpdate.com. Retrieved December 2, 2007.
  148. ^ "History of The Republic of Zamboanga (May 1899 – March 1903)". Zamboanga City, Philippines: Zamboanga.com. July 18, 2009. Archived from the original on August 2, 2010. Retrieved August 13, 2010.
  149. ^ "2014 Philippines Yearly Box Office Results". boxofficemojo.com.
  150. ^ Armes, Roy. "Third World Film Making and the West", p.152. University of California Press, 1987. Retrieved on January 9, 2011.
  151. ^ "The Role of José Nepomuceno in the Philippine Society: What language did his silent film speaks?". Stockholm University Publications. Retrieved on January 28, 2014.
  152. ^ Moore, Charles (1921). "Daniel H. Burnham: Planner of Cities". Houghton Mifflin and Co., Boston and New York.
  153. ^ Molina, Antonio. The Philippines: Through the centuries. Manila: University of Sto. Tomas Cooperative, 1961. Print.
  154. ^ Manapat, Carlos, et al. Economics, Taxation, and Agrarian Reform. Quezon City: C&E Pub., 2010.Print.
  155. ^ White, Matthew. "Death Tolls for the Man-made Megadeaths of the 20th Century". Retrieved August 1, 2007.
  156. PBS. Archived from the original
    on January 28, 2017. Retrieved February 24, 2011.
  157. ^ Jubair, Salah. "The Japanese Invasion". Maranao.Com. Archived from the original on July 27, 2010. Retrieved February 23, 2011.
  158. ISBN 978-0-8117-3248-2
    .
  159. ^ Woodward, C. Vann (1947). The Battle for Leyte Gulf. New York: Macmillan.
  160. ^ "Lieutenant Ramsey's War" by Edwin Price Ramsey and Stephen J. Rivele.Published by Knightsbride publishing Co, Los Angeles, California
  161. ISBN 0-313-31395-4
    .
  162. ^ "Cebu". encyclopedia.com, citing The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Retrieved July 4, 2010.
  163. ISBN 978-971-642-071-5
    .
  164. ^ "Founding Member States". United Nations.
  165. ISBN 9780521629485
    .
  166. ^ Molina, Antonio. The Philippines: Through the Centuries. Manila: University of Sto. Tomas Cooperative, 1961. Print.
  167. ^ Carlos P. Romulo and Marvin M. Gray, The Magsaysay Story (1956), is a full-length biography
  168. ^ "Our Vision and Mission". prescarlosgarcia.org. Archived from the original on April 26, 2012.
  169. ^ Diosdado Macapagal. "Proclamation No. 28 Declaring June 12 as Philippine Independence Day". Philippine History Group of Los Angeles. Archived from the original on July 13, 1997. Retrieved November 11, 2009.
  170. ^ Manuel S. Satorre Jr. "President Diosdado Macapagal set RP Independence Day on June 12". positivenewsmedia.net. Retrieved December 10, 2008.
  171. ^ "Developing Regional Minorities in Asia" (PDF). Sabri Zain. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 15, 2012. Retrieved January 15, 2016.
  172. ISBN 978-0-7425-2842-0
    .
  173. ^ What happened to the Marcos fortune?. BBC News. January 24, 2013.
  174. ^ Agoncillo, Teodoro (2003). History and Culture, Language, and Literature : Selected Essays of Teodoro A. Agoncillo. España Manila: University of Santo Tomas Pub. House.
  175. ^ US Embassy (2001). To Islands Far Away: the Story of the Thomasites and Their Journey to the Philippines. Manila: US Embassy.
  176. ^
    ISBN 978-0-8248-1110-5
    .
  177. ^ Stowe, Judy. "Cardinal Jaime Sin: Archbishop of Manila who saw his duty as being 'to put Christ in politics'", (obit), The Independent, 22 June 2005
  178. ^ "Gov't drafts new framework to guide peace talks with leftist rebels". The Philippine Star. May 6, 2013. Retrieved September 20, 2014.
  179. ^ Julie Alipala (October 2, 2010). "RP terror campaign cost lives of 11 US, 572 RP soldiers—military". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on February 22, 2015. Retrieved May 1, 2012.
  180. ^ Shenon, Phillip (September 16, 1991). "Philippine Senate votes to Reject U.S. Base Renewal". The New York Times. Retrieved October 25, 2014.
  181. ^ De Santos, Jonathan (September 16, 2011). "Philippine Senators remember day when they rejected US bases treaty". Sun Star Manila. Archived from the original on November 6, 2014. Retrieved October 25, 2014.
  182. ^ Whaley, Floyd (April 26, 2013). "Shadows of an Old Military Base". The New York Times. Retrieved February 17, 2014.
  183. ^ Drogin, Bob (November 27, 1991). "After 89 Years, U.S. Lowers Flag at Clark Air Base". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved March 12, 2011.
  184. ^ "Tarlac map". University of Texas in Austin Library. Retrieved on August 2, 2011.
  185. ^ "Report of the Philippine Commission to the President, 1901 Vol. III", pg. 141. Government Printing Office, Washington, 1901.
  186. ^ a b "Philippines Economic growth - data, chart - TheGlobalEconomy.com". TheGlobalEconomy.com.
  187. ISBN 978-0-8014-8634-0
    .
  188. ^ a b Gargan, Edward A. (December 11, 1997). "Last Laugh for the Philippines; Onetime Joke Economy Avoids Much of Asia's Turmoil". The New York Times. Retrieved January 25, 2008.
  189. ^ Shen, Andrew (July 2009). "Financial Crisis and Global Governance: A Network Analysis". Retrieved June 11, 2012.
  190. ^ Yenilmez, Taylan & Saltoglu, Burak. "Analyzing Systemic Risk with Financial Networks During a Financial Crash" (PDF). fma.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 8, 2014. Retrieved March 8, 2014.
  191. ^ "A timeline of death penalty in the Philippines". Philippine Center for Investigated Journalist. April 18, 2006. Retrieved April 18, 2006.
  192. hdl:2433/53866
    .
  193. ^ "The Philippines: Consolidating Economic Growth". Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas. March 13, 2000. Retrieved September 20, 2014.
  194. ^ "Records prove Estrada's achievements". Philippine Daily Inquirer. October 7, 2008. Archived from the original on July 21, 2015. Retrieved October 25, 2014.
  195. ^ "Speech of Former President Estrada on the GRP-MORO Conflict". Philippine Human Development Network. September 18, 2008. Retrieved September 20, 2014.
  196. ^ "Philippine Military Takes Moro Headquarters". People's Daily. July 10, 2000. Retrieved September 20, 2014.
  197. ^ "2 US Navy men, 1 Marine killed in Sulu land mine blast". GMA News. September 29, 2009. Archived from the original on October 2, 2009. Retrieved September 29, 2009. Two US Navy personnel and one Philippine Marine soldier were killed when a land mine exploded along a road in Indanan, Sulu Tuesday morning, an official said. The American fatalities were members of the US Navy construction brigade, Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP) spokesman Lt. Col. Romeo Brawner Jr. told GMANews.TV in a telephone interview. He did not disclose the identities of all three casualties. and
    Al Pessin (September 29, 2009). "Pentagon Says Troops Killed in Philippines Hit by Roadside Bomb". Voice of America. Retrieved January 12, 2011. and
    "Troops killed in Philippines blast". Al Jazeera. September 29, 2009. Archived from the original on October 3, 2009. Retrieved September 29, 2009. and
    Jim Gomez (September 29, 2009). "2 US troops killed in Philippines blast". CBS News. Archived from the original on February 2, 2011. Retrieved January 12, 2011.
  198. ISBN 978-0-595-18437-8
    .
  199. ^ "Timeline: LRT, MRT construction". The Philippine Star. July 19, 2013. Retrieved September 21, 2014.
  200. ISBN 978-0-85728-939-1
    .
  201. ^ "Bolante Faces Off with Senators Over Fertilizer Fund Scam". ANC. November 13, 2008. Archived from the original on March 2, 2009. Retrieved December 4, 2008.
