User:Phlsph7/Ethics - Applied ethics

Applied ethics

Applied ethics, also known as practical ethics,^[1] is the branch of ethics and applied philosophy that examines concrete moral problems encountered in real-life situations. Unlike normative ethics, it is not concerned with discovering or justifying universal ethical principles. Instead, it studies how those principles can be applied to specific domains of practical life and what consequences they have in these fields.^[2]

One of the main challenges of applied ethics is to breach the gap between abstract universal theories and their application to concrete situations. For example, an in-depth understanding of Kantianism or utilitarianism is usually not sufficient to decide how to analyze the moral implications of a medical procedure. One reason is that it may not be clear how the procedure affects the Kantian requirement of respecting everyone's personhood and what the consequences of the procedure are in terms of the greatest good for the greatest number.^[3] This difficulty is particularly relevant to applied ethicists who employ a top-down methodology by starting from universal ethical principles and applying them to particular cases within a specific domain.^[4] A different approach is to use a bottom-up methodology, which relies on many observations of particular cases to arrive at an understanding of the moral principles relevant to this particular domain.^[5] In either case, inquiry into applied ethics is often triggered by ethical dilemmas to solve cases in which a person is subject to conflicting moral requirements.^[6]

Applied ethics covers issues pertaining to both the private sphere, like right conduct in the family and close relationships, and the public sphere, like moral problems posed by new technologies and international duties toward future generations.^[7] Major branches include bioethics, business ethics, and professional ethics. There are many other branches and their domains of inquiry often overlap.^[8]

Bioethics

Bioethics is a wide field that covers moral problems associated with

Animal ethics examines how humans should treat other animals. An influential consideration in this field emphasizes the importance of animal welfare while arguing that humans should avoid or minimize the harm done to animals. There is wide agreement that it is wrong to torture animals for fun. The situation is more complicated in cases where harm is inflicted on animals as a side effect of the pursuit of human interests. This happens, for example, during factory farming, when using animals as food, and for research experiments on animals.^[18] A key topic in animal ethics is the formulation of animal rights. Animal rights theorists assert that animals have a certain moral status and that humans have an obligation to respect this status when interacting with them.^[19] Examples of suggested animal rights include the right to life, the right to be free from unnecessary suffering, and the right to natural behavior in a suitable environment.^[20]

Business ethics examines the moral implications of business conduct and investigates how ethical principles apply to corporations and organizations.

Many other fields of applied ethics are discussed in the academic literature. Communication ethics covers moral principles in relation to communicative conduct. Two key issues in it are freedom of speech and speech responsibility. Freedom of speech concerns the ability to articulate one's opinions and ideas without the threats of punishment and censorship. Speech responsibility is about being accountable for the consequences of communicative action and inaction.^[32] A closely related field is information ethics, which focuses on the moral implications of creating, controlling, disseminating, and using information.^[33]

The

Further fields of applied ethics include political ethics, which examines the moral dimensions of political decisions,^[40] educational ethics, which covers ethical issues related to proper teaching practices,^[41] and sexual ethics, which addresses the moral implications of sexual behavior.^[42]

