User:Mr. Ibrahem/MDMA

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
Not to be confused with MDA, EDMA or 2,3-MDMA.


MDMA
INN: Midomafetamine
rectal
Drug classempathogen–entactogen
stimulant
Legal status
Legal status
MDP2P, MDOH[10]
Onset of action30–45 minutes (by mouth)[11]
Elimination half-life(R)-MDMA: 5.8 ± 2.2 hours (variable)[12]
(S)-MDMA: 3.6 ± 0.9 hours (variable)[12]
Duration of action4–6 hours[6][11]
ExcretionKidney
Identifiers
  • (RS)-1-(1,3-Benzodioxol-5-yl)-N-methylpropan-2-amine
Chemical and physical data
JSmol)
ChiralityRacemic mixture
Boiling point105 °C (221 °F) at 0.4 mmHg (experimental)
  • CC(NC)CC1=CC=C(OCO2)C2=C1
  • InChI=1S/C11H15NO2/c1-8(12-2)5-9-3-4-10-11(6-9)14-7-13-10/h3-4,6,8,12H,5,7H2,1-2H3 checkY
  • Key:SHXWCVYOXRDMCX-UHFFFAOYSA-N checkY
  (verify)

3,4-Methyl​enedioxy​methamphetamine (MDMA),[note 1] commonly known as ecstasy (E) or molly, is a psychoactive drug primarily used for recreational purposes.[14] The desired effects include altered sensations, increased energy, empathy, as well as pleasure.[14][15] When taken by mouth, effects begin in 30 to 45 minutes and last 3 to 6 hours.[11][16]

Adverse effects include

hallucinogenic effects.[8][17]

MDMA is illegal in most countries

phase 3 clinical trials to look at effectiveness and safety expected to begin in 2018.[20] In 2017, the FDA granted MDMA a breakthrough therapy designation[note 2] for PTSD, meaning that if studies show promise, a review for potential medical use could occur more quickly.[24]

MDMA was first developed in 1912 by

mixed with other substances such as ephedrine, amphetamine, and methamphetamine.[15] In 2016, about 21 million people between the ages of 15 and 64 used ecstasy (0.3% of the world population).[27] This was broadly similar to the percentage of people who use cocaine or amphetamines, but lower than for cannabis or opioids.[27] In the United States, as of 2017, about 7% of people have used MDMA at some point in their lives and 0.9% have used it in the last year.[28]

References

  1. ^ "FDA Substance Registration System". United States National Library of Medicine. Archived from the original on 31 August 2017. Retrieved 31 August 2017.
  2. ^
    PMID 24662435
    .
  3. ^ a b "DrugFacts: MDMA (Ecstasy or Molly)". National Institute on Drug Abuse. Archived from the original on 3 December 2014. Retrieved 2 December 2014.
  4. ISBN 978-0-471-72760-6. Archived
    from the original on 22 December 2020. Retrieved 30 July 2020.
  5. ISBN 978-0-07-148127-4
    .
  6. ^
    PMID 27859780
    . ...the addictive potential of MDMA itself is relatively small.
  7. PMID 23627786. Archived from the original
    (PDF) on 3 August 2020. Retrieved 30 July 2020. Animal and human studies demonstrate moderate abuse liability for MDMA, and this effect may be of most concern to those treating substance abuse disorders.
  8. ^ a b c d e f "Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA or 'Ecstasy')". EMCDDA. European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. Archived from the original on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 17 October 2014.
  9. ^ "Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ecstasy)". Drugs and Human Performance Fact Sheets. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Archived from the original on 3 May 2012.
  10. PMID 22392347
    .
  11. ^
    ISBN 978-90-481-2448-0
    .
  12. ^ a b "3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine". Hazardous Substances Data Bank. National Library of Medicine. 28 August 2008. Archived from the original on 4 April 2019. Retrieved 22 August 2014.
  13. ^ "WHOCC - ATC/DDD Index". www.whocc.no. Archived from the original on 1 July 2021. Retrieved 9 September 2020.
  14. ^
    PMID 24648791.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link
    )
  15. ^ a b c d e f g h Anderson, Leigh, ed. (18 May 2014). "MDMA". Drugs.com. Drugsite Trust. Archived from the original on 23 March 2016. Retrieved 30 March 2016.
  16. ^ a b c d "DrugFacts: MDMA (Ecstasy/Molly)". National Institute on Drug Abuse. February 2016. Archived from the original on 23 March 2016. Retrieved 30 March 2016.
  17. ISBN 978-90-481-2448-0. Archived
    from the original on 5 August 2020. Retrieved 30 July 2020.
  18. ISBN 978-0-12-381527-9. Archived
    from the original on 10 September 2017.
  19. ^ Philipps, Dave (1 May 2018). "Ecstasy as a Remedy for PTSD? You Probably Have Some Questions". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 15 July 2018. Retrieved 14 July 2018.
  20. PMID 29152674
    .
  21. ^ Schwitzer G (13 May 2016). "CBS proclaims 'cancer breakthrough' – doesn't explain what FDA means by that term". Health News Review. Archived from the original on 8 December 2020. Retrieved 9 October 2017.
  22. ^
    PMID 25713472
    .
  23. ^ "Fact Sheet: Breakthrough Therapies". United States Food and Drug Administration. 10 December 2014. Archived from the original on 9 October 2017. Retrieved 9 October 2017. A breakthrough therapy is a drug:
     • intended alone or in combination with one or more other drugs to treat a serious or life-threatening disease or condition and
     • preliminary clinical evidence indicates that the drug may demonstrate substantial improvement over existing therapies on one or more clinically significant endpoints, such as substantial treatment effects observed early in clinical development.
  24. ^ Wan, William (26 August 2017). "Ecstasy could be 'breakthrough' therapy for soldiers, others suffering from PTSD". Washington Post. Archived from the original on 29 August 2017. Retrieved 29 August 2017.
  25. PMID 16911722. Archived
    (PDF) from the original on 22 September 2020. Retrieved 30 July 2020. Although MDMA was, in fact, first synthesized at Merck in 1912, it was not tested pharmacologically because it was only an unimportant precursor in a new synthesis for haemostatic substances.
  26. ISBN 978-92-4-156235-5. Archived
    from the original on 28 April 2016.
  27. ^
    ISBN 978-92-1-148304-8. Archived
    (PDF) from the original on 27 July 2018. Retrieved 14 July 2018.
  28. ^ "MDMA (Ecstasy/Molly)". National Institute on Drug Abuse. Archived from the original on 15 July 2018. Retrieved 14 July 2018.


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