  202. Asia Times Online
    , September 27, 2005.
  203. ^ Dizon, David. "Corruption was Gloria's biggest mistake: survey". ABS-CBN News and Current Affairs. Retrieved April 15, 2012.
  204. ^ Press, Associated (November 18, 2011). "Philippines charges Gloria Arroyo with corruption". The Guardian. Retrieved April 15, 2012. Former president is formally accused of electoral fraud after government rushed to court as she tried to leave country
  205. ^ Jimenez-Gutierrez, Jason (November 23, 2010). "Philippines mourns massacre victims". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on June 27, 2015. Retrieved November 23, 2010.
  206. ^ Analyn Perez (November 25, 2009). "The Ampatuan Massacre: a map and timeline". GMA News. GMANews.TV.
  207. ^ Gov.ph (October 15, 2012). "Speech of President Benigno Aquino III during the signing of the Framework Agreement on the Bangsamoro". Gov.ph. Archived from the original on December 28, 2013. Retrieved March 3, 2014.
  208. ABS-CBN News
    . Retrieved January 25, 2015.
  209. ^ Arcon, Dennis (January 26, 2015). "PNP-SAF casualties in encounter now 50 – ARMM police chief". Interaksyon. Archived from the original on February 7, 2015. Retrieved January 26, 2015.
  210. ^ "The Republic of the Philippines v. The People's Republic of China". Pca-cpa.org. Archived from the original on June 27, 2015. Retrieved October 24, 2013.
  211. ^ Del Cappar, Michaela (April 25, 2013). "ITLOS completes five-man tribunal that will hear PHL case vs. China". GMA News One. Retrieved October 24, 2013.
  212. ^ Frialde, Mike (February 23, 2013). "Sultanate of Sulu wants Sabah returned to Phl". The Philippine Star. Retrieved February 24, 2013.
  213. ^ "Aquino signs K-12 bill into law". Rappler. May 15, 2013. Retrieved September 20, 2014.
  214. ^ Typhoon Haiyan death toll rises over 5,000 (Report). BBC. November 22, 2013. Retrieved November 22, 2013. {{cite report}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  215. ^ "Tacloban: City at the centre of the storm". BBC. November 12, 2013. Retrieved September 20, 2014.
  216. ^ "Obama to stay overnight in PH". Rappler. April 1, 2014. Retrieved April 1, 2014.
  217. ABS-CBN News
    . April 27, 2014. Retrieved April 27, 2014.
  218. ABS-CBN News. April 28, 2014. Retrieved April 29, 2014. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |website= (help
    )
  219. ^ Postrado, Leonard (January 13, 2016). "EDCA prevails". Manila Bulletin. Archived from the original on March 5, 2016. Retrieved January 14, 2016.
  220. ^ "Duterte, Robredo win 2016 polls". ABS-CBN. May 27, 2016. Retrieved May 27, 2016.
  221. ^ Philips, T.; Holmes, O.; Bowcott, O. (July 12, 2016). "Philippines wins South China Sea case against China". The Guardian. Retrieved July 12, 2016.
  222. ^ "Duterte sworn in as Philippines president". Reuters. June 30, 2016. Retrieved August 24, 2016.
  223. ^ "Between Duterte and a death squad, a Philippine mayor fights drug-war violence". Reuters. March 16, 2017.
  224. Philippine Information Agency
    . Retrieved May 22, 2017.
  225. ^ "Cayetano: PH war on drugs exaggerated by fake news". ABS-CBN. May 5, 2017. Retrieved May 22, 2017.
  226. ^ "Infra spending to sustain high growth, generate economic multipliers". Department of Finance. August 28, 2017. Retrieved December 27, 2017.
  227. ^ Mogato, Anna Gabriela A. (October 26, 2017). "Construction worker shortage 'about 2.5M' – DTI". BusinessWorld Online. Retrieved December 27, 2017.
  228. ^ Gonzales, Anna Leah E. (August 28, 2017). "2M more workers needed for 'Build Build Build'". The Manila Times. Retrieved December 27, 2017.
  229. ^ Schnabel, Chris (December 20, 2017). "Metro Manila Subway leads expected infra buildup in 2018". Rappler. Retrieved December 26, 2017.
  230. ^ "Making "Build, Build, Build" Work in the Philippines". Asian Development Bank. October 30, 2017. Retrieved December 26, 2017.
  231. ^ "Country description". US State Department Website. US State Department Website. January 2012. Archived from the original on January 3, 2012. Retrieved January 24, 2012. The Philippines is an emerging economy with a democratic system of government.
  232. ^ Robles, Alan C. (July–August 2008). "Civil service reform: Whose service?". D+C. 49: 285–289. Archived from the original on December 2, 2008. Retrieved November 30, 2008.
  233. ^ Bigornia, Amante (September 17, 1997). "The 'consultations' on Charter change". The Manila Standard. Retrieved December 13, 2009.
  234. ^ a b c d e f g h i "General Information". March 9, 2009. Archived from the original on March 9, 2009. Retrieved September 21, 2014.. (older version – as it existed in 2009 – during the presidency of Gloria Macapagal Arroyo), The Official Government Portal of the Republic of the Philippines Archived September 30, 2007, at the Wayback Machine.
  235. ^ a b c d e f U.S. Department of State. Bureau of East Asian and Pacific Affairs (October 2009). "Background Note: Philippines". Retrieved December 18, 2009.
  236. ^ Permanent Mission of the Republic of the Philippines to the United Nations. [c. 2008]. About Us. Retrieved August 13, 2010.
  237. ^ Permanent Mission of the Republic of the Philippines to the United Nations. [c. 2008]. The Philippines and the UN Security Council. Retrieved January 12, 2008. (archived from the original on January 23, 2008)
  238. ^ United Nations Security Council. (October 25, 1999). Resolution 1272 [S-RES-1272(1999)]. Retrieved March 21, 2010.
  239. ^ Bangkok Declaration. (August 8, 1967). Retrieved December 20, 2009 from Wikisource.
  240. ^ "ASEAN Primer" at the Wayback Machine (archived December 17, 2007). (1999). 3rd ASEAN Informal Summit. Archived from the original on December 17, 2007. Retrieved December 13, 2009.
  241. ^ "Senior Chinese legislator visits Philippines to boost ties - Xinhua | English.news.cn". www.xinhuanet.com.
  242. ^ "Warship incident shows Sino-Philippine relations have come a long way: China Daily". The Straits Times. September 5, 2018.
  243. ^ "China, ASEAN agree on framework for South China Sea code of conduct". Reuters. 2017.
  244. ^ "China, Philippines confirm twice-yearly bilateral consultation mechanism on South China Sea - Xinhua | English.news.cn". news.xinhuanet.com.
  245. ^ "Progress made on draft of South China Sea code of conduct". philstar.com.
  246. ^ "Subscribe | theaustralian". www.theaustralian.com.au.
  247. ^ "Philippine President Duterte announces separation from U.S." USA TODAY.
  248. ^ Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan. [c. 2009]. "Japan's ODA Data by Country – Philippines" (PDF). Retrieved June 2, 2010.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  249. ^ a b Dolan, Ronald E. (Ed.). (1991). "Relations with Asian Neighbors". Philippines: A Country Study. Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress. Retrieved January 5, 2010 from Country Studies US Website.
  250. ^ Matikas Santos (September 15, 2014). "PH-Spain bilateral relations in a nutshell". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved September 23, 2014.
  251. ^ "Stock Estimate of Overseas Filipinos As of December 2009" (PDF). Philippine Overseas Employment Administration. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 26, 2011. Retrieved May 28, 2011.
  252. ^ "Filipino Among Royal Guards of King of Spain". ABS CBN News. Archived from the original on August 8, 2011. Retrieved July 2, 2009.
  253. ^ Leonard, John (July 3, 2008). "OFW rights violation worsens under the Arroyo administration". Filipino OFWs Qatar. Archived from the original on January 7, 2009. Retrieved January 25, 2009.
  254. ^ Olea, Ronalyn (October 25, 2008). "Middle East is 'Most Distressing OFW Destination' – Migrant Group". Bulatlat News. Retrieved January 25, 2009.