References

• Robson, Gregory J.; Tsou, Jonathan Y. (31 January 2023). Technology Ethics: A Philosophical Introduction and Readings. Taylor & Francis.
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• Elrod, Edwin M.; Smith, Martha M. (2005). "Information Ethics". In Mitcham, Carl (ed.). Encyclopedia of science, technology and ethics. 3: L - R. Detroit, Mich. Munich: Thomson Gale.
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• Christians, Clifford G. (2005). "Communication Ethics". In Mitcham, Carl (ed.). Encyclopedia of science, technology and ethics. 3: L - R. Detroit, Mich. Munich: Thomson Gale.
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• Hall, Edward; Sabl, Andrew (13 September 2022). Hall, Edward; Sabl, Andrew (eds.). Political Ethics: A Handbook. Princeton University Press.
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• Gay, William C. (2006). "A Normative Framework for Addressing Peace and Related Global Issues". In Boersema, David; Brown, Katy Gray (eds.). Spiritual and Political Dimensions of Nonviolence and Peace. Rodopi.
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• Boonin, David (8 February 2022). "1. Introduction: Sex, Ethics, and Philosophy". In Boonin, David (ed.). The Palgrave Handbook of Sexual Ethics. Springer Nature.
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• Maxwell, Bruce (2023). "Educational Ethics". In Poff, Deborah C.; Michalos, Alex C. (eds.). Encyclopedia of Business and Professional Ethics. Springer International Publishing.
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• Sorabji, Richard; Rodin, David (2007). "Introduction". In Sorabji, Richard; Rodin, David (eds.). The Ethics of War: Shared Problems in Different Traditions (Repr ed.). Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing.
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• Lazar, Seth (2020). "War". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. Retrieved 25 December 2023.
• Frowe, Helen (2021). "The ethics of war". Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Retrieved 25 December 2023.
• Mitcham, Carl (2 August 2022). Thinking through Technology: The Path between Engineering and Philosophy. University of Chicago Press.
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• Almond, Brenda (1998). "Applied ethics". Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
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• Dittmer, Joel. "Ethics, Applied". Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Retrieved 23 December 2023.
• Petersen, Thomas Søbirk; Ryberg, Jesper (2022). "Applied Ethics". Oxford Bibliographies. Retrieved 23 December 2023.
• Winkler, E. R. (1 January 1998). "Applied Ethics, Overview". In Chadwick, Ruth (ed.). Encyclopedia of Applied Ethics (2 ed.). Academic Press.
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• Braunack-Mayer, A. J.; Street, J. M.; Palmer, N. (1 January 1998). "Technology, Ethics of: Overview". In Chadwick, Ruth (ed.). Encyclopedia of Applied Ethics (2 ed.). Academic Press.
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• Airaksinen, T. (1 January 1998). "Professional Ethics". In Chadwick, Ruth (ed.). Encyclopedia of Applied Ethics (2 ed.). Academic Press.
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• Fotion, N. (1 January 1998). "Military Ethics". In Chadwick, Ruth (ed.). Encyclopedia of Applied Ethics (2 ed.). Academic Press.
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• Rendtorff, J. D. (1 January 1998). "Business Ethics, Overview". In Chadwick, Ruth (ed.). Encyclopedia of Applied Ethics (2 ed.). Academic Press.
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• Sandler, R. (1 January 1998). "Environmental Ethics, Overview". In Chadwick, Ruth (ed.). Encyclopedia of Applied Ethics (2 ed.). Academic Press.
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• Delden, J. J. M. van (1 January 1998). "Euthanasia (Physician-Assisted Suicide)". In Chadwick, Ruth (ed.). Encyclopedia of Applied Ethics (2 ed.). Academic Press.
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• Gillon, R. (1 January 1998). "Bioethics, Overview". In Chadwick, Ruth (ed.). Encyclopedia of Applied Ethics (2 ed.). Academic Press.
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• Beaucham, Tom L. (2003). "The Nature of Applied Ethics". In Frey, R. G.; Wellman, Christopher Heath (eds.). A Companion to Applied Ethics. John Wiley & Sons.
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• Darwall, Stephen L. (2003). "Theories of Ethics". In Frey, R. G.; Wellman, Christopher Heath (eds.). A Companion to Applied Ethics. John Wiley & Sons.
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• Ryberg, Jesper (1 June 2010). Applied Ethics: Oxford Bibliographies Online Research Guide. Oxford University Press, USA.
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• Meynell, Letitia; Paron, Clarisse (16 June 2023). Applied Ethics Primer. Broadview Press.
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• Chakraborti, Chhanda (17 September 2023). Introduction to Ethics: Concepts, Theories, and Contemporary Issues. Springer Nature.
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• Wilson, Scott D. "Animals and Ethics". Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Retrieved 24 December 2023.
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• Francione, Gary L. (1 April 2004). "Animals - Property or Persons?". In Sunstein, Cass R.; Nussbaum, Martha C. (eds.). Animal Rights: Current Debates and New Directions. Oxford University Press.
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• Yount, Lisa (2007). Animal Rights. Infobase Publishing.
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• Cochrane, Alasdair. "Environmental Ethics". Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Retrieved 24 December 2023.
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• Dueñas, María del Pilar Muñoz; Lucia, Aiello; Rosario, Cabrita; Mauro, Gatti (23 February 2018). Corporate Social Responsibility for Valorization of Cultural Organizations. IGI Global.
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• Medvecky, Fabien; Leach, Joan (1 November 2019). An Ethics of Science Communication. Springer Nature.
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• Kvalnes, Øyvind (2023). "Communication Ethics". Communication Climate at Work: Fostering Friendly Friction in Organisations. Springer International Publishing.
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