User:Mr. Ibrahem/Down syndrome

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Down syndrome
Other namesDown's syndrome, Down's, trisomy 21
chromosome 21[2]
Risk factorsOlder age of mother, prior affected child[3][4]
Diagnostic methodPrenatal screening, genetic testing[5]
TreatmentEducational support, sheltered work environment[6][7]
PrognosisLife expectancy 50 to 60 years (developed world)[8][9][10]
Frequency0.1% of newborns (5.4 million)[1][11]
Deaths26,500 (2015)[12]

Down syndrome, also known as trisomy 21, is a genetic disorder caused by the presence of all or part of a third copy of chromosome 21.[2] It is usually associated with physical growth delays, mild to moderate intellectual disability, and characteristic facial features.[1] The average IQ of a young adult with Down syndrome is 50, equivalent to the mental ability of an 8- or 9-year-old child, but this can vary widely.[8]

The parents of the affected individual are usually

pregnancies with the diagnosis are often terminated.[15][16] Regular screening for health problems common in Down syndrome is recommended throughout the person's life.[8]

There is no cure for Down syndrome.

developed world with proper health care.[8][9][10]

Down syndrome is one of the most common chromosome abnormalities in humans.[8] It occurs in about 1 in 1,000 babies born each year.[1] In 2015, Down syndrome was present in 5.4 million individuals globally and resulted in 27,000 deaths, down from 43,000 deaths in 1990.[11][12][20] It is named after British doctor John Langdon Down, who fully described the syndrome in 1866.[21] Some aspects of the condition were described earlier by French psychiatrist Jean-Étienne Dominique Esquirol in 1838 and French physician Édouard Séguin in 1844.[22] The genetic cause of Down syndrome was discovered in 1959.[21]

References

  1. ^
    PMID 20632187
    .
  2. ^
    PMID 19526251
    .
  3. ^
    PMID 11943789
    .
  4. ^ "Down syndrome - Symptoms and causes". Mayo Clinic. Archived from the original on 8 March 2019. Retrieved 17 March 2019.
  5. ^ a b "How do health care providers diagnose Down syndrome?". Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. 2014-01-17. Archived from the original on 7 March 2016. Retrieved 4 March 2016.
  6. ^
    PMID 12699967
    .
  7. ^ a b c "Facts About Down Syndrome". National Association for Down Syndrome. Archived from the original on 3 April 2012. Retrieved 20 March 2012.
  8. ^
    PMID 23381164
    .
  9. ^
    ISBN 978-1-4377-0755-7
    .
  10. ^
    doi:10.1001/jama.2020.17024
    .
  11. ^
    PMID 27733282. {{cite journal}}: |first1= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link
    )
  12. ^
    PMID 27733281. {{cite journal}}: |first1= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link
    )
  13. ISBN 978-0-07-162167-0. {{cite book}}: |first= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link
    )
  14. ^ "What causes Down syndrome?". 2014-01-17. Archived from the original on 5 January 2016. Retrieved 6 January 2016.
  15. PMID 22418958
    .
  16. PMID 10521836
    .
  17. ^ "Down Syndrome: Other FAQs". 2014-01-17. Archived from the original on 6 January 2016. Retrieved 6 January 2016.
  18. ISBN 978-0-19-971207-6. Archived
    from the original on 2017-01-23.
  19. ^ Szabo, Liz (May 9, 2013). "Life with Down syndrome is full of possibilities". USA Today. Archived from the original on 8 January 2014. Retrieved 7 February 2014.
  20. PMID 25530442. {{cite journal}}: |first1= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link
    )
  21. ^
    PMID 22789577
    .
  22. ISBN 978-1-4381-1950-2
    .
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