  255. ^ Torres, Estrella (January 22, 2009). "Saudi Arabia will still need RP medical professionals". Business Mirror. Retrieved January 24, 2009.
  256. ^ "DFA: 'Technicalities' blocking RP bid for OIC observer status". (May 26, 2009). GMA News. Retrieved July 10, 2009.
  257. The Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original
    on April 4, 2015. Retrieved July 10, 2009.
  258. ^ "Shoulder Ranks (Officers)". The Philippine Army. Archived from the original on July 1, 2012. Retrieved September 23, 2014.
  259. ^ "Philippine Military Rank Insignia". Globalsecurity.org. Retrieved September 23, 2014.
  260. ^ "AFP Organization". Archived from the original on April 19, 2008. Retrieved February 3, 2008.
  261. ^ "The Philippine Constitution".
  262. ^ "Department of the Interior and Local Government Act of 1990". Lawphil.net. Retrieved January 30, 2014.
  263. ^ "Republic Act No. 6975". The LAWPHiL Project. Retrieved December 31, 2012.
  264. ^ "Government urged to help kidnapped Australian". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. January 5, 2012.
  265. ^ Hayden Cooper, 2012, Australian Broadcasting Corporation, Government urged to help kidnapped Australian, Retrieved September 3, 2014, "...Warren Richard Rodwell from Australia being held captive by this group since December 5, 2011...please do whatever to raise the 2 million US dollars they are asking for my release ..."[264]
  266. ^ Florante S. Solmerin, December 7, 2013, Manila Standard, Abu Sayyaf keeping 17 foreigners hostage Archived October 6, 2014, at the Wayback Machine, Retrieved September 3, 2014, "...17 foreigners, mostly birdwatchers, were being held hostage by the Abu Sayyaf Group..."
  267. ^ Roel Pareño, The Philippine Star, March 24, 2013, Sayyaf releases Aussie hostage, Retrieved September 3, 2014, "...Australian Warren Rodwell emerged early yesterday withered after being held for 15 months by Abu Sayyaf bandits in southern Mindanao..."
  268. ^ Sun Star, April 25, 2014, Abducted tourist, hotel staff now in Sulu, Retrieved September 3, 2014, "...Abu Sayyaf bandits have brought a Chinese tourist and a Filipino hotel receptionist to their jungle stronghold in southern Philippines after kidnapping the women from a dive resort in eastern Malaysia ..."
  269. ^ "Guide to the Philippines conflict". (August 10, 2007). BBC News. Retrieved December 16, 2009.
  270. ^ World Bank. Conflict Prevention & Reconstruction Unit. (February 2005). The Mindanao Conflict in the Philippines: Roots, Costs, and Potential Peace Dividend by Salvatore Schiavo-Campo and Mary Judd. Washington, D.C.: World Bank. (Social Development Paper No. 24). Retrieved December 16, 2009.
  271. ^ "SIPRI Military Expenditure Database". Stockholm International Peace Research Institute 2016, Signalistgatan 9, SE-16972 Solna, Sweden. Retrieved March 27, 2016.
  272. ^ "Military expenditure (% of GDP)". The World Bank. Retrieved March 27, 2016.
  273. ^ "PH defends purchase of arms from China, Russia - The Manila Times Online". www.manilatimes.net.
  274. ^ "Philippines free to enter into arms purchase with Russia, Roque says | Philstar.com". philstar.com.
  275. ^ Gita, Ruth Abbey (February 13, 2018). "Duterte eyeing to buy helicopters from China, Russia". Sunstar.
  276. ^ "Duterte says Philippines no longer to participate in any U.S.-led wars - Xinhua | English.news.cn". www.xinhuanet.com.
  277. ^ "Provincial Summary: Number of Provinces, Cities, Municipalities and Barangays, by Region as of September 30, 2016" (PDF). Philippine Statistics Authority. Retrieved January 5, 2017.
  278. ^ a b Ronald Echalas Diaz, Office Manager (September 18, 1968). "Republic Act No. 5446 – An Act to Amend Section One of Republic Act Numbered Thirty Hundred and Forty-Six, Entitled "An Act to Define the Baselines of the Territorial Sea of the Philippines". Republic of the Philippines". Chan Robles Virtual Law Library. Retrieved May 4, 2013.
  279. ^ Mohamad, Kadir (2009). "Malaysia's territorial disputes – two cases at the ICJ : Batu Puteh, Middle Rocks and South Ledge (Malaysia/Singapore), Ligitan and Sipadan [and the Sabah claim] (Malaysia/Indonesia/Philippines)" (PDF). Institute of Diplomacy and Foreign Relations (IDFR) Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Malaysia: 46. Retrieved May 16, 2014. Map of British North Borneo, highlighting in yellow color the area covered by the Philippine claim, presented to the Court by the Philippines during the Oral Hearings at the ICJ on 25 June 2001 {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  280. ^ "2015 Population Counts Summary" (XLSX). Philippine Statistics Authority. May 19, 2016. Retrieved June 10, 2017.
  281. ^ Mayuga, Jonathan (February 10, 2016). "Namria 'discovers' 400 previously 'unknown' PHL islands using IfSAR". BusinessMirror. Retrieved February 12, 2016.
  282. ^ Central Intelligence Agency. (2009). "Field Listing :: Coastline". Washington, D.C.: Author. Retrieved 2009-11-07.
  283. ^ Exclusive Economic Zones – Sea Around Us Project – Fisheries, Ecosystems & Biodiversity – Data and Visualization.
  284. ^ Philippine Sea, encarta.msn.com Archived October 31, 2009, at WebCite (archived from the original Archived August 20, 2009, at the Wayback Machine on August 20, 2009).
  285. ^ "U.S. report details rich resources in South China Sea." (archived from the original on 2013-02-133)
  286. ^ C.Michael Hogan. 2011. "Celebes Sea". Encyclopedia of Earth. Eds. P. Saundry & C. J. Cleveland. National Council for Science and the Environment. Washington, D.C.
  287. ^ "An Awesome Island". Borneo: Island in the Clouds. PBS. Retrieved November 11, 2012.
  288. ^ "Philippines Mountain Ultra-Prominence". peaklist.org. Retrieved June 19, 2009.
  289. ^ (2011-04-06). "The World Factbook – Philippines" Archived July 19, 2015, at the Wayback Machine. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved on March 14, 2011.
  290. ^ Bruun, Anton Frederick (1956). The Galathea Deep Sea Expedition, 1950–1952, described by members of the expedition. Macmillian, New York.
  291. ^ Kundel, Jim (June 7, 2007). "Water profile of Philippines". Encyclopedia of Earth. Retrieved September 30, 2008.
  292. ^ Republic of the Philippines. Department of Tourism. [c. 2008]. Leyte is Famous for... at the Wayback Machine (archived April 27, 2012) (archived from the original on April 27, 2012). Retrieved March 21, 2010 from www.travelmart.net.
  293. ^ "Submissions, through the Secretary-General of the United Nations, to the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf, pursuant to article 76, paragraph 8, of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea of 10 December 1982". United Nations Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf. May 28, 2009. Retrieved May 29, 2009.
  294. ^ La Putt, Juny P. [c. 2003]. The 1990 Baguio City Earthquake. Retrieved December 20, 2009 from The City of Baguio Website.
  295. ^ Newhall, Chris; James W. Hendley II & Peter H. Stauffer (February 28, 2005). "The Cataclysmic 1991 Eruption of Mount Pinatubo, Philippines (U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 113-97)". U.S. Department of the Interior. U.S. Geological Survey. Archived from the original on August 25, 2013. Retrieved April 9, 2007.
  296. ^ "Puerto-Princesa Subterranean River National Park". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Retrieved May 4, 2013.
  297. ^ a b Greenlees, Donald (May 14, 2008). "Miners shun mineral wealth of the Philippines". The New York Times. Retrieved December 11, 2009.
  298. ^ Davies, Ed & Karen Lema (June 29, 2008). "Pricey oil makes geothermal projects more attractive for Indonesia and the Philippines". The New York Times. Retrieved December 18, 2009.
  299. ^ a b c "Natural Resources and Environment in the Philippines". (n.d.). eTravel Pilipinas. Retrieved January 22, 2009.
  300. ^ Chanco, Boo. (December 7, 1998). "The Philippines Environment: A Warning". The Philippine Star. Archived from the original on July 11, 2001. Retrieved February 15, 2010 from gbgm-umc.org.
  301. ISBN 978-0-643-06749-3. Archived from the original
    on May 14, 2007. Retrieved November 6, 2009.
  302. S2CID 8280012
    .
  303. ^
    ISBN 978-1-74104-289-4
    .
  304. ^ "Biological diversity in the Philippines". Eoearth.org. Retrieved May 4, 2013.
  305. ^ ""Lolong" holds world record as largest croc in the world". Protected Areas and Wildlife Bureau. November 17, 2011. Archived from the original on January 26, 2012. Retrieved June 23, 2012.
  306. ^ Britton, Adam (November 12, 2011). "Accurate length measurement for Lolong". Croc Blog. Retrieved June 23, 2012.
  307. ISBN 978-0-7136-8026-3
    .
  308. ^ "Pithecophaga jefferyi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2004. 2004. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |assessor= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |downloaded= ignored (help)
  309. doi:10.1017/s1755267213000365. Archived from the original
    on October 16, 2013.
  310. doi:10.1017/s1755267213000614. Archived from the original
    on September 19, 2014.
  311. S2CID 34920961. Archived from the original
    on July 3, 2015.
  312. ^ Ocaña O., J.C.; den Hartog; A. Brito; Bos, A.R. (2010). "On Pseudocorynactis species and another related genus from the Indo-Pacific (Anthozoa: Corallimorphidae)". Revista de la Academia Canaria de Ciencias. XXI (3–4): 9–34. Archived from the original on September 19, 2014.
  313. ^ Bos A.R. (2014). "Upeneus nigromarginatus, a new species of goatfish (Perciformes: Mullidae) from the Philippines". Raffles Bulletin of Zoology. 62: 745–753. Archived from the original on July 3, 2015.
  314. ^ "About the Philippines" (October 17, 2009). Retrieved December 20, 2009 from the Philippine History Website.
  315. ^ a b "Hub of Life: Species Diversity in the Philippines". Foundation for the Philippine Environment. February 18, 2014. Retrieved September 21, 2014.
  316. ^ Taguinod, Fioro. (November 20, 2008). "Rare flower species found only in northern Philippines". GMA News. Retrieved December 14, 2009.
  317. ^ Peralta, Eleno O. (2005). "21. Forests for poverty alleviation: the response of academic institutions in the Philippines". In Sim, Appanah, and Hooda (Eds.). Proceedings of the workshop on forests for poverty reduction: changing role for research, development and training institutions (RAP Publication). Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). Retrieved December 20, 2009.
  318. ^ Kirby, Alex. (July 23, 2003). "SE Asia faces 'catastrophic' extinction rate". BBC News. Retrieved December 20, 2009.
  319. ^
    Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (n.d.). "Climate of the Philippines". Archived from the original
    on May 31, 2010. Retrieved April 24, 2010.
  320. ^ Lonely Planet. (n.d.). Philippines: When to go & weather. Retrieved January 23, 2009.
  321. ^ a b Library of Congress – Federal Research Division. (March 2006). Country Profile: Philippines. Retrieved December 17, 2009.
  322. ISBN 978-92-808-0346-4. Archived from the original
    on July 19, 2011. Retrieved May 14, 2009.
  323. ^ Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA). (January 2009). "Member Report to the ESCAP/WMO Typhoon Committee, 41st Session" (PDF). Retrieved December 17, 2009. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  324. ^ Monthly Typhoon Tracking Charts. (2010). Retrieved April 24, 2010 from the National Institute of Informatics, Kitamoto Laboratory, Digital Typhoon Website.
  325. ^ a b Glossary of Meteorology. Baguio. (archived from the original Archived August 6, 2011, at the Wayback Machine on 2014-08-30).
  326. ^ Raissa Robles (June 19, 2018). "Changing attitude". D+C, development and cooperation. Retrieved August 13, 2018.
  327. ^ "Compare currencies in South East Asia". aroundtheworldinaday.com. Retrieved July 15, 2014.
  328. ^ "Employment in agriculture (% of total employment)". Retrieved March 3, 2015.
  329. ^ Republic of the Philippines. National Statistical Coordination Board. "Third Quarter 2009 Gross National Product and Gross Domestic Product by Industrial Origin". Archived from the original on June 29, 2011. Retrieved December 11, 2009.
  330. ^ a b c Philippine Statistics Authority (October 2009). "Quickstat" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on July 11, 2012. Retrieved December 11, 2009.
  331. ^ "Philippines jobless rate eases to 6% in October". MarketWatch. December 10, 2014. Retrieved December 14, 2014.
  332. ^ "Philippine Unemployment Rate Falls In October". RTTNews. December 10, 2014. Retrieved December 14, 2014.
  333. ^ Magtulis, Prinz P. (August 28, 2014). "Philippine GDP Growth Beats Estimate in Boost to Aquino Goal". Bloomberg News. Retrieved September 21, 2014.
  334. ^ Denis Somoso. (September 30, 2013). "$83.201 Billion – Philippines GIR now Rank 26th World's highest International Reserves" Archived October 13, 2013, at the Wayback Machine. Philippines, ASIA and the Global Economy Site. Retrieved September 30, 2013.
  335. ^ "Debt-to-gov't ratio hits 38.1% in end-March". Rappler. September 23, 2014. Retrieved December 14, 2014.
  336. ^ Dela Peña, Zinnia B. (September 24, 2014). "Debt-to-GDP ratio continues to improve". The Philippine Star. Retrieved December 14, 2014.
  337. ^ Mendoza, Ronald U. (June 25, 2012). "Debt free?". Rappler. Retrieved December 14, 2014.
  338. ^ "From butt of jokes in 1986, Philippines has risen to creditor nation, says ex-finance chief". Newsinfo.inquirer.net. February 28, 2012. Retrieved March 3, 2014.
  339. ^ The Filipina sisterhood. (December 20, 2001). The Economist. Retrieved November 9, 2009.
  340. ^
    ISBN 978-962-209-903-6
    .
  341. ^ "Philippines". International Monetary Fund. Retrieved April 20, 2012.
  342. ^ Felix, Rocel. (January 25, 2008). 2007 GDP seen growing at fastest rate in 30 years. The Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved May 29, 2010. (archived from the original on February 22, 2015)
  343. ISBN 978-0-230-23904-3
    .
  344. ^ Reddel, Paul (May 27, 2009). Infrastructure & Public-Private Partnerships in East Asia and the Philippines [PowerPoint slides]. Presentation in Manila to the American Foreign Chambers of Commerce of the Philippines. Retrieved February 13, 2010 from the Public-Private Infrastructure Advisory Facility (PPIAF) Website.
  345. ^ "Report for Selected Countries and Subjects". Imf.org. September 14, 2006. Retrieved October 23, 2011.
  346. ^ Sakib Sherani. "Pakistan's remittances". dawn.com. Retrieved December 17, 2015.
  347. ^ "OFW remittances to increase by 8.5% in 2014—Standard Chartered". Philippine Daily Inquirer. January 13, 2014. Retrieved September 21, 2014.
  348. ^ "Why PH improves in competitiveness ranking". Rappler. August 22, 2013. Retrieved September 21, 2014.
  349. ^ "Poverty and regional development imbalance". Philippine Daily Inquirer. March 5, 2014. Retrieved September 21, 2014.
  350. ^ Llorito, David (May 10, 2006). "Help wanted for Philippines outsourcing". Asia Times. Retrieved December 11, 2009.
  351. ^ "Beyond the Brics: A Look at the 'Next 11'" (PDF). April 2007. Retrieved September 21, 2014.
  352. ^ Armstrong, Aristidi (April 21, 2013). "Move over BRICS, the "Next Eleven" has emerged". Economics Student Society of Australia. Retrieved September 21, 2014.
  353. The Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved December 16, 2009. (archived from the original
    on February 12, 2007)
  354. ^ "GOLDMAN: Here's What Global GDP Will Look Like In 2050". Business Insider. November 19, 2012. Retrieved September 21, 2014.
  355. ^ Platt, Eric (January 13, 2012). "These Economies Will Dominate The World In 2050". Business Insider. Retrieved September 21, 2014.
  356. ^ Fajardo, Fernando (February 29, 2012). "The Philippines in 2050". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved September 21, 2014.
  357. ^ Kevin Voigt (January 12, 2012). World's top economies in 2050 will be... CNN. (archived from the original on August 14, 2012)
  358. ^ "Arangkada Philippines 2010: A Business Perspective – Infrastructure" (PDF). Retrieved September 21, 2014.
  359. ^ Larano, Cris (June 3, 2014). "Philippines Bets on Better Infrastructure". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved September 21, 2014.
  360. ^ "The CIA World Factbook – Philippines". Retrieved September 20, 2017.
  361. ^ Republic of the Philippines. Land Transportation Office. Number of Motor Vehicles Registered. (January 29, 2008). Retrieved January 22, 2009.
  362. ^ "Republic Act No, 9447". Civil Aviation Authority of the Philippines. Archived from the original on July 16, 2014. Retrieved September 21, 2014.
  363. ^ "Manual of Standards for AERODROMES". Civil Aviation Authority of the Philippines. Archived from the original on August 9, 2014. Retrieved September 21, 2014.
  364. ^ "Airport Directory". Civil Aviation Authority of the Philippines. July 2014. Archived from the original on December 22, 2013. Retrieved August 23, 2014.
  365. ^ "About PAL". Philippineairlines.com. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved May 4, 2013.
  366. ^ State of Hawaii. Department of Transportation. Airports Division. [c. 2005]. "Philippine Air Lines". Hawaii Aviation. Retrieved January 9, 2010.
  367. ISBN 978-1-902339-12-2. {{cite book}}: |author= has generic name (help
    )
  368. ^ "Philippines Transportation". Retrieved August 23, 2014.
  369. ^ "Linking the Philippine Islands, Through the highway of the Sea" (PDF): 51. Retrieved August 23, 2014. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  370. ^ The North Luzon Expressway Project (NLEX) is for the rehabilitation, expansion, operation and maintenance of the existing 83.7 km (52 mi) NLEX that connects Metro Manila to the northern provinces of Bulacan and Pampanga.
  371. ^ Super User. "South Luzon Expressway (SLEX)". Toll Regulatory Board. Retrieved December 17, 2015. {{cite web}}: |author= has generic name (help)
  372. ^ SCTEx delay worsens as Japan firm seeks new extension – INQUIRER.net, Philippine News for Filipinos[dead link]
  373. ^ BCDA, Japanese contractor asked to explain SCTEx delay – INQUIRER.net, Philippine News for Filipinos[dead link]
  374. ^ Arroyo adviser says SCTEx extension OKd – INQUIRER.net, Philippine News for Filipinos[dead link]
  375. ^ Arroyo order: Open SCTEx, interchanges on time – INQUIRER.net, Philippine News for Filipinos Archived February 22, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
  376. ^ Camus, Miguel R. (November 28, 2017). "PH railway footprint to quadruple by 2022". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved December 8, 2017.
  377. ^ "The LRT Line 1 System – The Green Line". Light Rail Transit Authority. Archived from the original on July 14, 2014. Retrieved January 15, 2016.
  378. ISBN 92-1-131220-5
    .
  379. ^ "About Us; MRT3 Stations". Metro Rail Transit. Archived from the original on January 22, 2013. Retrieved January 15, 2016.
  380. ^ Valmero, Anna. "DoST to develop electric-powered monorail for mass transport". Archived from the original on July 22, 2011. Retrieved September 23, 2014.
  381. ^ Regidor, Anna Kristine. "UPD monorail project begins". July 27, 2011. University of the Philippines Diliman. Archived from the original on September 24, 2014. Retrieved September 23, 2014.
  382. ^ Usman, Edd K. (February 27, 2014). "Bigger Automated Guideway Train ready for testing". Manila Bulletin. Archived from the original on September 24, 2014. Retrieved September 23, 2014.
  383. ^ PH firm takes on challenge to improve sea travel. Published by Philippine Daily Inquirer (Written By: Ira P. Pedrasa)
  384. ^ The Philippine Transportation System. (August 30, 2008). Asian Info. Retrieved January 22, 2009.
  385. ^ Strong Republic Nautical Highway. (n.d.). Official Website of President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo. Retrieved January 22, 2009.
  386. ^ Gov't revives Pasig River ferry service. (February 14, 2007). GMA News. Retrieved December 18, 2009.
  387. ^ "MMDA to reopen Pasig River ferry system on April 28; offers free ride". Philippine Information Agency. April 25, 2014. Archived from the original on October 6, 2014. Retrieved October 3, 2014.
  388. ^ "About DOST; The DOST in Brief". Department of Science and Technology. Archived from the original on May 22, 2013. Retrieved January 15, 2016.
  389. ^ Roces, Alejandro R. (November 29, 2007). "Maria Ylagan Orosa". The Philippine Star. Retrieved October 5, 2014.
  390. ^ Engel, KeriLynn. "Fe del Mundo, first female student at Harvard Medical School". Amazing Wome History. Retrieved October 5, 2014.
  391. ^ Sabater, Madel R. (June 5, 2007). "National Scientist Dr. Paulo Campos passes away at 85". Manila Bulletin. Archived from the original on September 14, 2007. Retrieved December 29, 2007.
  392. ^ Sabater, Madel (August 12, 2014). "Dr Ramon Barba: Science 'against all odds'". Rappler. Retrieved October 5, 2014.
  393. ^ "IRRI website: About IRRI".
  394. ^ "International Rice Research Institute on Google maps".
  395. ISBN 9789711040635
    . Retrieved October 5, 2014.
  396. ^ "Mabuhay acquires Indon satellite;sets new orbit". Manila Standard. July 25, 1996. Retrieved October 5, 2014.
  397. ^ Ronda, Rainier (March 24, 2016). "US aircraft with Philippines's first microsatellite launched into space". Philstar. Retrieved March 24, 2016.
  398. ^ a b "Asia's Fab 50 Companies: PLDT-Philippine Long Distance Telephone". Forbes. September 3, 2008. Retrieved 2009-13-14.
  399. The Philippine Daily Inquirer
    . Reuters. Retrieved December 18, 2009.
  400. ^ Teves, Oliver. (October 29, 2007). Cell phones double as electronic wallets in Philippines. USA Today. Associated Press. Retrieved December 11, 2009.
  401. ^ Special Report: The Global 2000. (April 2, 2008). Forbes. p.10. Retrieved December 14, 2009.
  402. ^ "Laws, Rules & Regulations". National Telecommunications Commission. Retrieved October 5, 2014.
  403. ^ Republic of the Philippines. National Telecommunications Commission. [c. 2010]. "Broadcast (AM, FM, TV, CATV) – Number of Broadcast and CATV Stations by Region". Archived from the original on June 28, 2010. Retrieved January 16, 2010.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  404. Yahoo
    . Retrieved October 5, 2014.
  405. ^ Republic of the Philippines. National Telecommunications Commission. [c. 2010]. "Internet Service Providers – Internet Service". Archived from the original on January 25, 2009. Retrieved January 16, 2010.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  406. ^ Internet World Stats. (2009). Philippines: Internet Usage Stats and Marketing Report Archived July 27, 2011, at the Wayback Machine. Miniwatts Marketing Group. Retrieved January 22, 2009.
  407. ^ Liao, Jerry (May 9, 2008). "The Philippines – Social Networking Capital of the World". Cnet Asia. Archived from the original on May 16, 2008. Retrieved November 8, 2009.
  408. ^ "Philippines – Travel & Tourism Total Contribution to GDP – Travel & Tourism Total Contribution to GDP – % share". Retrieved September 19, 2014.
  409. ^ "Travel and tourism to contribute P490B or 3.8% to 2014 PHL output, says council". GMA News and Current Affairs. March 19, 2014. Retrieved September 19, 2014.
  410. ^ "International Tourist Arrivals and Receipts for January to June 2014". Retrieved September 19, 2014.
  411. ^ "Boracay 2012 World's Best Island". July 11, 2012. Archived from the original on July 15, 2012. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |1= (help)
  412. ^ Best Place to Retire, Wall Street Journal
  413. ^ a b Asian Development Bank; Asia-Pacific Water Forum (2007). "Country Paper Philippines. Asian Water Development Outlook 2007". Retrieved April 14, 2008. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help), p. 12
  414. ^
    ISBN 978 92 4 150914 5
    )
  415. ^ "World Population Prospects 2022". United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. Retrieved July 17, 2022.
  416. ^ "World Population Prospects 2022: Demographic indicators by region, subregion and country, annually for 1950-2100" (XSLX) ("Total Population, as of 1 July (thousands)"). United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. Retrieved July 17, 2022.
  417. ^ CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion Population 1971–2008 (pdf page 86); page 86 of the pdf, IEA (OECD/ World Bank) (original population ref OECD/ World Bank e.g. in IEA Key World Energy Statistics 2010 page 57) (archived from the original on 2009-10-12)
  418. ^ Republic of the Philippines. National Statistical Coordination Board. Population of the Philippines Census Years 1799 to 2007 Archived July 4, 2012, at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved December 11, 2009.
  419. ^ Philippine Statistics Authority (2008). "Official population count reveals". Archived from the original on September 10, 2012. Retrieved April 17, 2008.
  420. ^ "Bishops threaten civil disobedience over RH bill". GMA News. September 29, 2010. Archived from the original on February 21, 2011. Retrieved October 16, 2010.
  421. ^ Central Intelligence Agency. "Field Listing :: Life expectancy at birth". Washington, D.C.: Author. Retrieved April 19, 2018.
  422. ^ Republic of the Philippines. National Statistics Office. Poverty Incidence
  423. ^ Asis, Maruja M.B. (January 2006). "The Philippines' Culture of Migration". Migration Information Source. Migration Policy Institute. Retrieved December 14, 2009.
  424. ^ "Selected Population Profile in the United States: Filipino alone or in any combination". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on January 7, 2012. Retrieved February 1, 2009. The U.S. Census Bureau 2007 American Community Survey counted 3,053,179 Filipinos; 2,445,126 native and naturalized citizens, 608,053 of whom were not U.S. citizens.
  425. ^ Global Pinoys to rally at Chinese consulates – The Philippine Star » News » Headlines Archived June 3, 2016, at the Wayback Machine. The Philippine Star (April 27, 2012). Retrieved on July 4, 2012.
  426. ^ "Philippine population officially hits 100 million".
  427. ^ N/A, N/A. "107 MILLION FILIPINOS BY END-2018". POPCOM. 107 MILLION FILIPINOS BY END-2018. Retrieved January 4, 2018. {{cite news}}: External link in |ref= (help)
  428. ^ a b Philippine Statistics Authority (April 2008). "Total Population and Annual Population Growth Rates by Region: Population Censuses 1995, 2000, and 2007". Archived from the original on July 16, 2012. Retrieved April 4, 2010.
  429. ^ Demographia. (July 2010). Demographia World Urban Areas (World Agglomerations) Population & Projections (Edition 6.1). Retrieved March 29, 2011.
  430. ^ Republic of the Philippines. National Statistical Coordination Board. (July 2009). 2008 Gross Regional Domestic Product – Levels of GRDP Archived November 14, 2011, at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved April 4, 2010.
  431. PricewaterhouseCoopers. p. 20. Archived from the original
    on May 31, 2013. Retrieved November 20, 2009.
  432. ISSN 1655-2539. Archived from the original
    (PDF) on July 11, 2012. Retrieved December 23, 2009.
  433. ^ "Philippines". (2009). In Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved December 18, 2009 from Encyclopædia Britannica Online.
  434. ^ a b c Lewis, M. Paul, Gary F. Simons, and Charles D. Fennig (eds.). (2015). [1]. Ethnologue: Languages of the World (18th ed.). Dallas, Tex.: SIL International. Retrieved April 13, 2015.
  435. PMID 11170891. Archived from the original
    (PDF) on May 11, 2011. Retrieved December 18, 2009.
  436. ^ Dolan, Ronald E. (Ed.). (1991). "Ethnicity, Regionalism, and Language". Philippines: A Country Study. Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress. Retrieved April 8, 2010 from Country Studies US Website.
  437. ^ "Sangley, Intsik und Sino : die chinesische Haendlerminoritaet in den Philippine".
  438. ^ "The ethnic Chinese variable in domestic and foreign policies in Malaysia and Indonesia" (PDF). Retrieved April 23, 2012.
  439. PMID 26781090
    . The final component (dark blue in Fig. 3b) has a high frequency in South China (Fig. 2b) and is also seen in Taiwan at ~25–30 %, in the Philippines at ~20–30 % (except in one location which is almost zero) and across Indonesia/Malaysia at 1–10 %, declining overall from Taiwan within Austronesian-speaking populations.
  440. ^ "Chinese lunar new year might become national holiday in Philippines too". Xinhua News (August 23, 2009). (archived from the original on 2009-08-26)
  441. ^ Filipino Food and Culture. Food-links.com. Retrieved on July 4, 2012.
  442. ^ "Spanish Expeditions to the Philippines". PHILIPPINE-HISTORY.ORG. 2005.
  443. ^ "SECOND BOOK OF THE SECOND PART OF THE CONQUESTS OF THE FILIPINAS ISLANDS, AND CHRONICLE OF THE RELIGIOUS OF OUR FATHER, ST. AUGUSTINE" (Zamboanga City History) "He (Governor Don Sebastían Hurtado de Corcuera) brought a great reënforcements of soldiers, many of them from Peru, as he made his voyage to Acapulco from that kingdom."
  444. ^ "In 1637 the military force maintained in the islands consisted of one thousand seven hundred and two Spaniards and one hundred and forty Indians." ~Memorial de D. Juan Grau y Monfalcon, Procurador General de las Islas Filipinas, Docs. Inéditos del Archivo de Indias, vi, p. 425. "In 1787 the garrison at Manila consisted of one regiment of Mexicans comprising one thousand three hundred men, two artillery companies of eighty men each, three cavalry companies of fifty men each." La Pérouse, ii, p. 368.
  445. ^ Jagor, Fëdor, et al. (1870). The Former Philippines thru Foreign Eyes
  446. ^ *Institute for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco (2015). "Self-identified East Asian nationalities correlated with genetic clustering, consistent with extensive endogamy. Individuals of mixed East Asian-European genetic ancestry were easily identified; we also observed a modest amount of European genetic ancestry in individuals self-identified as Filipinos". Genetics Online: 1.
  447. ^ With a sample population of 105 Filipinos, the company of Applied Biosystems, analysed the Y-DNA of average Filipinos and it is discovered that about 13.33% of the samples have the Y-DNA Haplotype "R1b", which is most common in Western Europe and had spread to the Philippines via Spanish colonists.
  448. ^ "Reference Populations - Geno 2.0 Next Generation".
  449. ^ "The Bagelboy Club of the Philippines - History of the Bagelboy Club". www.thebagelboyclub.com.
  450. ^ Cooper, Matthew (November 15, 2013). "Why the Philippines Is America's Forgotten Colony". National Journal. Retrieved January 28, 2015. c. At the same time, person-to-person contacts are widespread: Some 600,000 Americans live in the Philippines and there are 3 million Filipino-Americans, many of whom are devoting themselves to typhoon relief.
  451. ^ "200,000-250,000 or More Military Filipino Amerasians Alive Today in Republic of the Philippines according to USA-RP Joint Research Paper Finding" (PDF). Amerasian Research Network, Ltd. (Press release). November 5, 2012. Retrieved July 11, 2016.
    Kutschera, P.C.; Caputi, Marie A. (October 2012). "The Case for Categorization of Military Filipino Amerasians as Diaspora" (PDF). 9TH International Conference On the Philippines, Michigan State University, E. Lansing, MI. Retrieved July 11, 2016.
  452. ^ "The Impact of Spanish Rule in the Philippines". (2009). Tagalog at NIU. Retrieved December 19, 2009 from the Northern Illinois University, Center for Southeast Asian Studies, SEAsite Project. (archived from the original Archived October 1, 2007, at the Wayback Machine on October 1, 2007)
  453. ^ Nicholas Trajano Molnar (2017), University of Missouri Press, "American Mestizos, The Philippines, and the Malleability of Race: 1898–1961"
  454. ^ Spanish creole: Quilis, Antonio (1996), La lengua española en Filipinas (PDF), Cervantes virtual, p. 54 and 55
  455. ^ "Spanish language in Philippines". Archived from the original on January 28, 2008. Retrieved March 1, 2015.
  456. ^ Rodríguez-Ponga, Rafael. "New Prospects for the Spanish Language in the Philippines". Retrieved March 1, 2015.
  457. ISSN 2377-1666
    .
  458. ^ "Philippines". Ethnologue.com. Retrieved May 4, 2013.
  459. ^ Muslim education program gets P252-M funding. Philippine Daily Inquirer. July 13, 2011.
  460. ^ DepEd to continue teaching French in select public schools in 2013. Philippine Daily Inquirer. December 6, 2012.
  461. ^ Philippines: Students to take foreign language. Gulf News. March 22, 2013.
  462. ^ Kalaw, Maximo M. (1927). "The development of Philippine politics". Oriental commercial: 431. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  463. ^
    ISSN 0118-1564
    . Retrieved August 15, 2016.
  464. ^ "Filipino Catholic population expanding, say Church officials". inquirer.net.
  465. Pew Research
    . July 19, 2012.
  466. ^ "Table: Christian Population as Percentages of Total Population by Country". Pew Research. December 19, 2011.
  467. ^ "WVS Database".
  468. ^ "Intriguing Patterns in Scolbert08's Map of Religion in Insular Southeast Asia". GeoCurrents. Retrieved October 10, 2017.
  469. ^ "Philippine Church National Summary". philchal.org.
  470. ^ Philippine Statistics Authority (February 18, 2003). "2000 Census: Additional Three Persons Per Minute". Archived from the original on June 10, 2012. Retrieved January 9, 2008.
  471. ^ "Christianity in the Philippines". niu.edu.
  472. Pew Research
    . December 19, 2011.
  473. ISSN 1655-2539. Archived from the original
    (PDF) on July 28, 2014. Retrieved August 11, 2014.
  474. ^ a b c "The World Factbook". cia.gov. Archived from the original on July 19, 2015.
  475. ^ "2013 International Religious Freedom Report". United States Department of State, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor.
  476. ^ "International Religious Freedom Report for 2014". United States Department of State, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor.
  477. JSTOR 42632278
    .
  478. ^ "International Religious Freedom Report for 2014". United States Department of State, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor. Retrieved February 21, 2016.
  479. ^ "PHILIPPINES 2012 INTERNATIONAL RELIGIOUS FREEDOM REPORT" (PDF). United States Department of State Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor.
  480. ^ "International Religious Freedom Report for 2013". state.gov.
  481. ^ RP closer to becoming observer-state in Organization of Islamic Conference Archived June 3, 2016, at the Wayback Machine. (May 29, 2009).The Philippine Star. Retrieved 2009-07-10, "Eight million Muslim Filipinos, representing 10 percent of the total Philippine population, ...".
  482. ^ "National Commission on Muslim Filipinos".
  483. ^ a b U.S. Department of State. (2010). Philippines: International Religious Freedom Report 2010. Retrieved 2011-05-20, "Islam is the largest minority religion, and Muslims constitute between 5 and 9 percent of the total population."
  484. ISBN 9789812309235
    .
  485. ^ "End of Year Survey 2014: Regional & Country Results". WIN-Gallup International.
  486. ^ Dentsu Communication Institute 電通総研・日本リサーチセンター編「世界60カ国価値観データブック (in Japanese)
  487. ^ "Agnosticism and Atheism in the Philippines". The Free Thinker. Retrieved April 28, 2011.
  488. ^ a b Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project: Philippines. Pew Research Center. 2010.
  489. ^ The Largest Baha'i Communities. (September 30, 2005). Retrieved April 26, 2010 from www.adherents.com.
  490. ^ "PHL spends less on health care amid economic boom – PIDS". GMA News and Public Affairs. September 4, 2013. Retrieved September 21, 2014.
  491. ^
    ISBN 978-92-4-156381-9. Retrieved December 23, 2009.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link
    )
  492. ^ Philippine News Agency. (December 14, 2009). "Senate approves proposed 2010 national budget". (archived from the original on 2010-02-06).
  493. ^ "DOH budget increase for 2014 'biggest ever' due to sin tax law". Action for Economic Reforms. January 15, 2014. Retrieved September 21, 2014.
  494. ^ World Health Organization. (April 2006). Philippines. Country Cooperation Strategy at a Glance. Retrieved December 23, 2009.
  495. ^ United States Agency for International Development. (May 2008). USAID Country Health Statistical Report – Philippines. Retrieved April 8, 2010.
  496. ^ Santos, Tina G. (April 1, 2013). "HIV cases rose 43% to 486 in February; 16 AIDS deaths reported – DOH". Philippines Daily Inquirer. Retrieved September 21, 2014.
  497. ^ Mydans, Seth (April 20, 2003). "Low Rate Of AIDS Virus In Philippines Is a Puzzle". The New York Times. Retrieved September 21, 2014.
  498. ^ "Literacy of Men and Women in the Philippines" (PDF). Philippine Statistics Authority. Retrieved September 19, 2014.
  499. ^ "Highlights of the 2008 Functional Literacy, Education and Mass Media Survey (FLEMMS)" (PDF). Technical Education and Skills Development Authority. Retrieved September 19, 2014.
  500. ^ "'Last leg' before K to 12: DepEd gets highest budget". Rappler. September 19, 2014. Retrieved September 19, 2014.
  501. ^ "DepEd gets largest share of proposed 2015 budget". Manila Bulletin. July 31, 2014. Archived from the original on August 23, 2014. Retrieved September 19, 2014.
  502. ^ a b Republic of the Philippines. Commission on Higher Education. (August 2010). "Information on Higher Education System". Archived from the original on July 4, 2011. Retrieved October 3, 2011.. Official Website of the Commission on Higher Education. Retrieved April 17, 2011.
  503. ^ Republic of the Philippines. (Approved: August 11, 2001). Republic Act No. 9155 – Governance of Basic Education Act of 2001. Retrieved December 11, 2009 from the Chan Robles Virtual Law Library.
  504. ^ Dexter San Pedro (May 15, 2013). "Aquino signs K-12 enhanced basic education law". InterAksyon.com. Archived from the original on June 14, 2013. Retrieved September 23, 2014.
  505. ^ "K to 12 Basic Education Program Frequently Asked Questions" (PDF). Department of Education. November 25, 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 11, 2012. Retrieved April 28, 2012.
  506. ^ Commission on Higher Education The Commission on Higher Education is the governing body covering both public and private higher education institutions as well as degree-granting programs in all tertiary educational institutions in the Philippines. The CHED was established on May 18, 1994 through Republic Act 7722 or the Higher Education Act.
  507. ^ Jerry E. Esplanada (July 20, 2009). "Mainstreaming Madrasa". The Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on July 24, 2014. Retrieved September 23, 2014.
  508. ^ Republic of the Philippines. (Approved: April 29, 2008). Republic Act 9500 – An Act to Strengthen the University of the Philippines as the National University. Chan Robles Law Library.
  509. ^ Baringer, Sally E. [c. 2006]. "The Philippines". In Countries and Their Cultures. Advameg Inc. Retrieved December 20, 2009 from www.everyculture.com.
  510. ISBN 978-1-74104-289-4
    .
  511. ISBN 978-0-226-16954-5
    .
  512. ^ "The Jollibee Phenomenon". Jollibee Inc. Archived from the original on June 23, 2007. Retrieved January 9, 2008.
  513. ^ a b c Conde, Carlos H. (May 31, 2005). "Jollibee stings McDonald's in Philippines". The New York Times. Retrieved January 5, 2010.
  514. ^ United Nations Educational; Scientific and Cultural Organization (2010). "Baroque Churches of the Philippines". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Retrieved January 12, 2010.
  515. ISBN 978-1-74104-289-4
    .
  516. ^ "History of Philippine Architecture". National Commission for Culture and the Arts. Retrieved September 8, 2016.
  517. ^ "The Official Iloilo Province Webpage". oocities.org.
  518. ^ Datar, Francisco A. (April 19, 2015). "The Batanes Islands". National Commission for Culture and the Arts. Archived from the original on April 19, 2015.
  519. ^ "15 Most Intense Archaeological Discoveries in Philippine History". FilipiKnow.
  520. ^ Anupol; Cayabyab; Chua; Luarca; Shimamoto; Torio; Yumol (June 20, 2015). "PHILIPPINE MUSIC" (PDF). Balikbayan family-union – AboutPhilippines.[dead link]
  521. ^ Alyssa Kristin Cruz. "Reason Behind the Rising Popularity of K-Pop in the Philippines". academia.edu.
  522. ^ Baes, Jonas (July 25, 2014). "Popular Music in the Philippines". National Commission for Culture and the Arts. Archived from the original on July 24, 2014.
  523. ^ "Choirs around the world take on Filipino classics". Rappler.
  524. ^ Marcus Felix. "Strings of Unity". stringsofunity.com. Retrieved December 17, 2015.
  525. ^ Villacruz, Basilio Esteban S. (July 24, 2014). "Philippine Dance in the American Period". National Commission for Culture and the Arts. Archived from the original on July 24, 2014.
  526. ^ Trish Sotto. "Fa 28 weaving history". Slideshare.net. Retrieved August 1, 2013.
  527. ^ "Anthropomorphic Pots : Metal Age : Ayub Cave, Saranggani Province". National Museum of the Philippines. Retrieved February 22, 2015.
  528. ^ "History Of Philippine Painting". Wiziq.com. Retrieved August 1, 2013.
  529. ISBN 9789712346286
    .
  530. ^ Social Values and Organization, Philippines, Country Studies US. Online version of print book Ronald E. Dolan, ed. Philippines: A Country Study. Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress, 1991.
  531. ^
    ISBN 978-1-74104-289-4
    .
  532. ^ Hallig, Jason V. Communicating Holiness to the Filipinos: Challenges and Needs Archived July 20, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, The Path to a Filipino Theology of Holiness, on pages 2 and 10. didache.nts.edu.
  533. ISBN 978-1-56518-040-6.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: editors list (link
    )
  534. ^
    ISBN 978-971-550-479-9
    .
  535. ISBN 978-1-74104-289-4
    .
  536. ^ "Filipino Eating Etiquette, Kamayan Style: the proper way to eat with your hands". traveldeepandwide.com.
  537. ISBN 978-0-89732-372-7
    .
  538. ^ Captain A's Seafood Grill In Philippine usage, the boodle fight is a military academy terminology for "eating combat" or "attack the food."
  539. ISBN 978-971-542-514-8
    .
  540. ^ "Ibong Adarna in the year 2014". philstar.com.
  541. ISBN 978-971-642-070-8. Archived from the original
    on September 23, 2013.
  542. ^ Republic of the Philippines. National Commission for Culture and the Arts. The National Artists of the Philippines. Retrieved December 26, 2009 from the National Commission for Culture and the Arts Website.
  543. ^ Country profile: The Philippines. (December 8, 2009). BBC News. Retrieved December 20, 2009.
  544. ^ Santiago, Erwin (April 12, 2010). "AGB Mega Manila TV Ratings (April 7–11): Agua Bendita pulls away". Archived from the original on June 23, 2011. Retrieved June 12, 2017.. Retrieved May 23, 2010 from the Philippine Entertainment Portal Website.
  545. ^ "Restoring Himala". Philippine Daily Inquirer. August 5, 2012. Retrieved October 29, 2012.
  546. ^ "May Himala! Restored film proves real global classic". Yahoo!. August 16, 2012. Archived from the original on August 20, 2012. Retrieved October 29, 2012.
  547. ^ "Restored version of Himala will premiere at the 69th Venice Film Festival". pep.ph. August 13, 2012. Retrieved September 21, 2014.
  548. ^ "Cannes Classics 2013 line-up unveiled". Screen Daily. Retrieved April 30, 2013.
  549. ^ "The Philippines' celebrity-obsessed elections". (April 26, 2007). The Economist. Retrieved January 15, 2010.
  550. ^ "The Role of José Nepomuceno in the Philippine Society: What language did his silent film speaks?". Stockholm University Publications. Retrieved on 2011-01-06.
  551. ^ Armes, Roy. "Third World Film Making and the West", p.152. University of California Press, 1987. Retrieved on 2011-01-09.
  552. ^ A bleak storyline for the Filipino film industry. Conde, Carlos H. International Herald Tribune. February 11, 2007. (archived from the original on 2007-04-01)
  553. ^ RP Movie Industry Dying Archived February 14, 2009, at the Wayback Machine. Vanzi, Sol Jose. Newsflash. January 15, 2006.
  554. ^ News, ABS-CBN. "'Tadhana' is top grossing local indie film of all time". {{cite web}}: |last= has generic name (help)
  555. ^ News, ABS-CBN. "Angelica calls out fans on 'Tadhana' piracy". {{cite web}}: |last= has generic name (help)
  556. ^ "Billiard Congress of America: Hall of Fame Inductees". (2009). Retrieved December 20, 2009 from the Billiard Congress of America Website.
  557. ^ Mga Kilalang Pilipino [Known Filipinos]. (n.d.) (in Filipino). Tagalog at NIU. Retrieved April 25, 2010 from the Northern Illinois University, Center for Southeast Asian Studies, SEAsite Project.
  558. ^ Himmer, Alastair (June 5, 2010). "Pacquiao named fighter of the decade". Reuters.
  559. ^ Republic of the Philippines. (Approved: December 11, 2009). An Act Declaring Arnis as the National Martial Art and Sport of the Philippines. Retrieved February 18, 2010 from the Senate of the Philippines Website.
  560. ^ "The Games of the VIII Olympiad: Official Report (part 1, page 91)" (PDF). la84foundation.org (in French). French Olympic Committee. July 28, 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 5, 2011. Retrieved July 28, 2012.
  561. ^ Smothers, Ronald (July 19, 1996). "OLYMPICS;Bitterness Lingering Over Carter's Boycott". The New York Times.
  562. ^ The Official Report of XIth Winter Olympic Games, Sapporo 1972 (PDF). The Organizing Committee for the Sapporo Olympic Winter Games. 1973. pp. 32, 145, 447. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
  563. ^ Mga Larong Kinagisnan at the Wayback Machine (archived November 6, 2007) [Games One Grows Up With]. Hagonoy.com. (archived from the original on November 6, 2007)
  564. ^ Mga Larong Pilipino [Philippine Games]. (2009). Tagalog at NIU. Retrieved December 19, 2009 from the Northern Illinois University, Center for Southeast Asian Studies, SEAsite Project. (archived from the original Archived August 27, 2007, at the Wayback Machine on June 28, 2014)
  565. ISBN 978-0-299-14054-0
    .
  566. ^ "Sabong: An Enduring Hallmark of Philippines History". Top Destination Choice The Philippines.com.
  567. ^ Yo-yo. (2010). In Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary. Retrieved January 10, 2010.

Bibliography

External links

Government

Trade

General information

Books and articles

Wikimedia

Other